• 【南非城市青少年队列中的居民流动性,社会经济背景和体重指数。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.09.016 复制DOI
    作者列表:Ginsburg C,Griffiths PL,Richter LM,Norris SA
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Adolescents who are changing residence, as well as their social and economic circumstances may experience lifestyle changes that have an effect on body composition outcomes such as undernutrition, overweight or obesity. This paper uses data from Birth to Twenty, a birth cohort of South African urban children, to determine the relationship between residential mobility and body mass index (BMI) amongst Black adolescents aged 15 (n=1613), and to examine the role of changes in household socioeconomic status (SES). The prevalence of overweight and obesity in the sample was 25% in females and 8% in males. Amongst the females, a strong positive association between residential mobility and BMI was observed for those who also experienced an increase in household SES between birth and 15 years (β=0.42, SE=0.13), while no effect was identified for males. The study shows the potential for environmental change and increased resources to influence the risk for obesity. It also highlights the value in considering the range of social environmental factors and changes across the early life course that might play a part in evolving nutritional patterns in urban transitioning environments.
    背景与目标: : 改变居住地以及他们的社会和经济环境的青少年可能会经历生活方式的改变,这些改变会影响身体成分的结果,例如营养不足,超重或肥胖。本文使用从出生到20岁的数据 (南非城市儿童的出生队列) 来确定居住流动性与15岁黑人青少年 (n = 1613) 的体重指数 (BMI) 之间的关系,并研究其作用在家庭社会经济地位 (SES) 中的变化。样本中超重和肥胖的患病率在女性中25%,在男性中8%。在女性中,对于那些在出生至15岁之间家庭SES增加的人 (β = 0.42,SE = 0.13),观察到居住流动性与BMI之间存在很强的正相关关系,而对男性则没有发现影响。这项研究显示了环境变化的潜力和增加的资源来影响肥胖的风险。它还强调了在考虑社会环境因素的范围以及整个早期生活过程中可能在城市转型环境中不断变化的营养模式中发挥作用的价值。
  • 【中美洲和西班牙人MDR1基因的多态性C3435T。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s11033-007-9109-z 复制DOI
    作者列表:Vicente J,Sinues B,Fanlo A,Vasquez P,Medina JC,Martinez-Jarreta B
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The human multidrug resistance gene (MDR1) encodes for P-glycoprotein (P-gp) which is a transmembrane transporter protein that acts as an efflux pump for a number of lypophilic compounds. It plays a protective role for cells against DNA damage. The wobble C3435T polymorphism at exon 26 has been associated with different expression levels and activity. Differences in allele frequency of the C3435T polymorphism have been demonstrated between distinct ethnic groups. In our study we examined these polymorphisms in 433 healthy individuals. From these, 229 were Central American mestizos from Nicaragua (n = 117) and El Salvador (n = 112) to be compared with a group of 204 North Spaniards, with the aim of detecting potential genotypic differences between these populations. The genotypes were determined by PCR-RFLP. The frequencies of the C allele were very similar among Central Americans (0.53) and Spaniards (0.52), which is consistent with the ethnic origin of Central American individuals (Amerindians and European Caucasians). In comparison to other previously studied populations, the C allele frequency in Central Americans was significantly lower than that found in African populations and higher than that observed in the Indian and Southwest Asian populations. These data may be relevant for dose recommendation of P-gp substrate drugs and also for studies of allele disease association in the Central American population.
    背景与目标: : 人类多药耐药基因 (MDR1) 编码P-糖蛋白 (P-gp),P-糖蛋白是一种跨膜转运蛋白,可作为许多嗜酸性化合物的外排泵。它对细胞免受DNA损伤起保护作用。外显子26的摆动C3435T多态性与不同的表达水平和活性有关。已在不同种族之间证明了C3435T多态性的等位基因频率差异。在我们的研究中,我们在433健康个体中检查了这些多态性。从这些人中,229来自尼加拉瓜 (n = 117) 和萨尔瓦多 (n = 112) 的中美洲混血儿,将其与一组204的北西班牙人进行比较,目的是检测这些人群之间的潜在基因型差异。通过pcr-rflp确定基因型。C等位基因的频率在中美洲 (0.53) 和西班牙人 (0.52) 之间非常相似,这与中美洲个体 (美洲印第安人和欧洲高加索人) 的种族起源一致。与其他先前研究的人群相比,中美洲人的C等位基因频率明显低于非洲人群,高于印度和西南亚人群。这些数据可能与P-gp底物药物的剂量推荐有关,也与中美洲人群的等位基因疾病关联研究有关。
  • 【跨年龄和文化的图片命名特异性: 针对年轻人和老年人的图片规范的潜在类分析。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1159/000094611 复制DOI
    作者列表:Yoon C,Feinberg F,Gutchess AH
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Cognitive aging research, as well as cross-cultural research, often relies on pictorial stimuli to address how perceptions of common objects vary by population group. OBJECTIVE:We investigate naming specificity--the degree of detail elicited for object labels - across age (younger-older) and culture (American-Chinese). METHODS:Using latent class analysis techniques, we segregated picture-item responses into multiple specificity levels. The analysis was conducted for 260 pictures, across four groups of younger (aged 17-25 years) and older (aged 59-76 years) adults in the US and mainland China. RESULTS:Overall, three naming specificity classes were supported. Age differences were modest compared to those across culture. In particular, Chinese groups showed far greater variation, naming more items both with high and with low specificity than age-matched American counterparts. Our results differed from prior studies using familiarity and latency measures. Moreover, approximately 28% of commonly-used picture items differed across all four groups. CONCLUSION:These results highlight the need to select appropriate pictorial stimuli for studies involving populations diverse in age and cultural background.
    背景与目标:
  • 【从非洲巨型蜗牛Achatina fulica的心房中分离出的一种新型心脏兴奋性肽。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/0006-291x(90)92093-f 复制DOI
    作者列表:Fujimoto K,Ohta N,Yoshida M,Kubota I,Muneoka Y,Kobayashi M
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :An undecapeptide which potentiates the beat of the ventricle in the African giant snail, Achatina fulica Ferussac, was purified from the atria of the snail. Its primary structure was determined to be H-Ser-Gly-Gln-Ser-Trp-Arg-Pro-Gln-Gly-Arg-Phe-NH2. This peptide was found to have excitatory actions not only on the ventricle but also on the penis retractor muscle, the buccal muscle and the identified neurons controlling the buccal muscle movement of Achatina.
    背景与目标: : 从蜗牛的心房中纯化了一种增强非洲巨型蜗牛Achatina fulica Ferussac心室搏动的十一肽。它的一级结构被确定为H-Ser-Gly-Gln-Ser-Trp-Arg-Pro-Gln-Gly-Arg-Phe-NH2。发现该肽不仅对心室具有兴奋作用,而且对阴茎牵开器肌肉,颊肌和控制Achatina颊肌运动的已识别神经元具有兴奋作用。
  • 【非洲传统草药的促有丝分裂活性 (第二部分)。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/S0944-7113(96)80078-X 复制DOI
    作者列表:Tachibana Y,Kato A,Nishiyama Y,Ikemi M,Ohoka K,Kawanishi K,Juma FD,Ngángá JN,Mathenge SG
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Mitogenic activities in African traditional herbal medicines were examined on human peripheral blood lymphocytes and mouse spleen cells using protein fractions obtained from their extracts by precipitation with ammonium sulfate. Target specificity for these mitogens was investigated by using isolated T cells and lymphocytes from athymic nude mice. Among 20 plants investigated, potent mitogenic activities for both human and mouse lymphocytes were found in 7 plants: Monanthotaxis sp. (Annonaceae), Uvaria lucida (Annonaceae), Maytenus buchananii (Celastraceae), Lonchocarpus bussei (Leguminosae), Phytolacca dodecandra (Phytolaccaceae), Phytolacca octandra (Phytolaccaceae), and Toddalia asiatica (Rutaceae). The U. lucida stem demonstrated the highest activity among all and induced mitogenesis both in human and mouse isolated T cells, but not in lymphocytes from athymic nude mice.
    背景与目标: : 使用通过硫酸铵沉淀从其提取物中获得的蛋白质级分,对人外周血淋巴细胞和小鼠脾细胞检查了非洲传统草药中的促有丝分裂活性。通过使用来自无胸腺裸鼠的分离的T细胞和淋巴细胞研究了这些有丝分裂原的靶特异性。在所调查的20种植物中,在7种植物中发现了人类和小鼠淋巴细胞的强效促有丝分裂活性: 单棘科 (Annonaceae),Uvaria lucida (Annonaceae),Maytenus buchananii (Celastraceae),Lonchocarpus bussei (豆科),Phytolacca dodecanandra (phtomacaceae),和Toddalia asiatica (芸香科)。U. lucida茎在人类和小鼠分离的T细胞中表现出最高的活性,并诱导了有丝分裂,但在无胸腺裸鼠的淋巴细胞中却没有。
  • 【al mena: 整合了来自阿拉伯,中东和北非人群的基因组和外显子的人类遗传变异的综合资源。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1038/jhg.2017.67 复制DOI
    作者列表:Koshy R,Ranawat A,Scaria V
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Middle East and North Africa (MENA) encompass very unique populations, with a rich history and encompasses characteristic ethnic, linguistic and genetic diversity. The genetic diversity of MENA region has been largely unknown. The recent availability of whole-exome and whole-genome sequences from the region has made it possible to collect population-specific allele frequencies. The integration of data sets from this region would provide insights into the landscape of genetic variants in this region. We integrated genetic variants from multiple data sets systematically, available from this region to create a compendium of over 26 million genetic variations. The variants were systematically annotated and their allele frequencies in the data sets were computed and available as a web interface which enables quick query. As a proof of principle for application of the compendium for genetic epidemiology, we analyzed the allele frequencies for variants in transglutaminase 1 (TGM1) gene, associated with autosomal recessive lamellar ichthyosis. Our analysis revealed that the carrier frequency of selected variants differed widely with significant interethnic differences. To the best of our knowledge, al mena is the first and most comprehensive repertoire of genetic variations from the Arab, Middle Eastern and North African region. We hope al mena would accelerate Precision Medicine in the region.
    背景与目标: : 中东和北非 (MENA) 涵盖了非常独特的人口,具有丰富的历史,并包含了独特的种族,语言和遗传多样性。MENA地区的遗传多样性在很大程度上是未知的。该地区最近获得的全外显子组和全基因组序列使收集特定人群的等位基因频率成为可能。来自该地区的数据集的整合将提供对该地区遗传变异景观的见解。我们系统地整合了来自该地区的多个数据集的遗传变异,以创建超过2600万个遗传变异的汇编。对变体进行了系统注释,并计算了它们在数据集中的等位基因频率,并可以作为web界面使用,从而可以快速查询。作为遗传流行病学学纲要应用原理的证明,我们分析了转谷氨酰胺酶1 (TGM1) 基因变异的等位基因频率,与常染色体隐性层状鱼鳞病有关。我们的分析表明,所选变体的载波频率差异很大,种族间差异很大。据我们所知,al mena是来自阿拉伯,中东和北非地区的第一个也是最全面的遗传变异库。我们希望al mena能够加快该地区的精准医学。
  • 【根据 “强大的非裔美国人家庭计划”,护理人员抑郁症的变化。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1037/0893-3200.22.2.241 复制DOI
    作者列表:Beach SR,Kogan SM,Brody GH,Chen YF,Lei MK,Murry VM
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A randomized prevention trial contrasted families who participated in the Strong African American Families Program (SAAF), a preventive intervention for rural African American parents and their 11-year-olds, with control families. This article focuses on the program's effect on primary caregivers' depressive symptoms. Among the 167 caregivers with elevated scores on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale, SAAF participation was associated with reduced depressive symptoms, enhanced parenting, and perceived improvements in youth behavior. Change in parenting (consistent discipline, youth monitoring, and open communication) but not change in youth intrapersonal competencies significantly mediated intervention effects on caregivers' depression. Results support the link between reduced depressive symptoms and stronger family relationships, particularly the importance of enhanced parenting efficacy in alleviating depressive symptoms.
    背景与目标: : 一项随机预防试验将参加 “强非裔美国人家庭计划” (SAAF) 的家庭与对照家庭进行了对比,该计划是针对农村非裔美国人父母及其11岁儿童的预防干预措施。本文重点介绍该计划对主要照顾者抑郁症状的影响。在流行病学研究中心-抑郁量表得分较高的167名照顾者中,SAAF的参与与减轻的抑郁症状,增强的育儿能力和青少年行为的改善有关。父母的改变 (一致的纪律,青少年的监督和开放的沟通),但青少年的个人内部能力的改变却没有显着调节对照顾者抑郁的干预作用。结果支持减轻抑郁症状与加强家庭关系之间的联系,尤其是增强育儿功效对减轻抑郁症状的重要性。
  • 【南非金矿热性疾病的脱水和血清电解质变化。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700170207 复制DOI
    作者列表:Shearer S
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A study was made on the hydration and serum electrolyte changes in 55 black underground gold miners who presented with heat disorders, and control data were obtained on 52 surface and 50 underground workers without symptoms. Cases were admitted for assessment and treatment, and a questionnaire was administered on symptoms, work, fluid intake, alcohol intake, recent health, and past history of heat disorders. Twenty-eight men had experienced heat disorders in the past. Blood specimens on days 0, 1, 2, and 7 for serum sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, inorganic phosphate, and serum total protein were obtained from 55 cases, of which 22 also had estimations of hemoglobin and hematocrit. Initial serum electrolyte levels, because of hemoconcentration, were found to be a poor indicator of underlying changes. Changes in serum total protein were used to correct electrolyte levels for dehydration, which showed deficits in serum total sodium and potassium. This method of correction, when compared with one using hemoglobin and hematocrit, showed similar but smaller changes in serum electrolytes. The cases were divided into subgroups of "cramps" and "collapse"; no significant differences were seen in ambient conditions, age, or electrolyte changes. The cramps group, however, had drunk significantly more water. The findings overall were those of dehydration and salt depletion.
    背景与目标: : 对55名出现热紊乱的黑色地下金矿工人的水化和血清电解质变化进行了研究,并在52名地面和50名无症状的地下工人中获得了对照数据。病例接受评估和治疗,并对症状,工作,液体摄入量,酒精摄入量,近期健康状况和既往热病史进行问卷调查。过去有28名男子经历过热病。在第0、1、2和7天的血液标本中,收集了55例患者的血清钠,钾,镁,钙,无机磷酸盐和血清总蛋白,其中22例还进行了血红蛋白和血细胞比容估计。由于血液浓缩,最初的血清电解质水平被发现是潜在变化的不良指标。血清总蛋白的变化用于纠正电解质水平的脱水,这表明血清总钠和钾不足。与使用血红蛋白和血细胞比容的校正方法相比,这种校正方法显示出相似但较小的血清电解质变化。将病例分为 “抽筋” 和 “塌陷” 亚组; 在环境条件,年龄或电解质变化方面没有显着差异。然而,抽筋组喝了更多的水。总体结果是脱水和盐分消耗。
  • 【细胞因子基因白细胞介素家族的变异影响HIV-1合并感染的非裔美国青少年高危型HPV的清除。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.humimm.2013.08.010 复制DOI
    作者列表:Sudenga SL,Wiener HW,Shendre A,Wilson CM,Tang J,Shrestha S
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Our work aimed to examine the potential influence of variants in interleukin/interleukin receptors genes on high-risk (HR-HPV) HPV clearance. Clearance of genital HR-HPV infection was evaluated for 134 HIV-1 seropositive African-American female adolescents from the Reaching for Excellence in Adolescent Care and Health (REACH) cohort. Genotyping targeted 225 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the exons, 5' untranslated region (UTR) and 3' UTR sequences of 27 immune-related candidate genes encoding interleukin family of cytokines. Cox proportional hazard models were used to determine the association of type-specific HPV clearance adjusting for time-varying CD4+ T-cell count and low-risk (LR-HPV) HPV co-infections. HR-HPV clearance rates were significantly (p < 0.001) associated with five SNPs (rs228942, rs419598, rs315950, rs7737000, and rs9292618) mapped to coding and regulatory regions in three genes (IL2RB, IL1RN, and IL7R). These data suggest that the analyzed genetic variants in interleukin family of cytokines modulate HR-HPV clearance in HIV-1 seropositive African-Americans that warrants replication.
    背景与目标: : 我们的工作旨在研究白介素/白介素受体基因的变体对高危 (hr-hpv) HPV清除的潜在影响。从青少年护理和健康卓越 (REACH) 队列中评估了134名HIV-1血清阳性的非洲裔美国女性青少年的生殖器hr-hpv感染清除情况。基因分型针对编码细胞因子白介素家族的27个免疫相关候选基因的外显子内的225单核苷酸多态性 (snp) 、5' 非翻译区 (UTR) 和3'utr序列。Cox比例风险模型用于确定类型特异性HPV清除率与随时间变化的CD4 T细胞计数和低风险 (lr-hpv) HPV合并感染之间的关联。Hr-hpv清除率与五个snp (rs228942、rs419598、rs315950、rs7737000和rs9292618) 显著相关 (p <0.001),它们被定位到三个基因 (IL2RB、IL1RN和IL7R) 的编码和调控区。这些数据表明,所分析的细胞因子白细胞介素家族的遗传变异调节了HIV-1血清阳性的非洲裔美国人的hr-hpv清除率,这需要复制。
  • 【“让我们保护我们的未来” 是针对南非年轻青少年的基于文化的循证证据的艾滋病毒/性病风险降低干预措施。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1093/her/cyt072 复制DOI
    作者列表:Jemmott LS,Jemmott JB 3rd,Ngwane Z,Icard L,O'Leary A,Gueits L,Brawner B
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :One of the worst HIV/AIDS epidemics in the world is occurring in South Africa, where heterosexual exposure is the main mode of HIV transmission. Young people 15-24 years of age, particularly women, account for a large share of new infections. Accordingly, there is an urgent need for behavior-change interventions to reduce the incidence of HIV among adolescents in South Africa. However, there are few such interventions with proven efficacy for South African adolescents, especially young adolescents. A recent cluster-randomized controlled trial of the 'Let Us Protect Our Future!' HIV/STD risk-reduction intervention for Grade 6 South African adolescents (mean age = 12.4 years) found significant decreases in self-reported sexual risk behaviors compared with a control intervention. This article describes the intervention, the use of the social cognitive theory and the reasoned action approach to develop the intervention, how formative research informed its development and the acceptability of the intervention. Challenges in designing and implementing HIV/STD risk-reduction interventions for young adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa are discussed.
    背景与目标: : 世界上最严重的艾滋病毒/艾滋病流行病之一发生在南非,那里的异性接触是艾滋病毒传播的主要方式。15-24岁的年轻人,特别是妇女,在新感染中占很大比例。因此,迫切需要改变行为的干预措施,以减少南非青少年中艾滋病毒的发病率。然而,很少有这样的干预措施对南非青少年,尤其是青少年有效。最近对 “让我们保护我们的未来!” 进行的聚类随机对照试验。南非6年级青少年 (平均年龄 = 12.4岁) 的HIV/STD降低风险干预发现,与对照干预相比,自我报告的性风险行为显着降低。本文介绍了干预,使用社会认知理论和合理的行动方法来发展干预,形成性研究如何为干预的发展提供信息以及干预的可接受性。讨论了在撒哈拉以南非洲为青少年设计和实施减少艾滋病毒/性病风险干预措施的挑战。
  • 【北非国家质粒测定粘菌素耐药性: 系统评价。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1089/mdr.2019.0471 复制DOI
    作者列表:Touati A,Mairi A
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We have conducted a systematic review to update available information on plasmid-mediated colistin resistance (mobilized colistin resistance [mcr]) genes in North African countries. We have searched the articles of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases reporting plasmid-mediated colistin resistance bacteria isolated in North African countries. After searching and selection, 30 studies that included 208 mcr-positive isolates were included. Different mcr-positive strains frequencies were recorded and ranged from 2% in clinical isolates to 12.3% in environmental samples. Escherichia coli was the predominant species recorded and these microorganisms showed high resistance to ciprofloxacin and cotrimoxazole. IncHI2 plasmids are probably the key vectors responsible for the dissemination of mcr genes in these countries. This review highlighted that the mcr-positive isolates are circulating in different ecological niches with different frequencies. Therefore, actions should be implemented to prevent the dissemination of the mcr genes within and outside of these countries, such as microbiological and molecular surveillance programs and restriction use of colistin in farming.
    背景与目标: : 我们已经进行了系统的审查,以更新有关北非国家中质粒介导的粘菌素抗性 (动员粘菌素抗性 [mcr]) 基因的可用信息。我们搜索了PubMed,Scopus和Web of Science数据库的文章,这些数据库报告了在北非国家分离的质粒介导的粘菌素抗性细菌。经过搜索和选择,包括208个mcr阳性分离株的30项研究被纳入。记录了不同的mcr阳性菌株频率,范围从临床分离株中的2% 到环境样品中的12.3%。大肠杆菌是记录的主要物种,这些微生物对环丙沙星和复方新诺明表现出很高的抗性。IncHI2质粒可能是在这些国家/地区传播mcr基因的关键载体。这篇评论强调了mcr阳性分离株以不同的频率在不同的生态位中循环。因此,应采取行动防止mcr基因在这些国家内外的传播,例如微生物和分子监测计划以及在农业中限制使用粘菌素。
  • 【简要报告: 南非农村地区老年人艾滋病毒发病率: 2010-2015。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/QAI.0000000000002404 复制DOI
    作者列表:Gómez-Olivé FX,Houle B,Rosenberg M,Kabudula C,Mojola S,Rohr JK,Clark S,Angotti N,Schatz E,Kahn K,Bärnighausen T,Menken J
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:In South Africa, evidence shows high HIV prevalence in older populations, with sexual behavior consistent with high HIV acquisition and transmission risk. However, there is a dearth of evidence on older people's HIV incidence. METHODS:We used a 2010-2011 cohort of HIV-negative adults in rural South Africa who were 40 years or older at retest in 2015-2016 to estimate HIV incidence over a 5-year period. We used Poisson regression to measure the association of HIV seroconversion with demographic and behavioral covariates. We used inverse probability sampling weights to adjust for nonresponse in 2015, based on a logistic regression with predictors of sex and age group at August 2010. RESULTS:HIV prevalence increased from 21% at baseline to 23% in the follow-up survey. From a cohort of 1360 individuals, 33 seroconverted from HIV negative at baseline, giving an overall HIV incidence rate of 0.39 per 100 person-years [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.28 to 0.57]. The rate for women was 0.44 (95% CI: 0.30 to 0.67), double than that for men, 0.21 (95% CI: 0.10 to 0.51). Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) again show women's risk of seroconverting double than that of men (IRR = 2.04, P value = 0.098). In past age 60, the IRR of seroconversion was significantly lower than that for those in their 40s (60-69, IRR = 0.09, P value = 0.002; 70-79, IRR = 0.14, P value = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS:The risk of acquiring HIV is not zero for people older than 50 years, especially women. Our findings highlight the importance of acknowledging that older people are at high risk of HIV infection and that HIV prevention and treatment campaigns must take them into consideration.
    背景与目标:
  • 【肥胖和HbA1c升高的非洲裔美国女性的循环细胞因子水平升高。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.cyto.2020.154989 复制DOI
    作者列表:Williams A,Greene N,Kimbro K
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:Obesity has emerged as one of the biggest health crisis and is the leading cause of death and disabilities around the world. BMI trends suggest that majority of the increase in T2D is resulting from the increased prevalence of obesity. In fact, 85.2% of people with T2D are overweight or obese. The highest prevalence for obesity is seen in non-Hispanic, African American women (56.6%). T2D is classified as an inflammatory disease because of elevated, circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute-phase inflammatory proteins. This study was designed to determine how high HbA1c and serum glucose correlate with circulatory cytokine levels in obese, African American women. METHODS:We investigated cytokine/chemokine serum levels using a multiplex assay. Then we used Pairwise Pearson Correlation Test to determine the relationship between clinical metabolic parameters and cytokine/chemokine serum levels. RESULTS:The results indicated that participants with elevated HbA1c exhibited an up regulation of IL-3, IL-4, IL-7, TNF-α, IFN-α2 and CX3CL1 serum levels compared to participants with normal HbA1c. These cytokines were also correlated with several clinical metabolic parameters. CONCLUSIONS:The results suggest that IL-3, IL-4, IL-7, TNF-α, IFN-α2 and CX3CL1 serum levels may contribute to the development and onset of type 2 diabetes.
    背景与目标:
  • 【杰克逊心脏研究中的非裔美国人的社会经济地位,约翰·亨利主义和血压。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.06.016 复制DOI
    作者列表:Subramanyam MA,James SA,Diez-Roux AV,Hickson DA,Sarpong D,Sims M,Taylor HA Jr,Wyatt SB
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :John Henryism connotes a strong behavioral predisposition to engage in effortful, active coping with difficult social and economic stressors. This behavioral predisposition is measured by the 12 item John Henryism Scale for Active Coping (JHAC). The John Henry hypothesis predicts that the well-known inverse socioeconomic status (SES)-blood pressure association will be stronger among persons who score high rather than low on the JHAC. We tested this hypothesis in a large African American cohort using baseline data from the Jackson Heart Study. Unlike previous studies, we used multiple indicators of SES: income, education, occupation, childhood SES and cumulative SES. Because the hypothesis is most relevant for adults still in the labor force, we excluded retired participants, yielding a sample size of 3978. Gender-specific Poisson regression models for hypertension adjusting for age, John Henryism, SES, and a John Henryism-SES interaction term, were fit to examine associations. Separate models were fit for each SES indicator. We found some evidence that John Henryism modified the association between income and hypertension in men: low income was associated with higher prevalence of hypertension in men who scored high on John Henryism (prevalence ratio (PR) for low vs. high income tertile 1.12), but with lower hypertension prevalence among men who scored low on John Henryism (PR 0.85, one sided P value for multiplicative interaction <0.05). For women, the association of low income with higher hypertension prevalence was stronger at lower than higher levels of John Henryism (PR 1.27 and 1.06 at low and high levels of John Henryism respectively, P value<0.05). There was no evidence that John Henryism modified the associations of hypertension with other SES indicators in men or women. The modest support of the John Henryism Hypothesis in men only, adds to the literature on this subject, but underscores questions regarding the gender, spatial, socioeconomic and historical contexts in which the hypothesis is valid.
    背景与目标: : 约翰·亨利主义 (John Henryism) 表示强烈的行为倾向,可以努力,积极应对困难的社会和经济压力。这种行为倾向是通过12项约翰·亨利主义积极应对量表 (JHAC) 来衡量的。约翰·亨利 (John Henry) 假说预测,在JHAC得分高而不是低的人中,众所周知的反向社会经济地位 (SES)-血压关联将更强。我们使用杰克逊心脏研究的基线数据在一个大型非裔美国人队列中检验了这一假设。与以前的研究不同,我们使用了SES的多个指标: 收入,教育程度,职业,童年SES和累积SES。由于该假设与仍在劳动力中的成年人最相关,因此我们排除了退休参与者,得出的样本量为3978。调整年龄,John Henryism,SES和John Henryism-SES交互作用项的高血压的性别特定Poisson回归模型适合检查关联。每个SES指标都适合单独的模型。我们发现一些证据表明John Henryism改变了男性收入与高血压之间的关联: 在John Henryism得分高的男性中,低收入与高血压患病率较高相关 (低收入与高收入1.12的患病率 (PR)),但是,在John Henryism得分较低的男性中,高血压患病率较低 (PR 0.85,乘法相互作用的单侧p值 <0.05)。对于女性而言,较低的John Henryism水平下,低收入与较高的高血压患病率的关联更强 (PR 1.27和1.06分别在John Henryism的低水平和高水平下,p值 <0.05)。没有证据表明John Henryism改变了男性或女性的高血压与其他SES指标的关联。约翰·亨利主义 (John Henryism) 假设仅在男性方面的适度支持,增加了有关该主题的文献,但强调了有关该假设有效的性别,空间,社会经济和历史背景的问题。
  • 【让非洲裔美国青年参与开发一款严肃的性健康教育手机游戏: 混合方法研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.2196/16254 复制DOI
    作者列表:Patchen L,Ellis L,Ma TX,Ott C,Chang KHK,Araya B,Atreyapurapu S,Alyusuf A,Gaines Lanzi R
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Although teen pregnancy rates decreased dramatically in the United States over the past decade, the rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among adolescents and young adults increased. STI rates disproportionately affect African American youth and young adults. Innovative, accessible, and culturally relevant sexual health interventions are urgently needed. OBJECTIVE:This study aimed to identify the optimal modality for a game-based sexual health intervention; develop the educational, entertainment, and technological aspects of the serious game; and demonstrate its usability and acceptance by the target population. METHODS:This project was grounded in formative data collection with community-based participatory research principles and practices combined with a user-centered design and development approach. Sexually Active Adolescent-Focused Education (SAAFE) was developed using input and feedback from African American youths aged 15 to 21 years who participated in a youth advisory board and focus group discussions to inform the co-design and cocreation of the serious game. The process was highly iterative with multiple sessions for user input following design changes. It proceeded in 3 stages. Social cognitive theory and problem-solving theory were leveraged to provide evidence-based, trauma-informed education through a serious game. Usability testing assessed the quality of user experience with the prototype. RESULTS:Across all 3 stages, a total of 86 self-identified African American males and females aged 15 to 21 years from the District of Columbia and Birmingham, Alabama, participated. Participants requested a dating simulation game. They wanted SAAFE to be customizable, realistic, entertaining, educational, modern, and experiential, linking consequences to their gameplay decisions. Usability testing resulted in an initial System Usability Survey score of 77.7, placing the game in the 82nd percentile and above average for usability. CONCLUSIONS:Initial results suggest that the SAAFE prototype is a promising intervention to engage African American youth in sexual health education using a role-playing game. If proven efficacious, the game has the potential to meet the need for sex education, counterbalance unhealthy portrayals of sex in popular media, and respond to the disparities in the STI epidemic.
    背景与目标:

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