• 【葡萄膜炎患者肝素表面改性人工晶状体与常规聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯人工晶状体的回顾性分析。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/BF02583275 复制DOI
    作者列表:Lardenoye CW,van der Lelij A,Berendschot TT,Rothova A
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Several studies described the benefits of the heparin-surface-modified intraocular tens (HSM IOL) with regard to the reduced inflammation in routine extracapsular cataract extractions. However, limited information is available about the advantages of the HSM IOL in patients with an intraocular inflammation. AIM:To assess the eventual benefits of the HSM IOL compared to the regular polymethylmethacrylate intraocular lens (PMMA IOL) in patients with uveitis. METHODS:A retrospective study of 43 patients with uveitis of various origins who underwent an extracapsular cataract extraction (24 with HSM, 19 with PMMA IOL). The activity of intraocular inflammation, visual acuity, eventual complications, and medications were examined. Standardized follow-up dates were used (before surgery, one and fourteen days, five and eleven months after surgery.) RESULTS:No difference in the inflammatory, activity was noted between HSM and PMMA groups; neither at short term clinical evaluation, nor at five months after surgery. Despite a slightly better visual acuity in the HSM group before surgery, no long term differences were observed. After surgery the increase in visual acuity was similar for both groups, as well as the frequency of cystoid macular oedema (CMO) and synechiae. Fewer patients in HSM group required Nd:YAG posterior capsulotomy, but the difference was not significant. CONCLUSION:No clinical advantage was found when the HSM IOL was compared with the regular PMMA IOL in 43 patients with uveitis.
    背景与目标: 背景:多项研究描述了肝素表面修饰眼内张力(HSM IOL)在常规囊外白内障摘除术中减少炎症方面的益处。但是,关于眼内炎症患者中HSM IOL的优势的信息很少。
    目的:评估与常规聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯人工晶状体(PMMA IOL)相比,HSM IOL在葡萄膜炎患者中的最终益处。
    方法:回顾性研究43例不同来源葡萄膜炎患者的囊外白内障摘除术(HSM 24例,PMMA IOL 19例)。检查眼内炎症,视力,最终并发症和药物的活动。使用标准化的随访日期(手术前,手术后的第1天,第14天,手术后的第5个月和第11个月)。
    结果:HSM和PMMA组之间在炎症,活性方面没有差异;既不进行短期临床评估,也不在术后五个月进行评估。尽管术前HSM组的视敏度稍好,但未观察到长期差异。手术后,两组的视敏度增加,囊状黄斑水肿(CMO)和粘连的发生率相似。 HSM组需要Nd:YAG后囊切开术的患者较少,但差异无统计学意义。
    结论:将HSM IOL与常规PMMA IOL相比较在43例葡萄膜炎患者中未发现临床优势。
  • 【骨髓嵌合体小鼠的肿瘤浸润基质细胞的制备和功能分析。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1348-0421.2006.tb03830.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Ishigaki H,Yamamoto Y,Ishida H,Kajino K,Itoh Y,Fujiyama Y,Ogasawara K
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Tumor-infiltrating stroma cells (TISC) as well as tumors themselves are thought to be involved in tumor-related immunosuppression, which is one of the critical mechanisms of tumor escape from immune surveillance. However, preparation of TISC is difficult because of the small proportion of TISC in established tumors. Thus, the cells thought to be involved in tumor-related immunosuppression are generally prepared from spleens or draining lymph nodes in tumor-bearing mice. In this study, we developed a method for directly preparing TISC from established tumors in order to analyze their function. Using green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic (Tg) mice and C57BL/6 mice transplanted with bone marrow (BM) cells of GFPTg mice, we detected three subpopulations of TISC: one is compatible with immature myeloid cells (ImC) derived from BM and the two other subpopulations, CD11b(+) cells and CD11b(-) cells, do not originate from BM. The TISC including these subpopulations but not each subpopulation independently after culturing with tumors in the presence of GM-CSF could suppress T cell proliferation induced by anti-CD3. In our system, tumors did not inhibit T cell responses directly, but unknown factors from tumors affected immunosuppression by TISC.
    背景与目标: :肿瘤浸润基质细胞(TISC)以及肿瘤本身都被认为与肿瘤相关的免疫抑制有关,这是肿瘤逃避免疫监视的关键机制之一。然而,由于在已建立的肿瘤中TISC的比例很小,因此TISC的制备是困难的。因此,通常被认为与肿瘤相关的免疫抑制有关的细胞是从荷瘤小鼠的脾脏或引流淋巴结中制备的。在这项研究中,我们开发了一种从已建立的肿瘤中直接制备TISC的方法,以分析其功能。使用绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)转基因(Tg)小鼠和移植有GFPTg小鼠骨髓(BM)细胞的C57BL / 6小鼠,我们检测到TISC的三个亚群:一个与源自BM的未成熟髓样细胞(ImC)相容。其他两个亚群CD11b()细胞和CD11b(-)细胞并非源自BM。在存在GM-CSF的情况下与肿瘤培养后,TISC包括这些亚群,但并非每个亚群独立地抑制由抗CD3诱导的T细胞增殖。在我们的系统中,肿瘤并未直接抑制T细胞反应,但来自肿瘤的未知因素影响了TISC的免疫抑制。
  • 【改良的摆锤装置的生物力学-力系统的理论考虑和体外分析。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1093/ejo/cjl028 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kinzinger GS,Diedrich PR
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The aim of this study was to analyse the acting forces and moments induced by a special orthodontic appliance, the Pendulum K, for molar distalization in the transverse and sagittal planes. The purpose-designed test set-up (artificial maxilla with anchorage unit and two electrothermodynamic molars, an electronic measuring unit, a unit with force-moment sensor, an analogue/digital converter, and a data read-out unit) allowed simulation of in vivo conditions on the one hand and precise determination of the force systems on the other. The appliances investigated were three specimens of the Pendulum K. In vitro measurement of the resulting force systems revealed that the forces and moments in the transverse and sagittal planes remained almost constant over a 3 mm measuring increment when the distal screw was continuously activated (10 activations/mm). Without reactivation of the incorporated distal screw, however, a marked decline in the force systems was recorded. The Pendulum K allows translatory distalization of the upper molars and thus dental arch expansion, dispensing with the need for permanent teeth to be extracted, subject to a corresponding indication. This is achieved by continuous adjustment of an incorporated distal screw and by specific pre-activations of the Pendulum springs.
    背景与目标: :这项研究的目的是分析由特殊的正畸矫治器Pendulum K引起的作用力和力矩,以在横断面和矢状面上进行磨牙远侧。专门设计的测试装置(带有锚固单元和两个电热磨牙的人工上颌,一个电子测量单元,一个带有力矩传感器的单元,一个模拟/数字转换器和一个数据读出单元)允许模拟一方面是体内条件,另一方面是精确确定力系统。所研究的器具是Pendulum K的三个标本。对最终产生的力系统进行的体外测量显示,当连续激活远端螺钉(10次激活)时,横向和矢状面的力和力矩在3 mm的测量增量内几乎保持恒定。 /毫米)。然而,在没有重新激活所结合的远端螺钉的情况下,记录了力系统的显着下降。摆K允许上颌臼齿的平移远侧移动,从而使牙弓扩张,并在需要相应指示的情况下无需拔出恒牙。这是通过不断调整内置的远端螺钉并通过对摆弹簧进行特定的预激活来实现的。
  • 【多发性骨髓瘤中热休克蛋白90(HSP90)的表达和HSP90抑制剂(17-AAG)的作用分析。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1080/10428190500472123 复制DOI
    作者列表:Duus J,Bahar HI,Venkataraman G,Ozpuyan F,Izban KF,Al-Masri H,Maududi T,Toor A,Alkan S
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is required for structural folding and maintenance of conformational integrity of various proteins, including several associated with cellular signaling. Recent studies utilizing 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), an inhibitor of HSP90, demonstrated an antitumor effect in solid tumors. To test whether HSP90 could be targeted in multiple myeloma (MM) patients, we first investigated expression of HSP90 by immunofluorescence and flow cytometric analysis in a myeloma cell line (U266) and primary myeloma cells. Following demonstration of HSP90 expression in myeloma cells, archival samples of 32 MM patients were analysed by immunoperoxidase staining. Myeloma cells in all patients showed strong cytoplasmic expression of HSP90 in all samples and 55% also demonstrated concurrent nuclear immunopositivity. Treatment of U266 and primary MM cells with 17AAG resulted in significantly increased apoptosis compared to untreated control cells. Analysis of anti-apoptotic BCL2 family proteins and akt in MM cells incubated with 17-AAG revealed down-regulation of BCL-2, BCL-XL, MCL-1 and akt. Furthermore, although a low concentration of bortezomib resulted in no cell death, a combination of 17AAG and bortezomib treatment revealed a synergistic apoptotic effect on the U266 cell line. These data suggest that targeted inhibition of HSP90 may prove to be a valid and innovative strategy for the development of future therapeutic options for MM patients.
    背景与目标: :热休克蛋白90(HSP90)是结构折叠和维持各种蛋白质(包括与细胞信号相关的几种蛋白质)构象完整性的必需。利用HSP90抑制剂17-烯丙基氨基-17-去甲氧基格尔德霉素(17-AAG)的最新研究表明,在实体瘤中具有抗肿瘤作用。为了测试HSP90是否可以靶向于多发性骨髓瘤(MM)患者,我们首先通过免疫荧光和流式细胞术分析了骨髓瘤细胞系(U266)和原发性骨髓瘤细胞中HSP90的表达。在证明HSP90在骨髓瘤细胞中表达后,通过免疫过氧化物酶染色分析了32例MM患者的档案样本。在所有患者中,骨髓瘤细胞在所有样品中均表现出强烈的HSP90细胞质表达,并且55%的患者还表现出并发的核免疫阳性。与未处理的对照细胞相比,用17AAG处理U266细胞和原代MM细胞可导致凋亡明显增加。分析与17-AAG孵育的MM细胞中的抗凋亡BCL2家族蛋白和akt,表明BCL-2,BCL-XL,MCL-1和akt下调。此外,尽管低浓度的硼替佐米不会导致细胞死亡,但是17AAG和硼替佐米治疗的组合显示出对U266细胞系的协同凋亡作用。这些数据表明,针对HSP90的靶向抑制可能被证明是开发MM患者未来治疗选择的有效且创新的策略。
  • 【槲寄生制剂(伊斯卡多)在三维胶原蛋白基质系统中诱导T淋巴细胞运动的供体依赖性和剂量依赖性变异。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/00001813-199704001-00014 复制DOI
    作者列表:Nikolai G,Friedl P,Werner M,Zänker KS
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Controlled activation of non-specific and specific immune defence mechanisms can beneficially manipulate the host's ability to attack malignant cells. In this context, migration and tissue distribution of immunocompetent cells may be prerequisites for an efficient immune surveillance. The effect of various non-cytotoxic concentrations of the Viscum album L. (mistletoe) preparation Iscadore QuFrF on the locomotory activity of immunomagnetically isolated human CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes from healthy donors was investigated. Cellular migration was examined within a three-dimensional collagen matrix. Donor-dependent variations in baseline activities of spontaneously locomoting T cells were accompanied by individual response patterns of T cells from different donors in the presence of various concentrations of mistletoe preparation (0.25-2.5 micrograms/ml). Using the three-dimensional collagen matrix assay an induction of locomotory activity was detected in a highly reproducible fashion although the optimal concentration of mistletoe preparation and the time point of maximal response were individual for each donor. Our data suggest that the direct stimulation of T-cell migration by mistletoe components may modulate the system of immune surveillance and recognition in patients under mistletoe therapy.
    背景与目标: :非特异性和特异性免疫防御机制的受控激活可以有益地控制宿主攻击恶性细胞的能力。在这种情况下,免疫活性细胞的迁移和组织分布可能是有效免疫监视的先决条件。研究了Viscum album L.(槲寄生)制剂Iscadore QuFrF的各种非细胞毒性浓度对来自健康供体的免疫磁性分离的人CD4和CD8 T淋巴细胞运动功能的影响。在三维胶原蛋白基质中检查了细胞迁移。在各种浓度的槲寄生制剂(0.25-2.5微克/毫升)存在下,自发性自发性T细胞基线活动的供体依赖性变异伴随着来自不同供体的T细胞的个体反应模式。使用三维胶原蛋白基质测定法,以高度可重复的方式检测了运动活性的诱导,尽管对于每个供体而言,槲寄生制剂的最佳浓度和最大响应的时间点各不相同。我们的数据表明,槲寄生成分直接刺激T细胞迁移可能会调节槲寄生治疗下患者的免疫监视和识别系统。
  • 【卫生干预措施的优先重点设定:需要进行多标准决策分析。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1186/1478-7547-4-14 复制DOI
    作者列表:Baltussen R,Niessen L
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Priority setting of health interventions is often ad-hoc and resources are not used to an optimal extent. Underlying problem is that multiple criteria play a role and decisions are complex. Interventions may be chosen to maximize general population health, to reduce health inequalities of disadvantaged or vulnerable groups, ad/or to respond to life-threatening situations, all with respect to practical and budgetary constraints. This is the type of problem that policy makers are typically bad at solving rationally, unaided. They tend to use heuristic or intuitive approaches to simplify complexity, and in the process, important information is ignored. Next, policy makers may select interventions for only political motives. This indicates the need for rational and transparent approaches to priority setting. Over the past decades, a number of approaches have been developed, including evidence-based medicine, burden of disease analyses, cost-effectiveness analyses, and equity analyses. However, these approaches concentrate on single criteria only, whereas in reality, policy makers need to make choices taking into account multiple criteria simultaneously. Moreover, they do not cover all criteria that are relevant to policy makers. Therefore, the development of a multi-criteria approach to priority setting is necessary, and this has indeed recently been identified as one of the most important issues in health system research. In other scientific disciplines, multi-criteria decision analysis is well developed, has gained widespread acceptance and is routinely used. This paper presents the main principles of multi-criteria decision analysis. There are only a very few applications to guide resource allocation decisions in health. We call for a shift away from present priority setting tools in health--that tend to focus on single criteria--towards transparent and systematic approaches that take into account all relevant criteria simultaneously.
    背景与目标: :卫生干预措施的优先级设置通常是临时的,资源没有得到最佳利用。潜在的问题是多个标准起着作用,并且决策很复杂。可以选择干预措施,以最大程度地提高总体人口健康,减少弱势或弱势群体的健康不平等,广告/或应对危及生命的情况,所有这些都涉及实际和预算方面的限制。这是决策者通常无助于理性解决的典型问题。他们倾向于使用启发式或直观的方法来简化复杂性,并且在此过程中,重要的信息将被忽略。接下来,政策制定者可能只出于政治动机选择干预措施。这表明需要采取合理和透明的方法来确定优先事项。在过去的几十年中,已经开发出许多方法,包括循证医学,疾病负担分析,成本效益分析和公平性分析。但是,这些方法仅集中于单个标准,而实际上,决策者需要在选择时同时考虑多个标准。此外,它们并未涵盖与决策者相关的所有标准。因此,有必要开发一种确定优先级的多标准方法,并且最近确实将其确定为卫生系统研究中最重要的问题之一。在其他科学学科中,多准则决策分析已经得到了很好的发展,已经得到了广泛的认可并被常规使用。本文介绍了多准则决策分析的主要原理。只有很少的应用程序可以指导健康状况中的资源分配决策。我们呼吁从目前卫生领域的优先重点设定工具(倾向于只关注单一标准)转变为同时考虑所有相关标准的透明,系统的方法。
  • 【FOXP3的分析揭示了其作为转录阻遏物所需的多个结构域。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.177.5.3133 复制DOI
    作者列表:Lopes JE,Torgerson TR,Schubert LA,Anover SD,Ocheltree EL,Ochs HD,Ziegler SF
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Foxp3 has been shown to be both necessary and sufficient for the development and function of naturally arising CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells in mice. Mutation of Foxp3 in Scurfy mice and FOXP3 in humans with IPEX results in fatal, early onset autoimmune disease and demonstrates the critical role of FOXP3 in maintaining immune homeostasis. The FOXP3 protein encodes several functional domains, including a C2H2 zinc finger, a leucine zipper, and a winged-helix/forkhead (FKH) domain. We have shown previously that FOXP3 functions as a transcriptional repressor and inhibits activation-induced IL-2 gene transcription. To characterize the role of each predicted functional domain on the in vivo activity of FOXP3, we have evaluated the location of point mutations identified in a large cohort of patients with the immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome (IPEX) and found them to cluster primarily within the FKH domain and the leucine zipper, but also present within the poorly defined N-terminal portion of the protein. The molecular functions of each of the IPEX-targeted domains were investigated. We show that FOXP3 is constitutively localized to the nucleus and this localization requires sequences at both the amino and C-terminal ends of its FKH domain. Moreover, FOXP3 was found to homodimerize through its leucine zipper. We also identify a novel functional domain within the N-terminal half of FOXP3, which is required for FOXP3-mediated repression of transcription from both a constitutively active and a NF-AT-inducible promoter. Furthermore, we demonstrate that IPEX mutations in these domains correlate with deficiencies in FOXP3 repressor function, corroborating their in vivo relevance.
    背景与目标: 已经证明:Foxp3对于小鼠中天然产生的CD4 CD25调节性T细胞的发育和功能既必要又充分。用IPEX突变的Scurfy小鼠中的Foxp3和人类中的FOXP3突变会导致致命的早期发作的自身免疫性疾病,并证明FOXP3在维持免疫稳态方面的关键作用。 FOXP3蛋白编码几个功能域,包括C2H2锌指,亮氨酸拉链和带翼螺旋/叉头(FKH)域。先前我们已经证明FOXP3充当转录阻遏物,并抑制激活诱导的IL-2基因转录。为了表征每个预测功能结构域对FOXP3体内活性的作用,我们评估了在一大批患有免疫功能异常,多内分泌病,肠病,X连锁综合征(IPEX)的患者中鉴定出的点突变的位置,并发现它们主要聚集在FKH结构域和亮氨酸拉链中,但也存在于蛋白质的N末端定义不明确的区域。研究了每个IPEX靶向域的分子功能。我们显示FOXP3组成性地定位于原子核,并且此定位需要在其FKH域的氨基和C末端都具有序列。此外,发现FOXP3通过其亮氨酸拉链同源二聚体。我们还确定了FOXP3 N末端一半内的新型功能域,这是FOXP3介导的从组成型活性启动子和NF-AT诱导型启动子转录抑制所必需的。此外,我们证明这些域中的IPEX突变与FOXP3阻遏物功能的缺陷相关,从而证实了它们的体内相关性。
  • 【白人患者肺肿瘤中HER2基因的突变分析:突变主要存在于具有支气管肺泡特征的腺癌中。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1002/ijc.22143 复制DOI
    作者列表:Buttitta F,Barassi F,Fresu G,Felicioni L,Chella A,Paolizzi D,Lattanzio G,Salvatore S,Camplese PP,Rosini S,Iarussi T,Mucilli F,Sacco R,Mezzetti A,Marchetti A
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Activating mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of the HER2 gene have recently been reported in lung adenocarcinomas, mainly in East Asian patients. Our study was devised to evaluate the prevalence and nature of HER2 mutations in lung adenocarcinomas from Caucasian patients. The mutational status of the HER2 gene was evaluated in 403 lung adenocarcinomas by PCR-single strand conformation polymorphism analysis and direct sequencing of Exons 19 and 20. We found HER2 mutations in 9 (2.2%) cases. Seven (78%) of the mutations were in frame duplications/insertions at codons 776-779 (YVMA), the other 2 were base substitutions resulting in aminoacid changes. The hotspot mutation at bases 776-779 was previously found to be the most frequent HER2 mutation in Asiatic patients. The distribution of mutations was significantly different between conventional lung adenocarcinomas (CLAs) and lung adenocarcinomas with bronchioloalveolar features (ABAFs). Seven (6.2%) of 113 ABAFs and 2 (0.7%) of 290 CLA were mutated (p = 0.0025). In addition, the frequency of HER2 mutations was slightly higher in females (4.1%) than in males (1.8%) and in never smokers (3.1%) than in smokers (1.9%), but differences were not statistically significant. This series of tumors was also investigated for EGFR and K-ras mutations. EGFR mutations were observed in 43 (10.7%) cases, and K-ras mutations in 110 (27.3%) cases. EGFR, HER2 and K-ras mutations were found to be mutually exclusive events. The presence of HER2 mutations in a subset of patients with lung adenocarcinoma raise hope to treat these patients with HER2 specific kinase inhibitors.
    背景与目标: :最近在肺腺癌中,主要在东亚患者中,报道了HER2基因酪氨酸激酶结构域中的活化突变。我们的研究旨在评估白人患者肺腺癌中HER2突变的发生率和性质。通过PCR单链构象多态性分析和外显子19和20的直接测序,评估了403例肺腺癌中HER2基因的突变状态。我们发现9例(2.2%)病例中存在HER2突变。突变中的七个(78%)位于776-779位密码子(YVMA)的框架重复/插入中,另外两个为碱基取代,导致氨基酸变化。先前发现在776-779碱基处的热点突变是亚洲患者中最常见的HER2突变。在传统的肺腺癌(CLA)和具有支气管肺泡特征(ABAFs)的肺腺癌之间,突变的分布显着不同。 113个ABAF中有7个(6.2%)和290个CLA中有2个(0.7%)发生了突变(p = 0.0025)。此外,HER2突变的频率在女性(4.1%)中略高于男性(1.8%),从不吸烟者(3.1%)比吸烟者(1.9%)高,但差异无统计学意义。还研究了该系列肿瘤的EGFR和K-ras突变。在43(10.7%)例中观察到EGFR突变,在110(27.3%)例中观察到K-ras突变。发现EGFR,HER2和K-ras突变是相互排斥的事件。 HER2突变在一部分肺腺癌患者中的存在增加了用HER2特异性激酶抑制剂治疗这些患者的希望。
  • 【蛋白质与基质配体的共沉淀:可缩放的蛋白质分离。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1002/(sici)1099-1352(199634/12)9:5/6<433::aid-j 复制DOI
    作者列表:Matulis D,Lovrien R,Richardson TI
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Matrix ligands are agents for isolating proteins out of dilute crudes by coprecipitating proteins. The ligands have a strong anion sulfonate head which initiates binding to proteins having a positive net charge, ZH+ approximately 5-20. Initial binding tightens protein conformation and starts to squeeze water from conformationally motile proteins. The tails are stackable hydrophobic organic groups, azoaromatic dyes which draw protein-ligand complexes together. Proteins coprecipitate as guests, in the ligand host matrix. In addition to stacking, ligand tails displace water because of their bulk, and lower the average dielectric constant near charged groups, which reinforces the electrostatic component of binding. Matrix ligands protect proteins, scavenge them from dilute crudes (0.01-0.1 per cent protein), and densify coprecipitates. Detergent ions in low concentrations, 10(-4)-10(-5) M also sometimes serve as coprecipitating agents, entangling their tails but probably not stacking. Divalent metal ions, Zn++, sometimes are useful auxiliary agents. Preparative scaleability from crudes is demonstrated starting from 100-200 g of raw peanuts and raw pineapple to coprecipitate a lectin and bromelain enzyme respectively in 1-2 h with 80-90 per cent activity yields. Ligands are released from coprecipitates by shifting the pH and trapping the ligands with exchange resins. Protein conformation tightening in solution is seen by viscosity measurements.

    背景与目标: 基质配体是通过共沉淀蛋白质从稀原油中分离蛋白质的试剂。配体具有很强的阴离子磺酸根头,可与具有正净电荷(ZH约为5-20)的蛋白质结合。初始结合会拉紧蛋白质构象,并开始从构象运动的蛋白质中挤出水。尾部是可堆叠的疏水性有机基团,偶氮芳香族染料,可将蛋白质-配体复合物吸引到一起。蛋白质在配体宿主基质中作为客人共沉淀。除堆积之外,配体尾部由于其体积大而会置换水,并降低带电基团附近的平均介电常数,从而增强了结合的静电成分。基质配体可以保护蛋白质,从稀原油中清除蛋白质(蛋白质含量为0.01-0.1%),并浓缩共沉淀物。低浓度10(-4)-10(-5)M的去污剂离子有时还充当共沉淀剂,缠住它们的尾巴,但可能不会堆积。二价金属离子Zn有时是有用的辅助剂。从100-200 g的生花生和菠萝开始,可在1-2小时内分别沉淀出凝集素和菠萝蛋白酶,从而产生80-90%的活性收率,证明了从原油中可制备的可缩放性。通过改变pH值并用交换树脂捕获配体,从共沉淀物中释放出配体。通过粘度测量可以看出溶液中的蛋白质构象变紧。

  • 【人体冠状动脉斑块切除术标本中肝细胞生长因子的免疫组织化学分析:与转化生长因子β亚型的比较。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s004280050050 复制DOI
    作者列表:Ueda H,Imazu M,Hayashi Y,Ono K,Yasui W,Yamakido M
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: The expression and localization of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) were examined immunohistochemically in 59 human coronary artery lesions retrieved by directional coronary atherectomy and compared with the localization of transforming growth factor beta isoforms (TGF-beta 1, -beta 2, and -beta 3). In 21 of the 59 specimens (35.6%) HGF-like immunoreactivity (HGF-IR) was revealed. The HGF immunopositivity rate of 45% (14/31) in thrombotic tissue was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the rates of 7.3% (4/55), 7.1% (3/42), and 0% (0/14) in fibrous tissue, neointimal hyperplasia and atheromatous gruel, respectively. Immunoreactivity for HGF was much weaker than that for TGF-beta isoforms in these components except in thrombotic tissue. These cells exhibiting strong HGF-IR were inflammatory cells such as monocytes/macrophages in thrombotic tissue, in tissue lesions adjacent to a thrombus, and outside the capillary walls in a portion of the neovascularized lesions. Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) hardly demonstrated HGF-IR. In contrast, in control coronary arteries obtained at autopsy, the HGF-IR was strongly expressed in SMCs. These findings suggest that HGF produced by macrophages play a part in the process of coronary plaque formation attributable to thrombus in man.

    背景与目标: 免疫组织化学方法检测了定向冠状动脉粥样斑块切除术取回的59例人类冠状动脉病变中肝细胞生长因子/分散因子(HGF / SF)的表达和定位,并与转化生长因子β同工型(TGF-beta 1,-beta 2和-beta 3)。在59个样本中的21个(35.6%)中发现了类似HGF的免疫反应性(HGF-IR)。血栓形成组织中HGF免疫阳性率为45%(14/31)显着(P <0.05)分别高于7.3%(4/55),7.1%(3/42)和0%(0/14) )分别在纤维组织,新内膜增生和粥样粥样硬化中。除了血栓形成组织外,在这些组件中,HGF的免疫反应性比TGF-β亚型的免疫反应性弱得多。这些表现出强HGF-IR的细胞是炎性细胞,例如血栓形成组织中,与血栓相邻的组织病变中,以及在部分新血管形成的病变中的毛细血管壁之外的单核细胞/巨噬细胞。平滑肌细胞(SMCs)几乎没有表现出HGF-IR。相反,在尸检时获得的对照冠状动脉中,HGF-IR在SMC中强烈表达。这些发现表明,巨噬细胞产生的HGF在可归因于人类血栓的冠状斑块形成过程中起作用。

  • 【蛋白质结构与功能关系的生物信息学分析:白细胞弹性蛋白酶(ELA2)错义突变的案例研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1002/humu.20407 复制DOI
    作者列表:Thusberg J,Vihinen M
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cyclic and congenital neutropenia are caused by mutations in the human neutrophil elastase (HNE) gene (ELA2), leading to an immunodeficiency characterized by decreased or oscillating levels of neutrophils in the blood. The HNE mutations presumably cause loss of enzyme activity, consequently leading to compromised immune system function. To understand the structural basis for the disease, we implemented methods from bioinformatics to analyze all the known HNE missense mutations at both the sequence and structural level. Our results demonstrate that the 32 different mutations have diverse effects on HNE structure and function, affecting structural disorder and aggregation tendencies, stability maintaining contacts, and electrostatic properties. A large proportion of the mutations are located at conserved amino acids, which are usually essential in determining protein structure and function. The majority of the disease-causing HNE missense mutations lead to major structural changes and loss of stability in the protein. A few mutations also affect functional residues, leading into decreased catalytic activity or altered ligand binding. Our analysis reveals the putative effects of all known missense mutations in HNE, thus allowing the structural basis of cyclic and congenital neutropenia to be elucidated. We have employed and analyzed a set of some 30 different methods for predicting the effects of amino acid substitutions. We present results and experience from the analysis of the applicability of these methods in the analysis of numerous genes, proteins, and diseases to reveal protein structure-function relationships and disease genotype-phenotype correlations.
    背景与目标: :循环性和先天性嗜中性白血球减少症是由人类嗜中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶(HNE)基因(ELA2)突变引起的,导致免疫缺陷,其特征是血液中嗜中性粒细胞水平降低或振荡。 HNE突变可能导致酶活性下降,因此导致免疫系统功能受损。为了了解该疾病的结构基础,我们采用了生物信息学的方法来分析序列和结构水平上所有已知的HNE错义突变。我们的结果表明,这32种不同的突变对HNE的结构和功能具有多种影响,影响结构异常和聚集趋势,保持接触的稳定性以及静电性质。大部分突变位于保守氨基酸上,这通常是决定蛋白质结构和功能所必需的。大多数引起疾病的HNE错义突变会导致主要的结构变化和蛋白质稳定性的损失。一些突变也影响功能残基,导致催化活性降低或配体结合改变。我们的分析揭示了HNE中所有已知的错义突变的推定作用,因此可以阐明周期性和先天性中性粒细胞减少的结构基础。我们已经采用并分析了一组约30种不同的方法来预测氨基酸取代的影响。我们通过分析这些方法在分析众多基因,蛋白质和疾病中的适用性来提供结果和经验,以揭示蛋白质结构与功能的关系以及疾病的基因型与表型的相关性。
  • 【尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物和基质金属蛋白酶在人大肠癌中的活性和表达。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1186/1471-2407-6-211 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kim TD,Song KS,Li G,Choi H,Park HD,Lim K,Hwang BD,Yoon WH
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) are involved in colorectal cancer invasion and metastasis. There is still debate whether the activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 differs between tumors located in the colon and rectum. We designed this study to determine any differences in the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9 and uPA system between colon and rectal cancer tissues. METHODS:Cancer tissue samples were obtained from colon carcinoma (n = 12) and rectal carcinomas (n = 10). MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels were examined using gelatin zymography and Western blotting; their endogenous inhibitors, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), were assessed by Western blotting. uPA, uPAR and PAI-1 were examined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The activity of uPA was assessed by casein-plasminogen zymography. RESULTS:In both colon and rectal tumors, MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 protein levels were higher than in corresponding paired normal mucosa, while TIMP-2 level in tumors was significantly lower than in normal mucosa. The enzyme activities or protein levels of MMP-2, MMP-9 and their endogenous inhibitors did not reach a statistically significant difference between colon and rectal cancer compared with their normal mucosa. In rectal tumors, there was an increased activity of uPA compared with the activity in colon tumors (P = 0.0266), however urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) showed no significant difference between colon and rectal cancer tissues. CONCLUSION:These findings suggest that uPA may be expressed differentially in colon and rectal cancers, however, the activities or protein levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, PAI-1 and uPAR are not affected by tumor location in the colon or the rectum.
    背景与目标: 背景:基质金属蛋白酶2(MMP-2),基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)和尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂(uPA)参与大肠癌的侵袭和转移。尚存在关于结肠和直肠肿瘤之间MMP-2和MMP-9活性是否不同的争论。我们设计了这项研究,以确定结肠和直肠癌组织之间MMP-2,MMP-9和uPA系统表达的任何差异。
    方法:从结肠癌(n = 12)和直肠癌(n = 10)中获得癌组织样本。使用明胶酶谱法和蛋白质印迹法检测MMP-2和MMP-9水平。通过蛋白质印迹法评估了它们的内源性抑制剂金属蛋白酶2的组织抑制剂(TIMP-2)和金属蛋白酶1的组织抑制剂(TIMP-1)。使用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)检测uPA,uPA​​R和PAI-1。通过酪蛋白-纤溶酶原酶谱法评估uPA的活性。
    结果:在结肠和直肠肿瘤中,MMP-2,MMP-9和TIMP-1蛋白水平均高于相应的配对正常黏膜,而TIMP-2水平显着低于正常黏膜。与正常黏膜相比,结肠癌和直肠癌中MMP-2,MMP-9及其内源性抑制剂的酶活性或蛋白质水平没有统计学上的显着差异。在直肠肿瘤中,与结肠肿瘤相比,uPA活性增加(P = 0.0266),但是尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体(uPAR)和纤溶酶原激活物抑制物-1(PAI-1)之间没有显着差异。结肠和直肠癌组织。
    结论:这些发现表明uPA在结肠癌和直肠癌中可能表达不同,但是,MMP-2,MMP-9,TIMP-1,TIMP-2,PAI-1和uPAR的活性或蛋白水平不受以下因素的影响肿瘤在结肠或直肠中的位置。
  • 【儿童实体器官移植后的脊柱:40例患者的临床,影像学和磁共振成像分析。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/01.brs.0000231717.63974.f3 复制DOI
    作者列表:Helenius I,Remes V,Tervahartiala P,Salminen S,Sairanen H,Holmberg C,Palmu P,Helenius M,Peltonen J,Jalanko H
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: STUDY DESIGN:A cross-sectional study of the spine in 40 young adults after solid organ transplantation in childhood. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the impact of organ transplantation and long-term immunosuppressive treatment on growing spine using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA:A review of the current literature reveals no systematic evaluation of the spine after transplantation in childhood. METHODS:A total of 40 adult patients (mean age 22.1 years, range, 16.0-27.0), who received either kidney, liver, or heart transplant as children, were evaluated. Mean follow-up after transplantation was 11.2 years (range 3.0-18.0). All patients filled in a questionnaire, underwent an interview and physical examination, as well as had MRI of the spine. Standing spinal radiographs were taken from patients with a rib hump > or = 6 degrees. RESULTS:There were 8 (20%) patients who had a history of vertebral fracture. Eleven (28%) patients reported frequent back pain at rest. There were 15 (38%) patients who had scoliosis > 10 degrees (range 10 degrees -69 degrees ). On MRI, narrowed disc spaces were noted in 32 (80%) patients, and irregular endplates were noted in 24 (60%). There were 14 (35%) patients who had at least 1 compressed or wedged vertebra (> 20%). Patients treated for acute rejection had wedged vertebrae, speckled or black disc spaces, and irregular endplates more often than patients without rejections. Males had wedged vertebrae more often than females (P = 0.0067). CONCLUSIONS:Back pain, scoliosis, wedged vertebrae, and narrowed, degenerated disc spaces are common after solid organ transplantation in childhood.
    背景与目标: 研究设计:儿童实体器官移植后对40位年轻人的脊柱进行的横断面研究。
    目的:利用磁共振成像(MRI)评估器官移植和长期免疫抑制治疗对生长中脊柱的影响。
    背景资料摘要:对当前文献的回顾表明,儿童期移植后没有对脊柱进行系统评价。
    方法:总共评估了40名成年患者(平均年龄22.1岁,范围16.0-27.0),他们从小就接受了肾脏,肝脏或心脏移植手术。移植后的平均随访时间为11.2年(范围3.0-18.0)。所有患者均填写了问卷,接受了访谈和体格检查,并对脊柱进行了MRI检查。肋骨隆起>或= 6度的患者拍摄站立式脊柱X光片。
    结果:有8例(20%)有椎体骨折病史。 11名(28%)患者报告休息时经常出现背痛。脊柱侧弯> 10度(范围10度-69度)的患者为15(38%)。在MRI上,发现32例(80%)患者的椎间盘间隙变窄,发现24例(60%)的不规则端板。有14名(35%)患者至少有1块受压或楔入的椎骨(> 20%)。接受急性排斥反应的患者比没有排斥反应的患者更经常出现椎体楔形,斑点或黑色椎间盘间隙以及不规则的终板。男性比女性更经常楔住椎骨(P = 0.0067)。
    结论:儿童实体器官移植后,背部疼痛,脊柱侧弯,椎骨楔形和椎间盘狭窄变窄是常见的。
  • 【修饰的酶作为蛋白水解酶的人工底物:使用修饰的尿激酶原进行细菌胶原酶和基质金属蛋白酶活性的比色测定。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1042/bj3230603 复制DOI
    作者列表:Verheijen JH,Nieuwenbroek NM,Beekman B,Hanemaaijer R,Verspaget HW,Ronday HK,Bakker AH
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: We describe a new principle for assessment of the activity of proteolytic enzymes of all classes and show the application of this principle for the quantitative assay of bacterial collagenase and human matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Central to this new principle is the presence of a proenzyme that can be activated into an active enzyme by a single proteolytic event. The regular activation sequence in the proenzyme is replaced using protein engineering by an artificial sequence recognized by the proteinase to be determined. The latter can act as an activator for the newly engineered proenzyme. In the present paper a simple colorimetric assay for the determination for MMPs is described based on this principle. With the aid of protein engineering, a modified pro-urokinase has been prepared in which the activation sequence normally recognized by plasmin (Pro-Arg-Phe-Lys upward arrowIle-Ile-Gly-Gly) has been replaced by a sequence expected to be recognized and hydrolysed by many MMPs (Arg-Pro-Leu-Gly upward arrowIle-Ile-Gly-Gly). The active urokinase resulting from activation of the modified pro-urokinase by a MMP could be measured either directly, using a specific chromogenic peptide substrate for urokinase, or indirectly via urokinase-catalysed plasminogen activation. The response of the assay to equal molar quantities of active MMPs decreases in the order MMP-2>MMP-9>MMP-1>MMP-3>MMP-7. The detection limit for MMP-9 was below 15 pM, corresponding to 3. 75x10(-15) mol per assay. Using the assay, increased MMP activity was detected in synovial tissue extracts from rheumatoid arthritis patients compared with those from osteoarthritis patients, and in stomach tumour extracts as compared with normal stomach tissue extracts.

    背景与目标: 我们描述了评估所有类别蛋白水解酶活性的新原理,并显示了该原理在细菌胶原酶和人类基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs)定量测定中的应用。这个新原理的核心是存在一种可以通过单个蛋白水解事件激活为活性酶的酶。使用蛋白质工程技术,用待确定的蛋白酶识别的人工序列代替原酶中的常规激活序列。后者可以充当新设计的酶的激活剂。在本文中,基于此原理描述了一种简单的比色测定法,用于测定MMP。借助于蛋白质工程,已经制备了修饰的尿激酶原,其中通常被纤溶酶识别的激活序列(Pro-Arg-Phe-Lys向上箭头Ile-Ile-Gly-Gly)被替换为预期的序列。被许多MMP(Arg-Pro-Leu-Gly向上箭头Ile-Ile-Gly-Gly)识别和水解。可以通过使用尿激酶的特定生色肽底物直接测量由MMP激活修饰的尿激酶原而激活的活性尿激酶,或通过尿激酶催化的纤溶酶原激活间接测量。测定法对等摩尔量的活性MMP的响应以MMP-2> MMP-9> MMP-1> MMP-3> MMP-7的顺序降低。 MMP-9的检出限低于15 pM,对应于每次测定3. 75 x10(-15)mol。使用该测定法,与类骨关节炎患者相比,类风湿性关节炎患者的滑膜组织提取物和正常胃组织提取物中的MMP活性均升高。

  • 【重症ICU患者进行即时护理和连续血糖分析的准确性和可行性。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1186/cc5048 复制DOI
    作者列表:Corstjens AM,Ligtenberg JJ,van der Horst IC,Spanjersberg R,Lind JS,Tulleken JE,Meertens JH,Zijlstra JG
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:To obtain strict glucose regulation, an accurate and feasible bedside glucometry method is essential. We evaluated three different types of point-of-care glucometry in seriously ill intensive care unit (ICU) patients. The study was performed as a single-centre, prospective, observational study in a 12-bed medical ICU of a university hospital. METHODS:Patients with an expected ICU stay of more than 48 hours were included. Because the reference laboratory delivers glucose values after approximately 30 to 60 minutes, which is too slow to use in a glucose regulation protocol and for calibration of the subcutaneous continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) (CGMS System Gold), we first validated the ICU-based blood gas/glucose analyser ABL715 (part 1 of the study). Subsequently, part 2 was performed: after inserting (and calibrating) the subcutaneous CGMS, heparinised arterial blood samples were drawn from an arterial line every 6 hours and analysed on both the Precision PCx point-of-care meter using test strips and on the blood gas/glucose analyser ABL715. CGMS glucose data were downloaded after 24 to 72 hours. The results of the paired measurements were analysed as a scatter plot by the method of Bland and Altman and were expressed as a correlation coefficient. RESULTS:Part 1: Four hundred and twenty-four blood samples were drawn from 45 critically ill ICU patients. The ICU-based blood gas/glucose analyser ABL715 provided a good estimate of conventional laboratory glucose assessment: the correlation coefficient was 0.95. In the Clarke error grid, 96.8% of the paired measurements were in the clinically acceptable zones A and B. Part 2: One hundred sixty-five paired samples were drawn from 19 ICU patients. The Precision PCx point-of-care meter showed a correlation coefficient of 0.89. Ninety-eight point seven percent of measurements were within zones A and B. The correlation coefficient for the subcutaneous CGMS System Gold was 0.89. One hundred percent of measurements were within zones A and B. CONCLUSION:The ICU-based blood glucose analyser ABL715 is a rapid and accurate alternative for laboratory glucose determination and can serve as a standard for ICU blood glucose measurements. The Precision PCx is a good alternative, but feasibility may be limited because of the blood sample handling. The subcutaneous CGMS System Gold is promising, but real-time glucose level reporting is necessary before it can be of clinical use in the ICU. When implementing a glucose-insulin algorithm in patient care or research, one should realise that the absolute glucose level may differ systematically among various measuring methods, influencing targeted glucose levels.
    背景与目标: 简介:要获得严格的葡萄糖调节,准确,可行的床旁血糖测定方法必不可少。我们评估了重症重症监护病房(ICU)患者的三种不同的即时护理血糖仪。该研究是在大学医院的12张病床的ICU中进行的单中心,前瞻性,观察性研究。
    方法:包括预期ICU超过48小时的患者。由于参考实验室在大约30至60分钟后会提供葡萄糖值,这太慢了,无法用于葡萄糖调节方案以及皮下连续葡萄糖监测系统(CGMS)(CGMS System Gold)的校准,因此我们首先验证了ICU-血气/葡萄糖分析仪ABL715(研究的第1部分)。随后,执行第2部分:插入(并校准)皮下CGMS后,每6小时从一条动脉管线中抽取肝素化的动脉血样本,并在Precision PCx即时检测仪上使用试纸条和血液进行分析气体/葡萄糖分析仪ABL715。 CGMS葡萄糖数据在24到72小时后下载。配对测量的结果通过Bland和Altman方法作为散点图进行分析,并表示为相关系数。
    结果:第1部分:从45名重症ICU患者中抽取了242份血液样本。基于ICU的血气/葡萄糖分析仪ABL715提供了常规实验室葡萄糖评估的良好估计:相关系数为0.95。在Clarke误差网格中,96.8%的配对测量值在临床上可接受的区域A和B中。第2部分:从19位ICU患者中抽取了165个配对样品。 Precision PCx即时护理仪的相关系数为0.89。百分之九十八的测量值在区域A和B内。皮下CGMS系统Gold的相关系数为0.89。百分之一百的测量值在区域A和B内。
    结论:基于ICU的血糖分析仪ABL715是一种快速准确的实验室葡萄糖测定方法,可作为ICU血糖测量的标准。 Precision PCx是一个很好的选择,但由于血液样本的处理,可行性可能受到限制。皮下CGMS System Gold前景看好,但在ICU中临床应用之前,必须实时报告葡萄糖水平。在患者护理或研究中实施葡萄糖-胰岛素算法时,应认识到,各种测量方法之间的绝对葡萄糖水平可能会系统地不同,从而影响目标血糖水平。

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