BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The European Collaborative Clinical Group (ECCG) was inaugurated at the 26th International Union against Sexually Transmitted Infections (IUSTI) Congress in Riga, Latvia 2011. The ECCG is a network of over 100 sexually transmitted infection specialists who have come together to conduct questionnaire-based research across the European region. It is expected that this work will focus and direct guideline development. A central core group of the ECCG has also been established who are responsible for identifying suitable survey questions that will be carried out but only after approval by the full ECCG Board. The ECCG aims to conduct a maximum of two projects per year which will be presented at the annual regional congresses and published as appropriate.

背景与目标： ：2011年在拉脱维亚首都里加举行的第26届国际反对性传播感染联盟（IUSTI）大会上，欧洲协作临床小组（ECCG）成立了。ECCG是一个由100多个性传播感染专家组成的网络，他们聚集在一起进行问卷调查-基于欧洲地区的研究。预计这项工作将集中精力并指导准则的制定。还建立了ECCG的中央核心小组，负责确定适当的调查问题，这些问题将在ECCG全体委员会批准后进行。 ECCG的目标是每年最多开展两个项目，这些项目将在年度区域大会上介绍并酌情发布。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Soil improvement measures need to be ecologically credible, socially acceptable and economically affordable if they are to enter widespread use. However, in real world decision contexts not all measures can sufficiently meet these criteria. As such, developing, selecting and using appropriate tools to support more systematic appraisal of soil improvement measures in different decision-making contexts represents an important challenge. Tools differ in their aims, ranging from those focused on appraising issues of cost-effectiveness, wider ecosystem services impacts and adoption barriers/opportunities, to those seeking to foster participatory engagement and social learning. Despite the growing complexity of the decision-support tool landscape, comprehensive guidance for selecting tools that are best suited to appraise soil improvement measures, as well as those well-adapted to enable participatory deployment, has generally been lacking. We address this gap using the experience and survey data from an EU-funded project (RECARE: Preventing and REmediating degradation of soils in Europe through land CARE). RECARE applied different socio-cultural, biophysical and monetary appraisal tools to assess the costs, benefits and adoption of soil improvement measures across Europe. We focused on these appraisal tools and evaluated their performance against three broad attributes that gauge their differences and suitability for widespread deployment to aid stakeholder decision making in soil management. Data were collected using an online questionnaire administered to RECARE researchers. Although some tools worked better than others across case studies, the information collated was used to provide guiding strategies for choosing appropriate tools, considering resources and data availability, characterisation of uncertainty, and the purpose for which a specific soil improvement measure is being developed or promoted. This paper provides insights to others working in practical soil improvement contexts as to why getting the tools right matters. It demonstrates how use of the right tools can add value to decision-making in ameliorating soil threats, supporting the sustainable management of the services that our soil ecosystems provide.

背景与目标： ：土壤改良措施要广泛使用，就必须在生态上可信，在社会上可以接受并且在经济上可以承受。但是，在现实世界的决策环境中，并非所有措施都能充分满足这些标准。因此，开发，选择和使用适当的工具来支持在不同决策环境下更系统地评估土壤改良措施是一项重要的挑战。工具的目的各不相同，从侧重于评估成本效益，更广泛的生态系统服务影响和采用障碍/机会的工具，到旨在促进参与式参与和社会学习的工具。尽管决策支持工具领域的复杂性日益增加，但总体上缺乏用于选择最适合评估土壤改良措施的工具以及适合进行参与式部署的工具的综合指南。我们使用来自欧盟资助的项目（RECARE：通过土地护理防止和修复欧洲土壤退化）的经验和调查数据来解决这一差距。 RECARE应用了不同的社会文化，生物物理和货币评估工具来评估整个欧洲土壤改良措施的成本，收益和采用情况。我们专注于这些评估工具，并根据三个广泛的属性评估了它们的性能，这些属性衡量了它们的差异以及广泛部署的适用性，以帮助利益相关者在土壤管理中做出决策。使用对RECARE研究人员进行管理的在线调查表收集数据。尽管在案例研究中某些工具比其他工具更有效，但整理的信息用于提供选择适当工具，考虑资源和数据可用性，不确定性特征以及制定或推广特定土壤改良措施的目的的指导策略。 。本文为在土壤改良实践中工作的其他人提供了见解，说明了正确使用工具的重要性。它展示了使用正确的工具如何在缓解土壤威胁，为我们的土壤生态系统提供的服务的可持续管理提供支持的过程中为决策增加价值。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Characterisation of risk groups who may benefit from pneumococcal vaccination is essential for the generation of recommendations and policy. METHODS:We reviewed the literature to provide information on the incidence and risk of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in at-risk children in Europe and North America. The PubMed database was searched using predefined search terms and inclusion/exclusion criteria for papers reporting European or North American data on the incidence or risk of IPD in children with underlying medical conditions. RESULTS:Eighteen references were identified, 11 from North America and 7 from Europe, with heterogeneous study methods, periods and populations. The highest incidence was seen in US children positive for human immunodeficiency virus infection, peaking at 4167 per 100,000 patient-years in 2000. Studies investigating changes in incidence over time reported decreases in the incidence of IPD between the late 1990s and early 2000s. The highest risk of IPD was observed in children with haematological cancers or immunosuppression. Overall, data on IPD in at-risk children were limited, lacking incidence data for a wide range of predisposing conditions. There was, however, a clear decrease in the incidence of IPD in at-risk children after the introduction of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine into immunisation programmes, as previously demonstrated in the general population. CONCLUSION:Despite the heterogeneity of the studies identified, the available data show a substantial incidence of IPD in at-risk children, particularly those who are immunocompromised. Further research is needed to determine the true risk of IPD in at-risk children, particularly in the post-PCV period, and to understand the benefits of vaccination and optimal vaccination schedules.

背景与目标： 背景：可能从肺炎球菌疫苗接种中受益的风险人群的表征对于产生建议和政策至关重要。
方法：我们回顾了文献，以提供有关欧洲和北美高危儿童的侵袭性肺炎球菌疾病（IPD）的发生率和风险的信息。使用预定义的搜索词和纳入/排除标准对PubMed数据库进行了搜索，以检索报告欧洲或北美患有基础疾病的儿童中IPD发生率或风险的数据。
结果：共确定了18篇参考文献，其中11篇来自北美，7篇来自欧洲，其研究方法，时期和人群各不相同。在人类免疫缺陷病毒感染呈阳性的美国儿童中发生率最高，在2000年达到峰值，每10万患者年中有4167名。调查随时间变化的研究报告说，在1990年代末至2000年代初，IPD发生率下降。在患有血液系统癌症或免疫抑制的儿童中，发生IPD的风险最高。总体而言，高危儿童的IPD数据有限，缺乏各种易患病情况的发病率数据。但是，将7价肺炎球菌结合疫苗引入免疫接种计划后，高危儿童IPD发生率明显下降，这在以前的一般人群中已得到证实。
结论：尽管已确定研究的异质性，但现有数据显示高危儿童，特别是免疫受损儿童的IPD发生率很高。需要进一步的研究来确定高危儿童中IPD的真正风险，尤其是在PCV后时期，并了解疫苗接种的好处和最佳的疫苗接种时间表。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This paper reviews the early detection and prevention strategies which have been employed in Europe for the control of mycotoxin contamination of food in the context of a hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) framework. The critical control points (CCPs) in the whole food chain where mycotoxins such as trichothecenes and ochratoxins are important have been identified. Ecological studies on the effect of environmental factors which are marginal for growth and mycotoxin production have been identified for Fusarium culmorum and F. graminearum (deoxynivlenol production), and for Penicillium verrucosum and Aspergillus ochraceus (ochratoxin production) in relation to cereal production and for A. carbonarius in relation to grapes and wine production (ochratoxin formation). To minimise the entry of these mycotoxins into the food chain, effective and rapid diagnostic tools are required to monitor the CCPs effectively. To this end the potential use of molecular imprinted polymers, lateral flow devices and molecular-based techniques for the rapid detection and quantification of the mycotoxigenic moulds or their toxins have also been developed.

背景与目标： ：本文回顾了在危害分析关键控制点（HACCP）框架下在欧洲用于控制食品中霉菌毒素污染的早期发现和预防策略。已经确定了在整个食物链中至关重要的控制点（CCP），其中霉菌毒素如曲霉毒素和曲霉毒素很重要。对镰刀菌和禾谷镰刀菌（脱氧萘酚生产），青霉青霉和och曲霉（och曲霉毒素生产）与谷物生产和A相关的环境因素对生长和霉菌毒素产生影响的生态研究已经确定。与葡萄和葡萄酒生产有关的碳含量（och曲毒素的形成）。为了最大程度地减少这些真菌毒素进入食物链，需要有效且快速的诊断工具来有效监控CCP。为此，还已经开发出分子印迹聚合物，侧向流动装置和基于分子的技术用于快速检测和定量产毒霉菌霉菌或其毒素的潜在用途。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To examine the association of breakfast consumption with objectively measured and self-reported physical activity, sedentary time and physical fitness. DESIGN:The HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) Cross-Sectional Study. Breakfast consumption was assessed by two non-consecutive 24 h recalls and by a 'Food Choices and Preferences' questionnaire. Physical activity, sedentary time and physical fitness components (cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness and speed/agility) were measured and self-reported. Socio-economic status was assessed by questionnaire. SETTING:Ten European cities. SUBJECTS:Adolescents (n 2148; aged 12·5-17·5 years). RESULTS:Breakfast consumption was not associated with measured or self-reported physical activity. However, 24 h recall breakfast consumption was related to measured sedentary time in males and females; although results were not confirmed when using other methods to assess breakfast patterns or sedentary time. Breakfast consumption was not related to muscular fitness and speed/agility in males and females. However, male breakfast consumers had higher cardiorespiratory fitness compared with occasional breakfast consumers and breakfast skippers, while no differences were observed in females. Overall, results were consistent using different methods to assess breakfast consumption or cardiorespiratory fitness (all P ≤ 0·005). In addition, both male and female breakfast skippers (assessed by 24 h recall) were less likely to have high measured cardiorespiratory fitness compared with breakfast consumers (OR = 0·33; 95% CI 0·18, 0·59 and OR = 0·56; 95%CI 0·32, 0·98, respectively). Results persisted across methods. CONCLUSIONS:Skipping breakfast does not seem to be related to physical activity, sedentary time or muscular fitness and speed/agility as physical fitness components in European adolescents; yet it is associated with both measured and self-reported cardiorespiratory fitness, which extends previous findings.

背景与目标： 目的：研究早餐摄入量与客观测量和自我报告的体育锻炼，久坐时间和身体健康状况之间的关系。
设计：HELENA（欧洲青少年饮食营养健康生活方式）跨部门研究。通过两次不连续的24小时召回和“食物选择与偏好”调查表评估了早餐的消耗量。测量并自我报告身体活动，久坐时间和身体健康成分（心肺健康，肌肉健康和速度/敏捷度）。通过问卷调查评估社会经济状况。
地点：十个欧洲城市。
对象：青少年（n 2148；年龄12·5-17·5岁）。
结果：早餐消费与测量或自我报告的体育活动无关。然而，回忆起24小时的早餐消费与男性和女性的久坐时间有关。尽管在使用其他方法评估早餐方式或久坐时间时未确认结果。早餐消耗与男性和女性的肌肉健康状况和速度/敏捷度无关。然而，男性早餐消费者比偶尔的早餐消费者和早餐队长有更高的心肺适应性，而女性则没有差异。总体而言，使用不同的方法评估早餐摄入量或心肺健康状况的结果是一致的（所有P≤0·005）。此外，男性和女性早餐船长（通过24小时回忆评估）与早餐消费者相比，测得的心肺健康水平较低（OR = 0·33； 95％CI 0·18、0·59和OR = 0 ·56； 95％CI分别为0·32、0·98）。各种方法的结果仍然存在。
结论：跳跳早餐似乎与欧洲青少年的体育锻炼，久坐时间或肌肉健康以及速度/敏捷度与身体健康无关。然而，它与测量的和自我报告的心肺适应性都相关，从而扩展了先前的发现。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Marteilia refringens is one of the most significant pathogens of bivalve molluscs. Previous sequencing of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene of M. refringens isolates derived from the infected mussels (Mytilus edulis and Mytilus galloprovinciallis) and the oyster (Ostrea edulis) in Europe did not reveal genetic polymorphisms despite indications from epizootiological data that distinct types may exist. We investigated the existence of polymorphisms in the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal RNA genes. The sequences of this region proved to be clearly dimorphic among Marteilia from five sampling sites. The distribution of the two genetic types, named "O" and "M", appeared to be linked to the host species, oysters and mussels, respectively. We therefore support the recognition of two species of Marteilia in Europe and propose that the "O" type corresponds to M. refringens and the "M" type to M. maurini.

背景与目标： ：Marterilia refringens是双壳软体动物最重要的病原体之一。尽管从流行病学数据表明可能存在不同类型的感染，但欧洲感染的贻贝（Mytilus edulis和Mytilus galloprovinciallis）和牡蛎（Ostrea edulis）分离的致盲支气单胞菌小亚基核糖体RNA基因的先前测序未揭示遗传多态性。 。我们调查了核糖体RNA基因的内部转录间隔区中多态性的存在。在五个采样点的Marteilia中，该区域的序列被证明是明显二态的。两种遗传类型的分布，分别命名为“ O”和“ M”，似乎分别与宿主物种牡蛎和贻贝有关。因此，我们支持欧洲对两种Marteilia物种的认可，并建议“ O”类型对应于麻黄分枝杆菌，“ M”类型对应于毛利尼分枝杆菌。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This article synthesizes diverse official reports, statistics, and scientific papers that present demographic, economic, environmental, and social trends impacting on the health and quality of life of citizens living in European cities. A literature review led to the identification of some key challenges including an aging society, migration flows, inequalities in health, global change, and risk behaviors that should be addressed in order to promote urban health. Other challenges, such as food production and consumption, are also relevant, but not included. Cities that have participated in one or more of the phases of the WHO European Healthy Cities Network have implemented a number of policies, programs, and measures to deal with the challenges discussed in this article. Some contributions are presented to illustrate how health and quality of life in urban areas can be promoted by local authorities.

背景与目标： ：本文综合了各种官方报告，统计数据和科学论文，介绍了人口统计，经济，环境和社会趋势，这些趋势对居住在欧洲城市的公民的健康和生活质量产生了影响。文献综述导致确定了一些关键挑战，包括老龄化社会，移民流动，健康方面的不平等，全球变化以及为促进城市健康而应解决的风险行为。其他挑战，例如粮食生产和消费，也具有相关性，但并未包括在内。参加了世卫组织欧洲健康城市网络一个或多个阶段的城市已经实施了许多政策，规划和措施来应对本文中讨论的挑战。提出了一些意见，以说明地方当局如何促进城市地区的健康和生活质量。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :After 1970 the preexisting gap in population health between democratic Europe and communist countries became even more prominent. While in the democratic Europe there was a progressive rise in life expectancy associated with the decline in ischaemic heart disease (IHD), the trend on the other side of the iron curtain was exactly reverse. After the fall of communism in 1989 population health in the post-communist central Europe (CE) rapidly signalled a favourable recovery. This biphasic trend in post-communist countries is very remarkable. Most remarkably the decline in IHD mortality started soon after the demise of totality, even before the modernization of health care (new more effective medications and diagnostic technology), public campaign against smoking and improved supply of protective nutrients got chance to attain an important role. The decades-long psychosocial depression of communism was rapidly replaced with a promise of a better future. It is generally accepted that psychosocial factors are powerfool tools in the pathogenesis of IHD.

背景与目标： ：1970年以后，欧洲民主国家和共产主义国家之间在人口健康方面的先天不足变得更加突出。尽管在民主的欧洲，与缺血性心脏病（IHD）下降相关的预期寿命正在逐步增加，但铁幕的另一面却恰好相反。 1989年共产主义垮台后，中共后欧洲国家（CE）的人口健康状况迅速好转。后共产主义国家的这种两相性趋势非常显着。最显着的是，IHD死亡率的下降在总体灭绝后不久就开始了，甚至在医疗保健现代化（新的更有效的药物和诊断技术）出现之前，公众反吸烟运动和保护性营养素供应的增加也有机会发挥重要作用。共产主义长达数十年的社会心理压抑迅速被美好未来的希望所取代。人们普遍认为，心理社会因素是IHD发病机制中的傻瓜工具。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND:One of the burning problems of our industrial society is the high consumption of water and the high demand for clean drinking water. Numerous approaches have been taken to reduce water consumption, but in the long run it seems only possible to recycle waste water into high quality water. It seems timely to discuss alternative water remediation technologies that are fit for industrial as well as less developed countries to ensure a high quality of drinking water throughout Europe. MAIN FEATURES:The present paper discusses a range of phytoremediation technologies to be applied in a modular approach to integrate and improve the performance of existing wastewater treatment, especially towards the emerging micro pollutants, i.e. organic chemicals and pharmaceuticals. This topic is of global relevance for the EU. RESULTS:Existing technologies for waste water treatment do not sufficiently address increasing pollution situation, especially with the growing use of organic pollutants in the private household and health sector. Although some crude chemical approaches exist, such as advanced oxidation steps, most waste water treatment plants will not be able to adopt them. The same is true for membrane technologies. DISCUSSION:Incredible progress has been made during recent years, thus providing us with membranes of longevity and stability and, at the same time, high filtration capacity. However, these systems are expensive and delicate in operation, so that the majority of communities will not be able to afford them. Combinations of different phytoremediation technologies seem to be most promising to solve this burning problem. CONCLUSIONS:To quantify the occurrence and the distribution of micropollutants, to evaluate their effects, and to prevent them from passing through wastewater collection and treatment systems into rivers, lakes and ground water bodies represents an urgent task for applied environmental sciences in the coming years. RECOMMENDATIONS:Public acceptance of green technologies is generally higher than that of industrial processes. The EU should stimulate research to upgrade existing waste water treatment by implementing phytoremediation modules and demonstrating their reliability to the public.

背景与目标： 目标，范围和背景：我们工业社会迫在眉睫的问题之一是水的高消耗和对清洁饮用水的高需求。已经采取了许多方法来减少水的消耗，但是从长远来看，似乎只有将废水循环利用为高质量水的可能性。讨论适合工业和欠发达国家的替代水修复技术以确保整个欧洲的高质量饮用水似乎是时候了。
主要特征：本文讨论了一系列以模块方法应用的植物修复技术，以整合和改善现有废水处理的性能，尤其是针对新兴的微污染物，即有机化学品和制药。该主题对欧盟具有全球意义。
结果：现有的废水处理技术不足以解决日益严重的污染状况，尤其是随着私人住户和卫生部门对有机污染物使用的增加。尽管存在一些粗化学方法，例如高级氧化步骤，但大多数废水处理厂将无法采用它们。膜技术也是如此。
讨论：近年来取得了令人难以置信的进步，从而为我们提供了长寿命和稳定的膜，同时又提供了高过滤能力。但是，这些系统昂贵且操作精密，因此大多数社区将无法负担得起。结合不同的植物修复技术似乎最有希望解决这一迫在眉睫的问题。
结论：量化微污染物的发生和分布，评估其影响，防止其通过废水收集和处理系统进入河流，湖泊和地下水体，是未来几年应用环境科学的紧迫任务。
建议：绿色技术的公众接受度通常高于工业流程。欧盟应通过实施植物修复模块并向公众展示其可靠性来刺激研究，以提高现有废水处理水平。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:IPS has been demonstrated to increase return to open employment significantly in individuals with mental health problems in the US. Previous experience (e.g. with ACT) has demonstrated the sensitivity of complex community mental health interventions to local social and healthcare cultures. Europe has conditions of generally greater employment security than the US and varying (generally higher) unemployment rates and welfare benefits. Evidence of the effectiveness of IPS in these conditions, and its potential variation across them, would guide local policy and provide possible insights into its mechanism. METHODS:We conducted an RCT of IPS versus high-quality train-and-place vocational rehabilitation in six European centers with very different labor market and health and social care conditions. A sample of 312 individuals with psychotic illness was randomly allocated (50 per site). Inclusion criteria were a minimum of two years' illness duration, with at least one year of continuous unemployment and six months contact with their current mental health services. Follow-up was 18 months. The primary outcome was any open employment, and secondary outcomes included time to employment, duration of employment and hospital admission. FINDINGS:IPS was more effective than the Vocational Services for all vocational outcomes. 85 IPS patients (54.5%) worked for at least one day compared to 43 Vocational Service patients (27.6). They were significantly less likely to be rehospitalized. Local unemployment rates explained a significant amount of the variation in IPS effectiveness and both national economic growth and welfare systems influenced overall employment rates in both services. CONCLUSIONS:IPS doubles the access to work of people with psychotic illnesses, without any evidence of increased relapse. Its effectiveness is not independent of external circumstances, particularly local unemployment rates.

背景与目标： 背景：在美国，已证明IPS可以显着提高患有精神健康问题的个人的开放就业回报。先前的经验（例如，使用ACT）证明了复杂的社区心理健康干预措施对当地社会和医疗文化的敏感性。欧洲通常具有比美国更好的就业保障，并且失业率和福利待遇有所不同（通常更高）。在这些情况下，IPS的有效性及其在各个方面的潜在变化的证据将指导当地政策并提供对其机制的可能见解。
方法：我们在劳动力市场，卫生和社会护理条件截然不同的六个欧洲中心进行了IPS的RCT与高质量的火车和地方职业康复的比较。随机分配了312名精神病患者的样本（每个站点50个）。入选标准为至少两年的疾病持续时间，至少一年的持续失业和六个月的当前精神卫生服务。随访18个月。主要结局是任何公开就业，次要结局包括上班时间，就业时间和入院时间。
结果：在所有职业成果方面，IPS比职业服务局更有效。 85位IPS患者（54.5％）至少工作一天，而43位职业服务患者（27.6）。他们被再次住院的可能性大大降低。当地的失业率解释了IPS有效性的巨大差异，而且国家经济增长和福利体系都影响了这两种服务的总体就业率。
结论：IPS可以使精神病患者的工作机会增加一倍，而没有任何证据表明复发会增加。它的有效性并非独立于外部环境，尤其是当地的失业率。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Information about physician anaesthesiologist manpower in the countries of the European Union was collected from questionnaires sent to the delegates representing their respective countries on the European Board of Anaesthesiology. In the countries of the European Union and Switzerland and Norway 40,259 specialist anaesthesiologists are recorded. The number of anaesthesiologists in relation to population varies between as little as 4.4 and 4.6 (Ireland and UK) and as many as 15.6 (Italy), with a mean of 10.8/100,000 inhabitants. There are 11,610 physicians recorded in training in anaesthesiology. The ratio of trainees to specialists in the European Union countries was 28.8/100, varying from as low as 6.5 in France, to as high as 96.7 and 98/100 in Ireland and the UK respectively. These figures indicate a wide difference in the numbers of specialists and trainees between the European countries studied. However, the overall mean figure is close to that reported in the USA (9.2/100,000).

背景与目标： ：从发送给代表欧洲麻醉委员会代表各自国家的代表的调查表中收集了有关欧盟国家内医师麻醉师人力的信息。在欧洲联盟国家以及瑞士和挪威，记录了40,259名专业麻醉师。相对于人口而言，麻醉师的数量在4.4至4.6之间（爱尔兰和英国）到15.6（意大利）之间不等，平均为10.8 / 100,000居民。麻醉培训中记录了11,610位医生。欧盟国家的学员与专家的比例是28.8 / 100，从法国的6.5低到爱尔兰和英国的96.7和98/100。这些数字表明，所研究的欧洲国家之间的专家和受训人员数量差异很大。但是，总体平均数接近于美国报告的平均值（9.2 / 100,000）。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Bronchiectasis has been defined as the abnormal and permanent dilation of bronchi. It has a variety of causes and has traditionally been viewed as a condition that is irreversible, often progressive and associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In the past, patients had relatively advanced disease by the time the diagnosis was established. By using high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scanning of the chest, the potential now exists for the much earlier detection and treatment of children with lesser degrees of bronchial dilation and bronchial wall thickening than was previously possible. In some, the HRCT changes have been seen to improve or completely resolve. This calls into question exactly what now should be termed bronchiectasis and how the parents of children with such HRCT findings should be counselled about the likely prognosis and the necessary or desirable treatment options.

背景与目标： ：支气管扩张被定义为支气管的异常和永久性扩张。它有多种原因，传统上被认为是不可逆的疾病，通常是进行性疾病，并与高发病率和死亡率相关。过去，患者在确定诊断时就已经患有相对晚期的疾病。通过使用胸部的高分辨率计算机断层扫描（HRCT）扫描，现在存在着更早发现和治疗儿童的可能性，该儿童的支气管扩张程度和支气管壁增厚程度比以前可能的要小。在某些情况下，HRCT的变化可以改善或完全解决。这恰恰引起了人们的疑问，即现在应将其称为支气管扩张，以及应如何向具有此类HRCT发现的孩子的父母咨询可能的预后以及必要或理想的治疗选择。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Influenza and other respiratory infections, the most common cause of acute infectious disease in U.S adults, are also the leading cause of outpatient illness and a major cause of infectious disease hospitalization in U.S. military personnel. Although respiratory disease control is improved, epidemics continue to occur, and respiratory disease in military trainees continues to exceed that in U.S. civilian adults. Overall, Department of Defense utilization of the trivalent inactivated vaccine was much lower than anticipated during the 2004-2005 season. The slow start to the 2004-2005 influenza season resulted in a low demand for influenza immunization by the medically high-risk beneficiary population of the Department of Defense. Surveillance for influenza during the 2004-2005 season in U.S. Army Europe reached unprecedented heights, testing and confirming more cases than in any previous year.

背景与目标： ：流感和其他呼吸道感染是美国成年人急性传染病的最常见原因，也是门诊病人的主要病因，也是美国军事人员住院的传染病住院的主要原因。尽管呼吸道疾病的控制得到了改善，但流行病仍在继续发生，军事受训人员的呼吸道疾病继续超过美国平民成年人的呼吸道疾病。总体而言，美国国防部对三价灭活疫苗的利用率远低于2004-2005年度的预期。 2004年至2005年流感季节的缓慢启动导致国防部的医疗高风险受益人群对流感疫苗的需求较低。欧洲陆军在2004-2005赛季对流感的监测达到了前所未有的高度，测试和确诊的病例比去年任何时候都多。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This article presents an analysis of recent changes in the public-private mix in health care in eight European countries. The leading question is to what extent a process of privatization in health care can be observed. The framework for the analysis of privatization draws on the idea that there are multiple public/private boundaries in health care. The overall picture that emerges from our analysis is diverse, but there is evidence that health care in Europe has become somewhat more private. The growth of the public fraction in health care spending has come to an end since the 1980s, and in a few countries the private fraction even increased substantially. We also found some evidence for a shift from public to private in health care provision. Furthermore, there are signs of privatization in health care management and operations, as well as investments. Specific attention is spent on the identification of factors that push privatization forward and factors that work as a barrier to privatization.

背景与目标： ：本文介绍了八个欧洲国家/地区在医疗保健领域公私合营关系近期变化的分析。首要问题是在何种程度上可以观察到医疗保健私有化过程。分析私有化的框架基于这样一个想法，即医疗保健中存在多个公共/私人边界。我们的分析得出的总体情况是多种多样的，但是有证据表明，欧洲的医疗保健已经变得更加私人化了。自1980年代以来，医疗保健支出中公共比例的增长已经结束，在一些国家中，私人比例甚至大大增加了。我们还发现了一些证据，表明医疗保健服务从公共转向私人。此外，在医疗保健管理和运营以及投资方面有私有化的迹象。特别关注确定推动私有化的因素和阻碍私有化的因素。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The rise of life expectancy in Europe has been a very uneven process, both in time and space. This paper aims to identify instances in which major political conditions are likely to have influenced the rise of life expectancy, focusing on formation and dissolution of states and supranational blocs and on differences between political regimes (democratic vs. authoritarian non-communist and communist rule). Data on life expectancy, cause-specific mortality and political conditions were compiled from existing data sources. Possible relations between political conditions and life expectancy were studied by direct comparisons of changes in life expectancy in countries with different political conditions but similar starting levels of life expectancy. We found that formation and dissolution of states often went together with convergence and divergence of life expectancy, respectively, and that otherwise similar countries that did or did not become part of the Soviet bloc had distinctly different life expectancy trajectories. Democratically governed states had higher life expectancies than authoritarian states throughout the 20th century. The gap narrowed between 1920 and 1960 due to rapid catching up of infectious disease control in both non-communist and communist authoritarian states. It widened again after 1960 due to earlier and more rapid progress in democratic states against cardiovascular disease, breast cancer, motor vehicle accidents and other causes of death that have become amenable to intervention. We conclude that the history of life expectancy in Europe contains many instances in which political conditions are likely to have had a temporary or more lasting impact on population health. This suggests that there is scope for further in-depth studies of the impact of specific political determinants on the development of population health in Europe.

背景与目标： ：欧洲人的预期寿命的增长在时间和空间上都是一个非常不平衡的过程。本文旨在确定哪些主要政治条件可能影响预期寿命的增长的实例，重点关注国家和超国家集团的形成和解体，以及政治制度之间的差异（民主与专制的非共产主义和共产主义统治） 。预期寿命，因特定原因造成的死亡率和政治状况的数据是从现有数据源中收集的。通过直接比较政治条件不同但预期寿命起始水平相似的国家的预期寿命变化，研究了政治条件与预期寿命之间的可能关系。我们发现，国家的形成和解体通常分别与预期寿命的趋同和分歧同时发生，否则，成年或未成为苏联集团一部分的相似国家的预期寿命轨迹截然不同。在整个20世纪，民主统治的国家的预期寿命都比专制国家高。由于非共产主义和共产主义专制国家对传染病控制的迅速追赶，这种差距在1920年至1960年之间缩小了。 1960年以后，由于民主国家在抗击心血管疾病，乳腺癌，机动车事故和其他导致死亡的原因而需要干预的较早和更迅速的进展中，该疾病再次扩大。我们得出的结论是，欧洲的预期寿命历史包含许多情况，在这些情况下，政治状况可能会对人口健康产生暂时或更持久的影响。这表明，有必要进一步深入研究特定政治决定因素对欧洲人口健康发展的影响。