BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Increasing evidence suggests that treatment with the low molecular weight heparin enoxaparin during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is safe and effective. We evaluated the incidence and consequences of periprocedural macroscopic thrombus formation on PCI equipment following antithrombin therapy with enoxaparin. Between April 2003 and December 2004, all patients undergoing cardiac catheterization following antithrombin therapy with enoxaparin were evaluated. All patients had blood sampled at the onset of procedure for subsequent measurement of anti-factor-Xa levels. Of the 4,504 patients who underwent PCI during this period, in 122 (3%) the procedure was performed within 8 hr of treatment with subcutaneous enoxaparin and no additional unfractionated heparin (UFH) was used periprocedurally. Of these, macroscopic thrombus was observed on PCI equipment in 6 patients (5%) necessitating withdrawal of all catheters and wires. All patients had therapeutic anti-factor-Xa levels at the time of PCI, and had been treated with double antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel. No periprocedural thrombus was observed in 356 patients who were >12 hr of the last dose of enoxaparin and received UFH at the time of PCI. Following observation of thrombus, additional anticoagulation with UFH resulted in significant epistaxis in one patient. In another patient, the procedure was complicated by distal coronary embolization. Percutaneous coronary intervention following antithrombin therapy with enoxaparin is associated with a 5% incidence of macroscopic thrombus formation on PCI equipment. The necessity for subsequent exchange of all equipment and/or the need for additional anticoagulation may have disastrous consequences for the patient. Our findings suggest that the safety of antithrombin therapy with low molecular weight heparin during PCI requires further evaluation.

背景与目标： ：越来越多的证据表明，在经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）期间用低分子量肝素依诺肝素治疗是安全有效的。我们评估了依诺肝素抗凝血酶治疗后在PCI设备上发生围手术期宏观血栓形成的发生率和后果。在2003年4月至2004年12月之间，评估了所有接受依诺肝素抗凝血酶治疗后接受心脏导管插入术的患者。所有患者均在手术开始时进行了血液采样，以随后测量抗-Xa水平。在这段期间接受PCI的4,504例患者中，有122例（3％）在皮下依诺肝素治疗后8小时内进行了该手术，并且未在围手术期使用额外的普通肝素（UFH）。其中，有6例（5％）患者在PCI设备上观察到宏观血栓，需要撤回所有导管和导线。所有患者在PCI时均具有治疗性抗Xa因子水平，并接受过阿司匹林和氯吡格雷双重抗血小板治疗。在356例患者中未观察到围手术期血栓，这些患者的最后一次剂量的依诺肝素大于12小时，并且在PCI时接受了UFH。观察到血栓后，UFH进行额外的抗凝治疗导致一名患者出现明显的鼻epi。在另一例患者中，该过程因远端冠状动脉栓塞而变得复杂。依诺肝素抗凝血酶治疗后经皮冠状动脉介入治疗与PCI设备上宏观血栓形成的5％发生率相关。随后更换所有设备的必要性和/或需要额外的抗凝措施可能对患者造成灾难性的后果。我们的发现表明，在PCI期间用低分子量肝素进行抗凝血酶治疗的安全性需要进一步评估。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Little evidence or advice exists in the medical literature on 'medical kit' that could be usefully carried by physicians to prepare them for unexpected emergencies. The aim of this study was to establish what, in the opinion of Emergency Physicians, is an appropriate medical kit for doctors to carry to prepare them for 'Good Samaritan' acts. A telephone survey, using a proforma, of United Kingdom Emergency Physicians was conducted. Of the responders to the survey, 10% routinely undertook prehospital work. Seventy-two percent thought it appropriate to carry equipment, but only 43% thought it appropriate to carry medications. Over 80% considered basic airway equipment useful to carry, whereas other items of medical kit were considered appropriate much less commonly. A large proportion of emergency physicians consider it appropriate to carry some medical kit for 'Good Samaritan' acts and, in general, the consensus of opinion as to what medical kit should be carried agreed with the evidence-base for prehospital interventions.

背景与目标： ：在医学文献中，关于“医疗工具包”的证据或建议很少，医师可以有用地为他们准备以应对突发事件。这项研究的目的是确定急诊医师认为什么是适合医生随身携带的医疗工具箱，以使他们为“好撒玛利亚人”行为做好准备。使用形式表对英国急诊医师进行了电话调查。在接受调查的受访者中，有10％的人定期进行院前工作。 72％的人认为适合携带设备，但只有43％的人认为适合携带药物。超过80％的人认为基本的呼吸道设备可用于携带，而其他医疗用品则不太合适。大部分急诊医生认为为“好撒玛利亚人”行为携带一些医疗箱是合适的，并且一般而言，对于应该携带哪种医疗箱的意见与院前干预的证据基础相一致。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:We examined guidewire and microcatheter utilization during chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS:We examined device utilization in 2,968 CTO PCIs performed in 2,936 patients at 19 US and two international center between January 2016 and January 2019. RESULTS:The median number of antegrade guidewires used per case declined (5 in 2016 vs 3 in 2019) and was higher in higher complexity lesions (2 in J-CTO 0 vs. 8 in J-CTO 4 or 5 score). In antegrade-only procedures, the most frequently used guidewires were the Pilot 200 (Abbott Vascular, 37%), Fielder XT (Asahi Intecc, 25%) and Gaia third (Asahi Intecc, 18%), while the most commonly used microcatheters were the Turnpike Spiral (Vascular Solutions, 18%) and Turnpike (Vascular Solutions, 16%). Compared with 2012-2015, during 2016-2019 use of novel equipment such as the Gaia guidewires and the Turnpike microcatheters led to decreased use of Confianza Pro 12 (Asahi Intecc) wire and Corsair (Asahi Intecc) family of microcatheters. In retrograde cases, the guidewires most commonly used were the Sion (44%), Pilot 200 (27%) and Fielder FC (26%), while the Corsair/Corsair Pro, Turnpike LP (Vascular Solutions) and Caravel (Asahi Intecc) were the most frequently used microcatheters for collateral crossing (29%, 26% and 22%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS:The most commonly used guidewires during CTO PCI are polymer-jacketed guidewires and the most commonly used microcatheters are torquable microcatheters.

背景与目标： 摘要背景：我们研究了慢性完全阻塞（CTO）经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）期间导丝和微导管的利用率。
方法：我们研究了2016年1月至2019年1月之间在美国19个州和两个国际中心的2936名患者中执行的2968个CTO PCI中的设备利用率。
结果：每例使用的顺行导丝的中位数减少了（2016年为5例，2019年为3例），而在复杂程度更高的病变中则更高（J-CTO 0为2分，J-CTO 4或5分为8分）。在仅顺行手术中，最常用的导丝是Pilot 200（Abbott Vascular，37％），Fielder XT（Asahi Intecc，25％）和Gaia第三（Asahi Intecc，18％），而最常用的微导管是Turnpike螺旋形（血管解决方案，占18％）和Turnpike螺旋形（血管解决方案，占16％）。与2012-2015年相比，在2016-2019年期间，使用Gaia导丝和Turnpike微导管等新型设备导致减少了Confianza Pro 12（Asahi Intecc）线和Corsair（Asahi Intecc）系列微导管的使用。在逆行情况下，最常用的导丝是Sion（44％），Pilot 200（27％）和Fielder FC（26％），而Corsair / Corsair Pro，Turnpike LP（Vascular Solutions）和Caravel（Asahi Intecc）是最常用于侧支穿刺的微导管（分别为29％，26％和22％）。
结论：CTO PCI期间最常用的导丝是带有护套的导丝，最常用的微导管是可弯曲的微导管。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIM:To examine the scientific evidence regarding the association between characteristics of social networks of injection drug users (IDUs) and the sharing of drug injection equipment. METHODS:A search was performed on MEDLINE, EMBASE, BIOSIS, Current Contents, PsycINFO databases and other sources to identify published studies on social networks of IDUs. Papers were selected based on their examination of social network factors in relation to the sharing of syringes and drug preparation equipment (e.g. containers, filters, water). Additional relevant papers were found from the reference list of identified articles. RESULTS:Network correlates of drug equipment sharing are multi-factorial and include structural factors (network size, density, position, turnover), compositional factors (network member characteristics, role and quality of relationships with members) and behavioural factors (injecting norms, patterns of drug use, severity of drug addiction). Factors appear to be related differentially to equipment sharing. CONCLUSIONS:Social network characteristics are associated with drug injection risk behaviours and should be considered alongside personal risk behaviours in prevention programmes. Recommendations for future research into the social networks of IDUs are proposed.

背景与目标： 目的：研究有关注射毒品使用者（IDU）社交网络的特征与注射毒品设备共享之间的关联的科学证据。
方法：对MEDLINE，EMBASE，BIOSIS，Current Contents，PsycINFO数据库和其他来源进行搜索，以识别已发表的有关IDU社交网络的研究。选择论文的依据是他们对与共用注射器和药物准备设备（例如容器，过滤器，水）有关的社交网络因素的检查。从已识别文章的参考列表中找到其他相关论文。
结果：药品设备共享的网络关联是多因素的，包括结构因素（网络规模，密度，位置，周转率），构成因素（网络成员特征，角色和成员关系的质量）和行为因素（注射规范，模式）毒品使用情况，毒品成瘾的严重程度）。因素似乎与设备共享存在差异。
结论：社交网络特征与药物注射风险行为有关，应与预防计划中的个人风险行为一起考虑。提出了有关对毒品注射者的社交网络进行进一步研究的建议。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIM:Night-time postural equipment (NTPE) can prevent hip subluxation in children with severe motor disorders (SMDs). However, it is unclear how it affects ventilatory function. The aims of the study were to determine how NTPE use affects ventilatory function and to compare night-to-night variability of ventilatory function in children with SMDs and typically developing healthy children. METHOD:Fifteen NTPE users (six males, nine females), aged 1 to 19 years (mean age 8y 7mo) alternated sleep condition between NTPE and sleeping unsupported for 14 nights. In all but two participants, gross motor function was classified as Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level V; in the other two it was level IV. Oxyhaemoglobin saturation (SpO2 ) was monitored each night and transcutaneous CO2 (PtcCO2 ) for one night in each sleep condition. In 17 healthy children of similar age, home SpO2 only was monitored for seven nights. RESULTS:In 13 of 15 NTPE users and 12 of the 17 typically developing children, SpO2 monitoring was satisfactorily completed. Of the children with SMDs, two had mean SpO2 levels below the treatment threshold for supplemental oxygen, which was uniquely associated with use of NTPE in only one participant, and three had nocturnal hypoventilation, which was uniquely associated with NTPE use in only one case. Night-to-night SpO2 variability was higher in children with SMDs than in typically developing children. INTERPRETATION:NTPE may impair or enhance ventilatory function in a minority of children. Owing to night-to-night variability in SpO2 , at least three nights of monitoring are recommended to determine optimal positioning for effective ventilation before and after NTPE introduction.

背景与目标： 目的：夜间姿势设备（NTPE）可以预防患有严重运动障碍（SMD）的儿童的髋关节半脱位。但是，尚不清楚它如何影响通气功能。这项研究的目的是确定使用NTPE会如何影响呼吸功能，并比较SMDs儿童（通常是健康儿童）的夜间通气功能变化。
方法：15名1至19岁的NTPE用户（六名男性，九名女性）（平均年龄8y 7mo）在NTPE和无支持的睡眠之间进行了14天的交替睡眠。除两名参与者外，所有其他人的运动功能总分类都被归为运动功能总分类系统（GMFCS）的V级。另外两个是IV级。每晚监测氧合血红蛋白饱和度（SpO2），并在每种睡眠条件下每晚监测经皮CO2（PtcCO2）。在17个年龄相似的健康儿童中，仅对家庭SpO2进行了七个晚上的监测。
结果：在15位NTPE用户中的13位和17位典型发育儿童中的12位，SpO2监测已令人满意地完成。在患有SMD的儿童中，有2名的平均SpO2水平低于补充氧气的治疗阈值，这仅与一名参与者使用NTPE有关，而三名夜间通气不足，仅在一种情况下与NTPE使用有关。患有SMD的儿童夜间SpO2变异性高于正常发育儿童。
解释：NTPE可能会损害或增强少数儿童的呼吸功能。由于SpO2的夜间变化，建议至少进行三个晚上的监测，以确定在引入NTPE之前和之后进行有效通风的最佳位置。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Firefighters must work on roofs, in smoky places, and on slippery surfaces while using fire-protective clothing and a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), together termed "fire-protective equipment" (FPE). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of FPE on the functional and postural balance abilities of younger and older firefighters. METHODS:The subjects were professional firefighters in age groups 33-38 and 43-56 yr. Postural balance was tested with a force platform, and functional balance was measured during walking on a wooden plank with and without FPE. RESULTS:Wearing FPE significantly impaired both postural and functional balance. Postural balance with eyes closed was more negatively affected among the older subjects than the younger ones. Among the older subjects, the mean values for mediolateral velocity were 3.4 +/- 0.8 and 4.8 +/- 2.1 mm x s(-1) without and with FPE, respectively. The corresponding figures for velocity moment were 11.4 +/- 5.1 and 20.7 +/- 15.1 mm2 x s(-1). In the younger age group, the corresponding results were 3.6 +/- 1.0 and 4.1 +/- 1.4 mm x s(-1), in mediolateral velocity and 10.8 +/- 5.0 and 13.9 +/- 8.1 mm2 x s(-1) in velocity moment. SCBA was the most significant single piece of equipment to decrease performance in the functional balance test. CONCLUSIONS:These findings should be taken into consideration for preventing balance-related injuries in firefighting and rescue work, especially for older firefighters. Furthermore, balance should be considered in developing FPE and training protocols for firefighter fitness.

背景与目标： 简介：消防员必须在屋顶，烟熏场所和湿滑的表面上工作，同时使用防火服和自给式呼吸器（SCBA），一起称为“防火设备”（FPE）。这项研究的目的是调查FPE对年轻和年长消防员的功能和姿势平衡能力的影响。
方法：受试者为33-38岁和43-56岁年龄段的专业消防员。使用力量平台测试姿势平衡，并在有或没有FPE的木板上行走时测量功能平衡。
结果：佩戴FPE显着损害姿势和功能平衡。闭着眼睛的姿势平衡在年长的受试者中比年轻的受试者受到的负面影响更大。在年龄较大的受试者中，不使用FPE和使用FPE时，中外侧速度的平均值分别为3.4 /-0.8和4.8 /-2.1 mm x s（-1）。速度力矩的相应数字为11.4 /-5.1和20.7 /-15.1 mm2 x s（-1）。在较年轻的年龄组中，对中侧速度的相应结果为3.6 /-1.0和4.1 /-1.4 mm x s（-1），速度矩为10.8 /-5.0和13.9 /-8.1 mm2 x s（-1）。 SCBA是降低功能平衡测试性能的最重要的单件设备。
结论：应考虑这些发现，以防止在消防和救援工作中，特别是对于年长的消防员，与平衡有关的伤害。此外，在制定消防人员的FPE和训练规程时应考虑平衡。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The paper presents an analysis of the effect of magnetic fields of power frequency generated by heavy-current electric equipment on the environment. The results of computation and measurements of the magnetic field in the vicinity of power busducts are included. Possible hazards are considered that result from the effects of the magnetic field on workers present in the vicinity of busducts as well as secondary hazards caused by the degrading effect of the magnetic field on ferromagnetic structural materials (in reinforced concrete structures). Attention is given to an ergonomic aspect of interaction of the magnetic field with cathode ray tube computer monitors (annoying oscillation of the image).

背景与目标： ：本文分析了大电流电气设备产生的工频磁场对环境的影响。包括功率母线附近磁场的计算和测量结果。可能的危害被认为是由于磁场对存在于高架桥附近的工人的影响以及由于磁场对铁磁结构材料（在钢筋混凝土结构中）的降解作用所引起的二次危害所致。注意磁场与阴极射线管计算机监视器的相互作用的人体工程学方面（消除图像的振荡）。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Marins, EF, Cabistany, L, Farias, CB, Dawes, J, and Del Vecchio, FB. Effects of personal protective equipment on metabolism and performance during an Occupational Physical Ability Test for Federal Highway Police officers. J Strength Cond Res 34(4): 1093-1102, 2020-Federal Highway Police (FHP) officers perform their duties while wearing personal protective equipment (PPE). Given the need for officers to wear PPE, it is important to understand the effects this additional load can have on occupational performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of load carriage on physiological, perceptual, and performance responses during an Occupational Physical Ability Test (OPAT). Thirteen male FHP officers completed an OPAT with PPE (WPPE, load = 12.0 kg) and without PPE (NPPE, load = 5.2 kg) in 2 separate sessions in a randomized and counterbalanced order. Metabolic responses (heart rate [HR] and its variability, and blood lactate concentration [Lac]), perceptual (rating of perceived exertion [RPE]), and OPAT performance were measured. Paired t and Wilcoxon tests were used to identify differences between conditions, and 2-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni post hoc was performed to analyze the results of Lac between the conditions. Occupational Physical Ability Test completion time was significantly greater in the WPPE condition compared with the NPPE condition (125.9 ± 13.8 vs. 118.3 ± 11 seconds, p < 0.01). Lac after the OPAT was higher in the NPPE condition compared with the WPPE (respectively 11.7 ± 2.7 vs. 9.6 ± 1.5 mmol·L, p < 0.05). The HRmax (NPPE = 180.5 ± 8.9 vs. WPPE = 178.3 ± 6.6 b·min, p = 0.44) and RPE (NPPE = 8.6 ± 0.8 vs. WPPE = 8.7 ± 1.0, p = 0.77) were not different between conditions. Personal protective equipment reduces performance in specific occupational circuit, changing Lac but without affecting HR and RPE. Strength and conditioning programs for FHP should aim to reduce the negative impact of additional load associate with wearing PPE.

背景与目标： ：马林斯，EF，卡比斯塔尼，L，法里亚斯，CB，Dawes，J和Del Vecchio，FB。在联邦公路警官的职业身体能力测试中，个人防护设备对新陈代谢和性能的影响。 J Strength Cond Res 34（4）：1093-1102，2020年-联邦公路警察（FHP）的人员在穿着个人防护设备（PPE）的情况下执行任务。考虑到官员需要穿戴个人防护装备，重要的是要了解这种额外的负荷可能对职业绩效产生的影响。这项研究的目的是评估职业物理能力测试（OPAT）过程中负载运输对生理，知觉和性能反应的影响。 13名FHP男军官以随机和平衡的方式在2个单独的阶段中完成了配备PPE（WPPE，负荷= 12.0千克）和不使用PPE（NPPE，负荷= 5.2千克）的OPAT。测量了代谢反应（心率[HR]及其变异性，血液乳酸浓度[Lac]），知觉性（感觉劳累的评分[RPE]）和OPAT性能。配对的t和Wilcoxon检验用于确定条件之间的差异，并用Bonferroni post hoc进行了方差的2维分析，以分析条件之间的Lac结果。与NPPE条件相比，WPPE条件下的职业身体能力测试完成时间明显更长（125.9±13.8 vs. 118.3±11秒，p <0.01）。与WPPE相比，NPAT条件下OPAT后的Lac更高（分别为11.7±2.7和9.6±1.5mmol·L，p <0.05）。 HRmax（NPPE = 180.5±8.9 vs. WPPE = 178.3±6.6 b·min，p = 0.44）和RPE（NPPE = 8.6±0.8 vs. WPPE = 8.7±1.0，p = 0.77）在两个条件之间没有差异。个人防护设备会降低特定职业电路的性能，改变Lac，但不会影响HR和RPE。 FHP的强度和调节程序应旨在减少与穿戴PPE有关的额外负荷的负面影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Telemedicine uses technology to connect patients with providers at a distance. While the clinical aspects of this have been reviewed extensively, the technical aspects are not as well understood by allergists when they consider adding telemedicine to their practice. This review focuses on the technical aspects of setting up a telemedicine program. RECENT FINDINGS:With the advent of new technologies including high-speed Internet, video conferencing solutions, and digital examination equipment, facilitated virtual visits as replacements for in-person visits are now possible. The technical requirements for a successful telemedicine program include secure, high-speed Internet connection, a clinical telemedicine cart to serve as the hub for the interaction, patient access software, and access to IT professionals to set up the program and to be available when the system malfunctions. A carefully designed telemedicine program is more likely to be successful if the technical aspects are included in the planning process.

背景与目标： 审查目的：远程医疗使用技术将患者与提供者保持一定距离。尽管对此方面的临床方面已进行了广泛的审查，但过敏症患者在考虑将远程医疗添加到他们的实践中时，对技术方面的了解还不够。这篇评论着重于设置远程医疗程序的技术方面。
最近的发现：随着包括高速Internet，视频会议解决方案和数字检查设备在内的新技术的出现，便利的虚拟访问成为了替代亲自访问的可能。成功的远程医疗计划的技术要求包括安全的高速Internet连接，用作交互中心的临床远程医疗手推车，患者访问软件，以及可以访问IT专业人员以设置该程序的功能，并在系统故障。如果在计划过程中包括技术方面的信息，经过精心设计的远程医疗程序很可能会成功。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The stimulus to create this document was the recognition that ionizing radiation-guided cardiovascular procedures are being performed with increasing frequency, leading to greater patient radiation exposure and, potentially, to greater exposure to clinical personnel. While the clinical benefit of these procedures is substantial, there is concern about the implications of medical radiation exposure. ACC leadership concluded that it is important to provide practitioners with an educational resource that assembles and interprets the current radiation knowledge base relevant to cardiovascular procedures. By applying this knowledge base, cardiovascular practitioners will be able to select procedures optimally, and minimize radiation exposure to patients and to clinical personnel. "Optimal Use of Ionizing Radiation in Cardiovascular Imaging - Best Practices for Safety and Effectiveness" is a comprehensive overview of ionizing radiation use in cardiovascular procedures and is published online. To provide the most value to our members, we divided the print version of this document into 2 focused parts. "Part I: Radiation Physics and Radiation Biology" addresses radiation physics, dosimetry and detrimental biologic effects. "Part II: Radiologic Equipment Operation, Dose-Sparing Methodologies, Patient and Medical Personnel Protection" covers the basics of operation and radiation delivery for the 3 cardiovascular imaging modalities (x-ray fluoroscopy, x-ray computed tomography, and nuclear scintigraphy). For each modality, it includes the determinants of radiation exposure and techniques to minimize exposure to both patients and to medical personnel.

背景与目标： ：创建此文件的刺激因素是认识到电离辐射引导的心血管手术正在以越来越高的频率进行，从而导致更多的患者辐射暴露，并有可能增加对临床人员的暴露。尽管这些程序的临床益处是巨大的，但人们担心医学辐射的影响。 ACC的领导得出结论，为从业人员提供汇集和解释当前与心血管手术相关的辐射知识库的教育资源非常重要。通过应用该知识库，心血管医生将能够最佳地选择程序，并最大程度地减少对患者和临床人员的辐射暴露。 “在心血管成像中最佳使用电离辐射-安全性和有效性的最佳做法”是对心血管程序中电离辐射使用的全面概述，并在线发布。为了向我们的会员提供最大的价值，我们将本文档的印刷版分为2个重点部分。 “第一部分：辐射物理学和辐射生物学”阐述了辐射物理学，剂量学和有害生物效应。 “第二部分：放射设备操作，节省剂量的方法，患者和医务人员保护”涵盖了3种心血管成像模式（X射线荧光透视，X射线计算机断层扫描和核闪烁显像）的操作和放射线的基础知识。对于每种方式，它都包括辐射暴露的决定因素以及使对患者和医务人员的辐射最小化的技术。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The equipment used to provide positive pressure ventilation at neonatal resuscitation varies between institutions. Available devices were reviewed and their use surveyed in a geographically defined region. The aim of this study was to establish which resuscitation equipment is used at neonatal intensive care units in Australia and New Zealand. METHODS:A questionnaire was sent to a neonatologist at each of the 29 neonatal intensive care units in Australia and New Zealand, asking which resuscitation equipment they used. If it was not returned, follow up was by email and telephone. RESULTS:Data was obtained from all units. Round face masks are used at all centres. Anatomically shaped masks are infrequently used at two of the three centres (10%) that have them. Straight endotracheal tubes are used exclusively at 23 (79%) centres. Shouldered tubes are used infrequently at three of the six centres that have them. The Laerdal Infant Resuscitator self-inflating bag is used at 22 (76%) centres. Flow-inflating bags are used at 12 (41%) centres. The Neopuff Infant Resuscitator is used at 14 (48%) centres. Varying oxygen concentrations are provided at delivery at 6/25 (24%) centres. CONCLUSIONS:There is a paucity of evidence for the efficacy of the equipment used currently to resuscitate newborn infants. This complete survey of the tertiary centres in a geographical region shows considerable variation in practice, reflecting this lack of evidence and consequent uncertainty among clinicians. Further research is necessary to determine which devices are preferable for this most important and common intervention.

背景与目标： 目的：新生儿复苏时用于提供正压通气的设备因机构而异。审查了可用的设备，并在地理区域内调查了其使用情况。这项研究的目的是确定在澳大利亚和新西兰的新生儿重症监护病房使用哪种复苏设备。
方法：向澳大利亚和新西兰的29个新生儿重症监护病房的每位新生儿科医生发送一份调查问卷，询问他们使用了哪种复苏设备。如果没有退回，则通过电子邮件和电话跟进。
结果：从所有单位获得数据。所有中心都使用圆形口罩。解剖形状的面罩很少在具有它们的三个中心中的两个中心使用（10％）。直型气管导管仅在23（79％）个中心使用。装有肩管的六个中心中的三个不经常使用肩管。 Laerdal婴儿复苏器自动充气袋在22个中心（占76％）使用。充气袋在12个（41％）中心使用。 Neopuff婴儿复苏器在14个（48％）中心使用。在6/25（24％）中心交货时提供了不同的氧气浓度。
结论：目前用于复苏新生儿的设备功效缺乏证据。对某个地理区域的三级中心的完整调查显示，实践中存在很大差异，反映出缺乏证据以及随之而来的临床医生不确定性。有必要进行进一步的研究以确定哪种设备最适合这种最重要且最常见的干预措施。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The Purpose of our study was to assess the effectiveness and safety of Percutaneous Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty, in the treatment of pain deriving from neoplastic vertebral compression fractures (VCF). We treated with these new techniques oncologic patients with unremitting pain over spine, refractory to the conventional medical therapy (analgesics, bed-rest, bracing and bisphosphonates), elicited by pressure over spinous process and in absence of neurological signs. Both methods demonstrated a swift pain relief associated with an evident augmentation in vertebral body resistance. Nevertheless only Kyphoplasty revealed itself able to restorate the original somatic morphology and to diminish the spinal kyphosis. Polymethylmethacrylate's leakages (PMMA) not observed in the Kyphoplasty, instead have been found in the Vertebroplasty localized in the intersomatic or perispinal areas. Neither confirmation of epidural or foraminal extravasations, nor complications which pulmonary embolism for the involvement of venous plexus or connected to phenomenon of infection having to do with the procedures. Kyphoplasty and Vertebroplasty are effective alternatives, simple and safe in the treatment of vertebral collapses consequent to aggressive haemangiomas, myelomas and metastases. This entails a complete relief of symptoms and restoration of mobility in 90% of patients within 24 hours from the procedure.

背景与目标： ：我们的研究目的是评估经皮椎体成形术和后凸成形术在治疗赘生性椎体压缩性骨折（VCF）引起的疼痛中的有效性和安全性。我们用这些新技术治疗了脊柱不间断疼痛，对传统医学疗法（镇痛药，卧床休息，矫正器和双膦酸盐类药物）无效的肿瘤患者，这些患者是由于棘突受压而没有神经系统症状而引起的。两种方法均能迅速缓解疼痛，并明显增强椎体抵抗力。然而，只有后凸成形术显示出能够恢复原始的体细胞形态并减轻脊柱后凸的能力。在椎体成形术中未观察到聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯的渗漏（PMMA），而是在椎体间质或椎体周围区域的椎体成形术中发现了。无论是硬膜外或椎间孔渗出的确诊，还是肺栓塞引起静脉丛的感染或与感染现象有关的并发症都与手术无关。后凸成形术和椎体成形术是有效的替代方法，在因侵袭性血管瘤，骨髓瘤和转移瘤而导致的椎体塌陷的治疗中，简单而安全。这需要在手术后24小时内完全缓解症状并恢复90％的患者的活动能力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Marcel-Millet, P, Ravier, G, and Groslambert, A. Effect of protective equipment on firefighters' external and internal workloads during a simulated rescue intervention. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-Firefighter's protective equipment is one of the main factors increasing psychophysiological demand during rescue intervention. Workload quantification defines the amount of stress placed on an individual. This study aimed to test the relationships and compare different workload methods to discriminate 3 protective equipment conditions based on simulated rescue intervention. The protective equipment was (a) personal protective clothing (PPC); (b) PPC and a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), including a cylinder, a full-face piece, and a breathing regulator; and (c) PPC and only the cylinder of the SCBA (SCBAc). Workload was determined using methods based on heart rate (HR), perceived exertion (sRPE), acceleration, and an indirect method based on postexercise HR variability. Differences between conditions were analyzed with repeated-measures analyses of variance. Relationships between workload methods were determined using Pearson's correlations. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. The HR-based and sRPE methods showed higher values in the SCBA and SCBAc conditions than the PPC condition (p < 0.0001); only the sRPE method had a higher workload for the SCBA condition than the SCBAc condition (p < 0.0001). Acceleration-based workloads were lower in the SCBA and SCBAc conditions than the PPC condition (p < 0.0001). The indirect method revealed no difference between the 3 conditions. Significant relationships were observed between the HR-based and sRPE methods (r = 0.544-0.738). Inverse significant correlations were observed between the HR-based and sRPE methods and the acceleration workload methods (r = -0.319 to -0.762). Although HR-based and sRPE methods might quantify the workloads, the sRPE method was more sensitive to discriminate between the SCBAc and SCBA conditions.

背景与目标： ：Marcel-Millet，P，Ravier，G和Groslambert，A。在模拟救援干预过程中，防护设备对消防员内部和外部工作量的影响。 J Strength Cond Res XX（X）：000-000，2020年-消防员的防护装备是在救援干预过程中增加心理生理需求的主要因素之一。工作量量化定义了施加在个人身上的压力量。这项研究旨在测试这种关系并比较不同的工作量方法，以基于模拟救援干预来区分3种防护设备状况。防护设备为（a）个人防护服（PPC）； （b）PPC和自给式呼吸器（SCBA），包括气瓶，全面罩和呼吸调节器； （c）PPC和仅SCBA的气瓶（SCBAc）。使用基于心率（HR），感知的劳累（sRPE），加速度的方法以及基于运动后HR变异性的间接方法确定工作量。使用重复测量方差分析来分析条件之间的差异。工作负荷方法之间的关系是使用Pearson的相关性确定的。统计学显着性设定为p <0.05。基于HR的方法和sRPE方法在SCBA和SCBAc条件下显示的值高于PPC条件（p <0.0001）。只有sRPE方法在SCBA条件下的工作量高于SCBAc条件（p <0.0001）。在SCBA和SCBAc条件下，基于加速的工作负载低于PPC条件（p <0.0001）。间接方法显示这三个条件之间没有差异。基于HR的方法与sRPE方法之间存在显着的关系（r = 0.544-0.738）。基于HR的方法和sRPE方法与加速工作量方法之间存在显着的负相关（r = -0.319至-0.762）。尽管基于HR和sRPE的方法可以量化工作量，但sRPE的方法更容易区分SCBAc和SCBA条件。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This research reports on a pilot industrial hygiene study that was performed at four footwear factories and two equipment factories in Thailand. Workers in these factories were exposed through inhalation and dermal contact to a large number of organic vapors from solvents and cements that were hand applied. In addition, these workers were exposed to highly toxic isocyanates primarily through the dermal route. A total of 286 personal air samples were obtained at the four footwear factories using organic vapor monitors; individual job tasks were monitored using a real-time MIRAN Spectrometer. A total of 64 surface, tool, or hand samples were monitored for isocyanates using surface contamination detectors. Real-time measurements were also obtained for organic vapors in two equipment factories. From 8% to 21% of the workers sampled in each footwear factory were overexposed to mixtures of chemicals from solvents and cements. Up to 100% of the workers performing specific job tasks were overexposed to mixtures of chemicals. From 39% to 69% of the surface samples were positive for unreacted isocyanates. Many of the real-time measurements obtained in the equipment factories exceeded occupational exposure limits. Personal protective equipment and engineering controls were inadequate in all of the factories.

背景与目标： ：这项研究报告了在泰国的四个制鞋厂和两个设备厂进行的一项工业卫生试验性研究。这些工厂的工人通过吸入和皮肤接触暴露于大量手工溶剂和水泥产生的有机蒸气中。此外，这些工人主要通过皮肤途径暴露于剧毒的异氰酸酯中。在四个鞋类工厂使用有机蒸气监测仪共采集了286个个人空气样本。使用实时MIRAN光谱仪监控单个作业任务。使用表面污染检测器对总共64个表面，工具或手工样品进行了异氰酸酯监测。在两个设备工厂中，还获得了有机蒸气的实时测量结果。每个鞋类工厂抽样的工人中有8％至21％暴露于溶剂和水泥中的化学混合物。从事特定工作任务的工人中，多达100％暴露于化学混合物中。 39％至69％的表面样品未反应的异氰酸酯呈阳性。设备工厂获得的许多实时测量结果都超过了职业接触限值。在所有工厂中，个人防护设备和工程控制都不充分。