BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Consultation of another physician is an important method of review of the practice of euthanasia. For the project "support and consultation in euthanasia in Amsterdam" which is aimed at professionalising consultation, a protocol for consultation was developed to support the general practitioners who were going to work as consultants and to ensure uniformity. PARTICIPANTS:Ten experts (including general practitioners who were experienced in euthanasia and consultation, a psychiatrist, a social geriatrician, a professor in health law and a public prosecutor) and the general practitioners who were going to use the protocol. EVIDENCE:There is limited literature on consultation: discursive articles and empirical studies describing the practice of euthanasia. CONSENSUS:An initial draft on the basis of the literature was commented on by the experts and general practitioners in two rounds. Finally, the protocol was amended after it had been used during the training of consultants. CONCLUSIONS:The protocol differentiates between steps that are necessary in a consultation and steps that are recommended. Guidelines about four important aspects of consultation were given: independence, expertise, tasks and judgment of the consultant. In 97% of 109 consultations in which the protocol was used the consultant considered the protocol to be useful to a greater or lesser extent. Although this protocol was developed locally, it also employs universal principles. Therefore it can be of use in the development of consultation elsewhere.

背景与目标： 目的：咨询另一位医师是审查安乐死实践的一种重要方法。对于旨在使咨询专业化的“安乐死在阿姆斯特丹的支持和咨询”项目，制定了咨询协议，以支持打算作为顾问工作的全科医生并确保统一性。
参加者：十名专家（包括在安乐死和咨询方面经验丰富的全科医生，精神病医生，社会老年病学家，卫生法教授和公共检察官）以及将要使用该协议的全科医生。
证据：关于咨询的文献有限：论述安乐死做法的讨论文章和实证研究。
共识：专家和全科医生分两轮对基于文献的初稿进行了评论。最后，在培训顾问期间使用了该协议后，对该协议进行了修改。
结论：该协议区分了咨询中必需的步骤和建议的步骤。给出了有关咨询的四个重要方面的指南：独立性，专业知识，任务和顾问的判断。在使用该协议的109次咨询中，有97％的顾问认为该协议或多或少是有用的。尽管此协议是在本地开发的，但它也采用了通用原则。因此，它可以在其他地方进行咨询的过程中使用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To discover what factors affect lay people's judgments of the acceptability of physician assisted suicide and euthanasia and how these factors interact. DESIGN:Participants rated the acceptability of either physician assisted suicide or euthanasia for 72 patient vignettes with a five factor design--that is, all combinations of patient's age (three levels); curability of illness (two levels); degree of suffering (two levels); patient's mental status (two levels), and extent of patient's requests for the procedure (three levels). PARTICIPANTS:Convenience sample of 66 young adults, 62 middle aged adults, and 66 older adults living in western France. MAIN MEASUREMENTS:In accordance with the functional theory of cognition of N H Anderson, main effects, and interactions among patient factors and participants' characteristics were investigated by means of both graphs and ANOVA. RESULTS:Patient requests were the most potent determinant of acceptability. Euthanasia was generally less acceptable than physician assisted suicide, but this difference disappeared when requests were repetitive. As their own age increased, participants placed more weight on patient age as a criterion of acceptability. CONCLUSIONS:People's judgments concur with legislation to require a repetition of patients' requests for a life ending act. Younger people, who frequently are decision makers for elderly relatives, place less emphasis on patient's age itself than do older people.

背景与目标： 目的：发现哪些因素影响人们对医生辅助自杀和安乐死的可接受性的判断，以及这些因素如何相互作用。
设计：参与者通过五因素设计（即患者年龄的所有组合（三个级别））对72名患者晕厥的医生辅助自杀或安乐死的可接受性进行了评估。疾病的可治愈性（两个级别）；苦难程度（两个层次）；病人的精神状态（两个等级），以及病人对手术要求的程度（三个等级）。
参与者：居住在法国西部的66位年轻人，62位中年成年人和66位老年人的便利性样本。
主要测量：根据对N H Anderson认知的功能理论，通过图表和方差分析对主要影响以及患者因素与参与者特征之间的相互作用进行了研究。
结果：患者的要求是最有效的可接受性决定因素。安乐死通常不如医生协助自杀，但是当要求重复时，这种区别就消失了。随着年龄的增长，参与者将更多的患者体重作为可接受性的标准。
结论：人们的判断与立法一致，要求重复患者对生命终结法的要求。年轻人通常是老年人亲戚的决策者，与老年人相比，他们对患者年龄本身的重视程度较低。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This article provides an overview of the scarce international literature concerning nurses' attitudes to euthanasia. Studies show large differences with respect to the percentage of nurses who are (not) in favour of euthanasia. Characteristics such as age, religion and nursing specialty have a significant influence on a nurse's opinion. The arguments for euthanasia have to do with quality of life, respect for autonomy and dissatisfaction with the current situation. Arguments against euthanasia are the right to a good death, belief in the possibilities offered by palliative care, religious objections and the fear of abuse. Nurses mention the need for more palliative care training, their difficulties in taking a specific position, and their desire to express their ideas about euthanasia. There is a need to include nurses' voices in the end-of-life discourse because they offer a contextual understanding of euthanasia and requests to die, which is borne out of real experience with people facing death.

背景与目标： ：本文概述了有关护士对安乐死态度的稀缺国际文献。研究表明，在（不）赞成安乐死的护士比例上存在很大差异。年龄，宗教信仰和护理专业等特征会对护士的意见产生重大影响。安乐死的论点与生活质量，对自主权的尊重和对当前局势的不满有关。反对安乐死的论点是享有良好死亡的权利，相信姑息治疗提供的可能性，宗教上的反对以及对虐待的恐惧。护士提到需要更多的姑息治疗培训，他们在担任特定职位时遇到的困难以及表达关于安乐死的想法的愿望。有必要在临终话语中纳入护士的声音，因为他们提供了对安乐死的上下文理解，并要求死亡，这是由面对死亡的人的真实经验所证实的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Assisted dying is a highly controversial moral issue incorporating both physician-assisted dying (PAD) and voluntary active euthanasia. End-of-life practices are debated in many countries, with assisted dying receiving different consideration across various jurisdictions. In this paper, we provide an analytic framework of the current position and the main arguments related to the rights and moral principles concerning assisted dying. Assisted dying proponents focus on the respect of autonomy, self-determination and forestalling suffering. On the other hand, concerns are raised regarding the interpretation of the constitutional right to life and balancing this with the premise of assisted dying, alongside the impacts of assisted dying on the doctor-patient relationship, which is fundamentally based on trust, mutual respect and the premise of 'first do no harm'. Our review is underpinning the interpretation of constitutional rights and the Hippocratic Oath with the premise of assisted dying, alongside the impacts of assisted dying on the doctor-patient relationship. Most clinicians remain untrained in such decision making, with fears against crossing key ethical divides. Due to the increasing number of cases of assisted dying and lack of consensus, our review enables the integration of ethical and legal aspects and facilitates decision making.

背景与目标： ：辅助死亡是一个备受争议的道德问题，其中包括医师辅助死亡（PAD）和自愿性主动安乐死。在许多国家中，有关报废方法的争论很多，在各个司法管辖区，协助死者得到了不同的考虑。在本文中，我们提供了一个分析框架，分析了当前位置以及与辅助死亡的权利和道德原则有关的主要论点。垂死的支持者着重于尊重自治，自决和预防遭受的苦难。另一方面，人们对宪法生命权的解释以及在以辅助死亡为前提的平衡生活权的同时，以及以辅助死亡对医患关系的影响提出了关切，这种影响基本上是建立在信任，相互尊重和相互依存的基础上的。 “先不伤害”的前提。我们的审查是在辅助死亡的前提下，对宪法权利和希波克拉底誓言的解释，以及辅助死亡对医患关系的影响，奠定了基础。大多数临床医生仍未接受此类决策的培训，他们担心会跨越关键的道德鸿沟。由于辅助死亡的案例数量不断增加且缺乏共识，因此我们的审查使道德和法律方面的整合成为可能，并促进了决策制定。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The object of this study was to investigate the attitudes of physicians, nurses and the general public to physician-assisted suicide (PAS), active voluntary euthanasia (AVE) and passive euthanasia (PE) in Finland. Respondents received a postal questionnaire to evaluate the acceptability of euthanasia in five scenarios, which were imaginary patient cases. Age, severity of pain and prognosis of the disease were presented as background factors in these scenarios. This work was carried out in Finland in 1998. The respondents include a random selection of 814 physicians (506 responded, 62%), 800 nurses (582 responded, 68%) and 1000 representatives of the general public (587 responded, 59%).Thirty-four percent of the physicians, 46% of the nurses and 50% of the general public agreed that euthanasia would be acceptable in some situations. Of the scenarios, PE was most often considered acceptable in cases of severe dementia (physicians 88%, nurses 79% and general public 64%). In the same scenario, 8% of physicians, 23% of nurses and 48% of general public accepted AVE. In the scenario of an incurable cancer, 20% of the physicians, 34% of the nurses and 42% of the general public accepted PAS. All forms of euthanasia were generally more acceptable in older, than in younger, scenario patients. This paper conclude that PE was largely accepted among Finnish medical professionals and the general public. Only a minority favored AVE and PAS.

背景与目标： 这项研究的目的是调查医生，护士和公众对芬兰的医生协助自杀（PAS），主动自愿安乐死（AVE）和被动安乐死（PE）的态度。受访者收到了一份邮政问卷，以评估在五种假想患者情况下安乐死的可接受性。在这些情况下，年龄，疼痛的严重程度和疾病的预后是背景因素。这项工作于1998年在芬兰进行。受访者包括814名医生（506名，62％），800名护士（582名，68％）和1000名公众代表（587名，59％）。 34％的医生，46％的护士和50％的公众同意在某些情况下安乐死是可以接受的。在这些情况中，最常被认为是重度痴呆的PE（医师88％，护士79％和普通公众64％）。在相同的情况下，8％的医生，23％的护士和48％的普通大众接受AVE。在无法治愈的癌症中，有20％的医生，34％的护士和42％的公众接受了PAS。一般情况下，老年患者比年轻患者更容易接受所有形式的安乐死。本文的结论是，PE在芬兰的医学专业人士和公众中已广为接受。只有少数人赞成AVE和PAS。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The purpose of this paper is to present the legal aspects associated with assisted suicide in Switzerland and compare them with those in other countries. Like euthanasia, assisted suicide is a subject that induces much discussion in many countries. While the law is very liberal in some countries, such as Belgium and the Netherlands (where both euthanasia and assisted suicide take place), these practices are very controversial in other countries, such as France, where they remain taboo subjects. In the United States of America, the laws concerning assisted suicide can differ greatly from one state to another. For example, in Oregon, assisted suicide is allowed if applied by a medical doctor; in others, this act is illegal. In Canada, it is punishable according to the Criminal Code. In Switzerland euthanasia is punishable by law. However, the penal code does not condemn assisted suicide, whether carried out by a medical doctor or another person, provided it is not carried out through selfish motives. The application of these practices has become simplified in recent years and societies for the right to die with dignity based on this principle have come into being (Exit and Dignitas). In the French- and German-speaking parts of Switzerland the association Exit assists individuals living in Switzerland with serious progressive and incurable disease in their engagement to end their life. The association Dignitas, in the German-speaking part of Switzerland, also undertakes--in the same circumstances--to assist individuals coming from foreign countries. Dignitas welcomes several such individuals every year, especially from Germany, where a similar approach does not currently exist.

背景与目标： ：本文的目的是介绍瑞士与辅助自杀有关的法律方面，并将其与其他国家的法律进行比较。像安乐死一样，辅助自杀是一个引起很多国家讨论的话题。尽管在一些国家（例如比利时和荷兰（安乐死和辅助自杀都发生于此）），法律非常宽松，但在其他国家（如法国），这些做法却一直是有争议的话题，而法国仍然是禁忌对象。在美利坚合众国，有关辅助自杀的法律可能因州而异。例如，在俄勒冈州，如果由医生实施自杀辅助是允许的；在其他国家，这种行为是非法的。在加拿大，根据《刑法》应处以刑罚。在瑞士，安乐死应受到法律制裁。但是，刑法并不谴责助自杀，无论是由医生还是由其他人实施的，只要它不是出于自私的动机而实施的。近年来，这些做法的应用已得到简化，基于这一原则的享有尊严的死亡权的社会已经形成（退出和尊严）。在瑞士讲法语和德语的地区，出口协会协助生活在瑞士的患有严重进行性和不治之症的人参与生活，以结束他们的生命。位于瑞士德语区的Dignitas协会在同样情况下也承诺协助来自国外的个人。 Dignitas每年都会欢迎几个这样的人，特别是来自德国的德国，那里目前还没有类似的做法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:Health state values are by convention anchored to 'perfect health' and 'death.' Attitudes toward death may consequently influence the valuations. We used attitudes toward euthanasia (ATE) as a sub-construct for attitudes toward death. We compared the influence on values elicited with time trade-off (TTO), lead-time TTO (LT-TTO) and visual analogue scale (VAS).Since the 'death' anchor is most explicit in TTO, we hypothesized that TTO values would be most influenced by ATE. METHODS:Respondents valued eight EQ-5D health states with VAS, then TTO (n = 328) or LT-TTO (n = 484). We measured ATE on a scale from -2 (fully disagree) to 2 (fully agree) and used multiple linear regressions to predict VAS, TTO, and LT-TTO values by ATE, sex, age, and education. RESULTS:A one-point increase on the ATE scale predicted a mean TTO value change of -.113 and LT-TTO change of -.072. Demographic variables, but not ATE, predicted VAS values. CONCLUSIONS:TTO appears to measure ATE in addition to preferences for health states. Different ways of incorporating death in the valuation may impact substantially on the resulting values. 'Death' is a metaphysically unknown concept, and implications of attitudes toward death should be investigated further to evaluate the appropriateness of using 'death' as an anchor.

背景与目标： 目的：按照惯例，将健康状态值锚定为“完美健康”和“死亡”。因此，对死亡的态度可能会影响估值。我们将对安乐死的态度（ATE）作为对死亡态度的子构造。我们比较了时间权衡（TTO），提前期TTO（LT-TTO）和视觉模拟量表（VAS）对价值产生的影响。由于``死亡''锚在TTO中最为明确，因此我们假设TTO值受ATE影响最大。
方法：受访者使用VAS评估了八个EQ-5D健康状态，然后是TTO（n = 328）或LT-TTO（n = 484）。我们以从-2（完全不同意）到2（完全同意）的量度了ATE，并使用多元线性回归通过ATE，性别，年龄和学历来预测VAS，TTO和LT-TTO值。
结果：ATE量表上的单点上升预测平均TTO值变化为-.113，而LT-TTO变化为-.072。受众特征变量（而不是ATE）是预测的VAS值。
结论：除了对健康状态的偏好外，TTO似乎还可以测量ATE。将死亡纳入估值的不同方式可能会严重影响最终价值。 “死亡”是一个形而上学上未知的概念，应进一步研究对死亡态度的影响，以评估使用“死亡”作为锚点的适当性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIM:This paper reports the findings of a survey that investigated whether Flemish Catholic hospitals and nursing homes had developed written ethics policies on euthanasia and how the role of nurses was described in these policies. BACKGROUND:International research shows undeniably that nurses are confronted with patients requesting euthanasia. Euthanasia has been legal in Belgium since 2002 and in Holland since 2001. Because of the vagueness in formal documents and policies on the role of nurses in euthanasia, there is an increasing need to establish institutional ethics policies that clearly describe the role of nurses in the euthanasia process. METHODS:We used a cross-sectional descriptive mail questionnaire to survey the general directors of Catholic hospitals and nursing homes in Belgium (Flanders). Data were collected between October 2003 and February 2004. RESULTS:Of the 298 institutions targeted for survey, 81% of hospitals, 62% of nursing homes returned completed questionnaires. Of these, 79% of the hospitals and 30% of the nursing homes had a written ethics policy on euthanasia. The ethics policies of 87% of the hospitals and 77% of the nursing homes explicitly addressed the role of nurses in the euthanasia process. In the majority of hospitals and nursing homes, the ethics policies addressed the conscientious objections of nurses to euthanasia. Most hospitals and nursing homes voluntarily communicated their ethics policies to the nurses they employed. CONCLUSION:The written ethics policies of most Catholic healthcare institutions give explicit attention to the role of nurses in the euthanasia process. However, the meaning and content of the role of nurses, as indicated in these ethics policies, continue to be an issue. Further research is needed to verify how these policies are actually implemented within the institutions and whether they contribute to better support for nurses and to ethical care for patients.

背景与目标： 目的：本文报道了一项调查的结果，该调查调查了佛兰德天主教医院和疗养院是否制定了关于安乐死的书面道德政策，以及在这些政策中如何描述护士的作用。
背景：国际研究无可否认地表明，护士正面临要求安乐死的患者。自2002年以来，安乐死在比利时就已成为法律，自2001年以来在荷兰已成为法律。由于正式文件和政策对安乐死中护士的角色含糊不清，因此越来越需要建立明确描述护士在安乐死中角色的制度伦理政策。安乐死过程。
方法：我们使用横断面描述性邮件调查表对比利时（法兰德斯）天主教医院和疗养院的总负责人进行了调查。在2003年10月至2004年2月之间收集了数据。
结果：在调查的298个机构中，有81％的医院，62％的疗养院返回了已完成的问卷。其中，有79％的医院和30％的疗养院都制定了关于安乐死的书面道德政策。 87％的医院和77％的疗养院的道德政策明确规定了护士在安乐死过程中的作用。在大多数医院和疗养院中，道德政策解决了护士出于良心拒服安乐死的问题。大多数医院和疗养院都自愿向雇用的护士传达了他们的道德政策。
结论：大多数天主教医疗机构的书面道德政策都明确关注了护士在安乐死过程中的作用。但是，正如这些道德政策所指出的那样，护士角色的含义和内容仍然是一个问题。需要进一步研究以验证这些政策在机构中的实际执行情况，以及它们是否有助于更好地支持护士并为患者提供道德护理。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :There have been intensive debates about euthanasia and attempts to change laws on euthanasia in all countries. What doctors and particularly oncologists think about euthanasia must be taken into consideration, as their voices are crucial in this dialogue. The aim of this study was to find out how Turkish doctors approach euthanasia in the context of cancer. A questionnaire was used to collect data from 85 oncologists out of a total 800 in active oncology practice. Of the oncologists surveyed, 43.8% did not object to euthanasia. Some 33.7% had been asked to perform euthanasia and 41.5% believed that euthanasia was performed secretly although it is against the law in Turkey. Forty-two doctors (50.6%) noted that they had withdrawn treatment in patients. Doctors who encounter terminally ill patients with cancer should update their knowledge about patients' rights and euthanasia. Doctors, who are often asked to perform euthanasia, especially in the cancer setting, can help to illuminate the debates about euthanasia.

背景与目标： ：关于安乐死的争论一直很激烈，所有国家都试图改变有关安乐死的法律。必须考虑医生（尤其是肿瘤学家）对安乐死的看法，因为他们的声音在此次对话中至关重要。这项研究的目的是找出土耳其医生如何在癌症的背景下实施安乐死。在活跃的肿瘤学实践中，总共使用了800份问卷调查表，从85位肿瘤学家那里收集了数据。在接受调查的肿瘤学家中，有43.8％的人不反对安乐死。约有33.7％的人被要求进行安乐死，而41.5％的人认为安乐死是秘密进行的，尽管这违反了土耳其的法律。四十二名医生（50.6％）指出他们已撤回患者的治疗。遇到绝症的癌症患者的医生应更新有关患者权利和安乐死的知识。通常被要求执行安乐死的医生，尤其是在癌症环境中的医生，可以帮助阐明有关安乐死的争论。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :'Terminal discharges' are carried out in Singapore for patients who wish to die at home. However, if due diligence is not exercised, parallels may be drawn with euthanasia. We present a theoretical discussion beginning with the definition of terminal discharges and the reasons why they are carried out in Singapore. By considering the intention behind terminal discharges and utilising a multidisciplinary team to deliberate on the clinical, social and ethical intricacies with a patient- and context-specific approach, euthanasia is avoided. It is hoped that this will provide a platform for professionals in palliative medicine to negotiate challenging issues when arranging a terminal discharge, so as to avoid the pitfall of committing euthanasia in a country such as Singapore where euthanasia is illegal. It is hoped that a set of guidelines for terminal discharges may someday be realised to assist professionals in Singapore and around the world.

背景与目标： ：“终末放电”在新加坡针对希望在家中死亡的患者进行。但是，如果不进行尽职调查，可能会与安乐死相似。我们从终端放电的定义以及在新加坡进行放电的原因开始，进行理论讨论。通过考虑最终出院的意图并利用多学科团队以针对患者和具体情况的方法来研究临床，社会和伦理上的复杂性，可以避免安乐死。希望这将为姑息医学专业人士在安排最终出院时谈判具有挑战性的问题提供一个平台，从而避免在安乐死为非法的新加坡等国家实施安乐死的陷阱。希望有朝一日能实现一套关于码头排放的指导方针，以协助新加坡和世界各地的专业人员。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This article is presented as a defence of voluntary active euthanasia from a virtue perspective and it is written with the objective of generating debate and challenging the assumption that killing is necessarily vicious in all circumstances. Practitioners are often torn between acting from virtue and acting from duty. In the case presented the physician was governed by compassion and this illustrates how good people may have the courage to sacrifice their own security in the interests of virtue. The doctor's action created huge tensions for the nurse, who was governed by the code of conduct and relevant laws. Appraising active euthanasia from a virtue perspective can offer a more compassionate approach to the predicament of practitioners and clients. The tensions arising from the virtue versus rules debate generates irreconcilable difficulties for nurses. A shift towards virtue would help to resolve this problem and support the call for a change in the law. The controversial nature of this position is acknowledged. The argument is put forward on the understanding that many practitioners will not agree with the conclusions reached.

背景与目标： ：本文从美德的角度提出了对自愿性主动安乐死的辩护，其目的是引起辩论并挑战一种假设，即在所有情况下凶杀必定是恶性的。从业者常常在以德行事和以职责行事之间陷入困境。在这个案例中，医生受到同情心的约束，这说明了好人可能有勇气为了美德而牺牲自己的安全感。医生的举动给护士带来了巨大的压力，护士受到行为守则和相关法律的约束。从美德的角度评估积极的安乐死可以为从业者和客户的困境提供更富有同情心的方法。美德与规则辩论引发的紧张关系给护士带来了无法调和的困难。向美德的转变将有助于解决这个问题，并支持对法律进行修改的呼吁。这一立场的争议性质得到了承认。提出这一观点的前提是，许多从业者不同意所得出的结论。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Euthanasia has been considered unethical for most of the history of medicine. Recently it has been legalised in some countries, including parts of Australasia. We describe the recent history of euthanasia, paying attention to the extension of criteria that impact on the poor, elderly and vulnerable members of society in countries that currently have legalised this. In four of the five countries where euthanasia is legalised, there have been extensions of its criteria, either by revision of legislation or changes in practice. CONCLUSIONS:We suggest that this dynamic can be halted by international agreements of medical societies to shun involvement in euthanasia, as has been the case with other legal interventions that stigmatise. We may, as we have in the past, need to work collectively to meet this ethical challenge.

背景与目标： 目的：在大多数医学史上，欧亚大陆被认为是不道德的。最近，它已在一些国家（包括大洋洲的部分地区）合法化。我们描述了安乐死的最新历史，并注意在目前已将其合法化的国家中扩大对贫困，老年人和弱势群体的影响的标准。在安乐死合法化的五个国家中，有四个国家通过修订法规或改变惯例来扩大其标准。
结论：我们认为，与其他带有耻辱的法律干预措施一样，可以通过国际医学会的协议制止这种动态，从而避免参与安乐死。与过去一样，我们可能需要集体努力应对这一道德挑战。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Medical students and physicians should possess basic knowledge concerning medical ethics and palliative care. The aim of the study was to explore the knowledge on the end-of-life ethics and palliative care in third-year medical students and physicians during internal medicine specialty training and their attitude towards breaking bad news and euthanasia. A voluntary and anonymous questionnaire survey with the participation of 401 students and 217 physicians filled after lectures concerning ethics for medical students and after palliative medicine course for physicians during internal medicine specialty training. A total of 28 % students and 24 % physicians (p = 0.282) were ready to reveal full information to advanced cancer patients. A total of 82 % of students and 90 % of physicians (p = 0.008) would not practice euthanasia; 67 % of students and 75 % of physicians (p = 0.039) were opponents of euthanasia legalisation. A total of 70 % doctors and 23 % students indicated oral as the most preferable route of morphine administration. A total of 74 % physicians and 43 % students stated that there is no maximal dose of morphine; 64 % of doctors and 6 % of students indicated constipation as a constant adverse effect of morphine. Breaking bad news is a significant difficulty for both students and physicians. There is a small percentage of those tending to practice euthanasia and bigger accepting its legalisation with fewer physicians than students. In contrast to medical students, the majority of physicians have knowledge concerning chronic morphine use in the treatment of cancer patients.

背景与目标： ：医学生和医师应具备有关医学伦理和姑息治疗的基本知识。这项研究的目的是探索在内部医学专业培训期间对三年级医学生和医师的临终道德和姑息治疗的知识，以及他们对突发新闻和安乐死的态度。一项自愿性匿名调查表调查包括401名学生和217名医生，参加了关于内科医学专业课程的有关医学生的道德讲座和针对医生的姑息医学课程之后的调查。共有28％的学生和24％的医生（p = 0.282）准备向晚期癌症患者透露全部信息。共有82％的学生和90％的医生（p = 0.008）不实行安乐死； 67％的学生和75％的医生（p = 0.039）反对安乐死合法化。总共70％的医生和23％的学生表示口服是吗啡最优选的给药途径。共有74％的医生和43％的学生表示，没有最大剂量的吗啡。 64％的医生和6％的学生表示，便秘是吗啡的持续不良反应。打破坏消息对学生和医生都是很大的困难。只有一小部分人倾向于实行安乐死并更多地接受安乐死的合法化，而医生人数少于学生。与医学生相反，大多数医生都具有有关慢性吗啡在癌症患者治疗中的知识。