• 【[非洲男性乳腺癌,与瓦加杜古大学教学医院 (布基纳法索) 的5例病例有关]。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Sano D,Dao B,Lankoandé J,Touré B,Sakandé B,Traoré SS,Wandaogo A,Dakouré R,Sanou A
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A retrospective study of male breast cancer was undertaken at Ouagadougou University Teaching Hospital over a 3 year period (1993-1996). Authors report 5 cases representing 4.16% of all breast cancers. The patients' mean age was 61 years. The average duration of signs and symptoms before the diagnosis was 13 months. Clinically all the 5 cases presented advanced cancers (4 T4N2M0, 1 T4N2M1 according to UICC TNM System) with size ranging from 5.5, to 11.5 cm. Histology found: 2 medullary infiltrating carcinoma, 1 canalar infiltrating carcinoma, 1 colloid mucous carcinoma and 1 lobular infiltrating carcinoma. All patients had mastectomy associated with axillary clearance in 4 cases. Radiotherapy, chemotherapy and hormonotherapy were not associated because unavailable in Burkina Faso. Three patients died: the first, 10 days after surgical treatment and the 2 others respectively after 14 and 17 months. We have lost sight 1 patients. The last one is still alive. Authors find that to get better prognosis, it is important to improve medical and technical means, to increase information and to promote early detection.
    背景与目标: : 在瓦加杜古大学教学医院进行了为期3年 (1993-1996年) 的男性乳腺癌回顾性研究。作者报告了5例代表所有乳腺癌4.16% 的病例。患者的平均年龄为61岁。诊断前症状和体征的平均持续时间为13个月。临床上所有5例均表现为晚期癌症 (根据UICC TNM系统,4个T4N2M0,1个T4N2M1),大小从5.5到11.5厘米。组织学发现: 髓质浸润性癌2例,管内浸润性癌1例,胶体粘液性癌1例,小叶浸润性癌1例。所有患者均行乳房切除术伴腋窝清除4例。放疗,化疗和激素治疗不相关,因为在布基纳法索不可用。3例患者死亡: 手术治疗后第1、10天,另外2例分别在14和17个月后死亡。我们已经看不见1个病人了。最后一个还活着。作者发现,要获得更好的预后,必须改善医疗和技术手段,增加信息并促进早期发现。
  • 【非洲农村地区对破伤风和白喉的免疫力。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.4269/ajtmh.1997.56.576 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kurtzhals JA,Kjeldsen K,Hey AS,Okong'o-Odera EA,Heron I
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :To assess the effect of the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in rural Africa, blood samples were collected in two Kenyan sublocations. Serum antibodies against tetanus toxoid were measured in 155 individuals 1-70 years of age. Titers greater than the protective level of 0.01 IU/ml were found in 47% of the population. Protection was significantly higher in children born after the launching of the EPI (68%) and in women who had been at childbearing age since then (69%). Significantly lower protection was demonstrated in other age and sex-groups. The level of protection in children was equal in the two populations, whereas protection in fertile women was significantly lower in the population living a long distance from a health center. Diphtheria anti-toxin was measured in the samples from one sublocation, and 70 of 84 individuals (83%) had antibody levels greater than the protective level. No age or sex difference could be found, and there was no correlation between response levels to diphtheria and tetanus. This implicates natural infections as an important source of diphtheria antibodies. Our findings demonstrate a need for better coverage of the adult population against tetanus. Furthermore, diphtheria transmission still appears to take place, underscoring the importance of diphtheria vaccination of travelers to rural Africa.
    背景与目标: : 为了评估扩大计划对非洲农村地区免疫接种 (EPI) 的影响,在两个肯尼亚子地点收集了血液样本。在1-70岁的155个体中测定抗破伤风类毒素的血清抗体。在47% 的人群中发现滴度大于0.01 IU/ml的保护水平。EPI启动后出生的儿童 (68%) 和此后处于育龄的妇女 (69%) 的保护明显更高。在其他年龄和性别组中,保护作用明显降低。在两个人群中,儿童的保护水平是相等的,而在距离保健中心较远的人群中,可育妇女的保护水平要低得多。在来自一个子位置的样品中测量白喉抗毒素,并且84个个体中的70个 (83%) 的抗体水平高于保护水平。未发现年龄或性别差异,对白喉和破伤风的反应水平之间没有相关性。这暗示自然感染是白喉抗体的重要来源。我们的发现表明,需要更好地覆盖成人人群以预防破伤风。此外,白喉传播似乎仍在发生,突显了对前往非洲农村的旅行者进行白喉疫苗接种的重要性。
  • 【南非特兰斯凯故居的骨科创伤工作量。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.injury.2006.06.118 复制DOI
    作者列表:Millar TM,McConnachie CC
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The Bedford Orthopaedic Centre is situated in Umtata at the heart of the former homeland of the Transkei in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. It acts as an orthopaedic and trauma referral hospital for a mainly rural population approaching 4 million. This article focuses on the workload of the hospital over a 4-month period and like many hospitals in South Africa we highlight the difficulties it faces with the trauma epidemic.
    背景与目标: : 贝德福德整形外科中心位于乌姆塔塔,位于南非东开普省特兰斯凯故居的中心。它是骨科和创伤转诊医院,主要是接近400万的农村人口。本文重点介绍了医院在4个月内的工作量,与南非的许多医院一样,我们强调了创伤流行所面临的困难。
  • 【撒哈拉以南非洲和印度洋非洲猪发热的sylvatic循环回顾。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.virusres.2012.10.005 复制DOI
    作者列表:Jori F,Vial L,Penrith ML,Pérez-Sánchez R,Etter E,Albina E,Michaud V,Roger F
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :African swine fever (ASF) is a major limiting factor for pig production in most of the countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian Ocean. In the absence of vaccine, a good understanding of the ecology and epidemiology of the disease is fundamental to implement effective control measures. In selected countries of Southern and East Africa, the association between Ornithodoros moubata ticks and warthogs has been described in detail in the literature. However, for many other countries in the region, information related to the sylvatic cycle is lacking or incomplete. In West African countries, for instance, the role of wild pigs in the epidemiology of ASF has never been demonstrated and the existence and potential impact of a sylvatic cycle involving an association between soft ticks and warthogs is questionable. In other countries, other wild pig species such as the bushpigs (Potamochoerus spp.) can also be asymptomatically infected by the virus but their role in the epidemiology of the disease is unclear and might differ according to geographic regions. In addition, the methods and techniques required to study the role of wild hosts in ASF virus (ASFV) epidemiology and ecology are very specific and differ from the more traditional methods to study domestic pigs or other tick species. The aim of this review is (i) to provide a descriptive list of the methodologies implemented to study the role of wild hosts in African swine fever, (ii) to compile the available knowledge about the sylvatic cycle of ASFV in different regions of Sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian Ocean in addition to the one that has been described for East and Southern Africa, and (iii) to discuss current methodologies and available knowledge in order to identify new orientations for further field and experimental surveys.
    背景与目标: : 非洲猪发热 (ASF) 是撒哈拉以南非洲和印度洋大多数国家生猪生产的主要限制因素。在没有疫苗的情况下,充分了解疾病的生态学和流行病学是实施有效控制措施的基础。在南部和东部非洲的某些国家/地区,文献中已详细描述了鸟鸟和疣猪之间的联系。但是,对于该区域的许多其他国家来说,与sylvatic循环有关的信息缺乏或不完整。例如,在西非国家,野猪在ASF流行病学中的作用从未得到证实,涉及软蜱和疣猪之间关联的三角循环的存在和潜在影响值得怀疑。在其他国家/地区,其他野生猪物种 (例如丛林猪 (Potamochoerus spp。)) 也可能被该病毒无症状感染,但其在疾病流行病学中的作用尚不清楚,并且可能因地理区域而异。此外,研究野生宿主在ASF病毒 (ASFV) 流行病学和生态学中的作用所需的方法和技术非常具体,并且与研究家猪或其他tick物种的更传统方法不同。这篇综述的目的是 (i) 提供一份用于研究野生宿主在非洲猪发热中的作用的方法的描述性列表,(ii) 汇编关于撒哈拉以南非洲和印度洋不同地区ASFV的sylvatic循环的现有知识,以及已经描述的东非和南部非洲的知识,(iii) 讨论当前的方法和可用知识,以便为进一步的现场和实验调查确定新的方向。
  • 【马丁-格鲁伯在南非的联系。解剖学研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/s0266-7681(97)80396-8 复制DOI
    作者列表:Taams KO
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: One hundred and twelve forearms in 56 preserved cadavers were dissected to assess the incidence of Martin-Gruber connections in a population in South Africa. The connections were found in 13 cadavers (23%) and one was bilateral. There were no significant racial or sexual differences in the incidence. The course of Martin-Gruber connections and their anatomical relationship with the ulnar artery are illustrated.

    背景与目标: 解剖了56具保存尸体中的112只前臂,以评估南非人口中Martin-Gruber连接的发生率。在13具尸体 (23%) 中发现了连接,其中1具是双侧的。发病率没有明显的种族或性别差异。说明了Martin-Gruber连接的过程及其与尺动脉的解剖关系。
  • 【冈比亚按蚊2La染色体倒置与非洲恶性疟原虫的易感性有关。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.7554/eLife.25813 复制DOI
    作者列表:Riehle MM,Bukhari T,Gneme A,Guelbeogo WM,Coulibaly B,Fofana A,Pain A,Bischoff E,Renaud F,Beavogui AH,Traore SF,Sagnon N,Vernick KD
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Chromosome inversions suppress genetic recombination and establish co-adapted gene complexes, or supergenes. The 2La inversion is a widespread polymorphism in the Anopheles gambiae species complex, the major African mosquito vectors of human malaria. Here we show that alleles of the 2La inversion are associated with natural malaria infection levels in wild-captured vectors from West and East Africa. Mosquitoes carrying the more-susceptible allele (2L+a) are also behaviorally less likely to be found inside houses. Vector control tools that target indoor-resting mosquitoes, such as bednets and insecticides, are currently the cornerstone of malaria control in Africa. Populations with high levels of the 2L+a allele may form reservoirs of persistent outdoor malaria transmission requiring novel measures for surveillance and control. The 2La inversion is a major and previously unappreciated component of the natural malaria transmission system in Africa, influencing both malaria susceptibility and vector behavior.
    背景与目标: : 染色体倒位抑制遗传重组并建立共同适应的基因复合物或超基因。2La反转是冈比亚按蚊物种复合体 (人类疟疾的主要非洲蚊子媒介) 中广泛存在的多态性。在这里,我们显示2La反转的等位基因与来自西非和东非的野生捕获载体中的自然疟疾感染水平有关。携带更敏感的等位基因 (2L a) 的蚊子在行为上也不太可能在房屋内被发现。针对室内静止蚊子的病媒控制工具,如蚊帐和杀虫剂,目前是非洲疟疾控制的基石。2L a等位基因水平高的人群可能会形成持续的室外疟疾传播库,需要采取新的监测和控制措施。2La倒置是非洲自然疟疾传播系统的主要且以前未被重视的组成部分,影响疟疾的易感性和媒介行为。
  • 【撒哈拉以南非洲艾滋病毒诊断和开始抗逆转录病毒治疗之间的方案损失: 系统评价和荟萃分析。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2012.03089.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Mugglin C,Estill J,Wandeler G,Bender N,Egger M,Gsponer T,Keiser O,IeDEA Southern Africa.
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To assess the proportion of patients lost to programme (died, lost to follow-up, transferred out) between HIV diagnosis and start of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in sub-Saharan Africa, and determine factors associated with loss to programme. METHODS:Systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched PubMed and EMBASE databases for studies in adults. Outcomes were the percentage of patients dying before starting ART, the percentage lost to follow-up, the percentage with a CD4 cell count, the distribution of first CD4 counts and the percentage of eligible patients starting ART. Data were combined using random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS:Twenty-nine studies from sub-Saharan Africa including 148,912 patients were analysed. Six studies covered the whole period from HIV diagnosis to ART start. Meta-analysis of these studies showed that of the 100 patients with a positive HIV test, 72 (95% CI 60-84) had a CD4 cell count measured, 40 (95% CI 26-55) were eligible for ART and 25 (95% CI 13-37) started ART. There was substantial heterogeneity between studies (P < 0.0001). Median CD4 cell count at presentation ranged from 154 to 274 cells/μl. Patients eligible for ART were less likely to become lost to programme (25%vs. 54%, P < 0.0001), but eligible patients were more likely to die (11%vs. 5%, P < 0.0001) than ineligible patients. Loss to programme was higher in men, in patients with low CD4 cell counts and low socio-economic status and in recent time periods. CONCLUSIONS:Monitoring and care in the pre-ART time period need improvement, with greater emphasis on patients not yet eligible for ART.
    背景与目标:
  • 【南非健康方面的公私互动: 扩大规模的机会。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1093/heapol/czt042 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kula N,Fryatt RJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :South Africa has long recognized partnerships between the public and private sectors as a policy objective in health, but experience is still limited and poorly documented. The objectives of this article are to understand the factors that increase the likelihood of success of public-private interactions in South Africa, and identify and discuss opportunities for them to be scaled up. There is a strong legislative framework and a number of guidelines and tools that have been developed by the Treasury for managing partnerships. The review of literature confirmed the need for the state to have effective regulations in order to oversee quality and standards and to provide stewardship and oversight. The public sector requires sufficient capacity not only to manage relationships with the private sector but also to enable innovation and experimentation. Evaluation is an integral part of all interactions not only to learn from successes but also to identify any perverse incentives that may lead to unintended consequences. Four case studies show that the private for-profit sector is already engaged in a number of projects that are closely aligned to current health system reform priorities. Factors that increase the likelihood of interactions being successful include: increasing the government's capacity to manage public-private relationships; choosing public-private interactions that are strategically important to national goals; building a knowledge base on what works, where and why; moving from pilots to large scale initiatives; harnessing the contracting expertise in private providers; and encouraging innovation and learning.
    背景与目标: : 南非长期以来一直承认公共部门和私营部门之间的伙伴关系是卫生方面的政策目标,但经验仍然有限,而且文献记载很少。本文的目的是了解增加南非公私互动成功可能性的因素,并确定和讨论扩大它们的机会。财政部为管理伙伴关系制定了强有力的立法框架和许多准则和工具。对文献的审查证实,国家需要制定有效的法规,以监督质量和标准,并提供管理和监督。公共部门不仅需要足够的能力来管理与私营部门的关系,而且还需要创新和实验。评估是所有互动的组成部分,不仅要从成功中学习,而且要确定可能导致意外后果的任何不正当激励措施。四个案例研究表明,私营营利部门已经参与了许多与当前卫生系统改革优先事项密切相关的项目。增加互动成功可能性的因素包括: 提高政府管理公私关系的能力; 选择对国家目标具有战略重要性的公私互动; 建立有效的知识基础,在何处以及为什么; 从试点转向大规模计划; 利用私人供应商的合同专业知识; 鼓励创新和学习。
  • 【亚洲和非洲农产品太阳能干燥器回顾: 一种创新景观方法。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110730 复制DOI
    作者列表:Udomkun P,Romuli S,Schock S,Mahayothee B,Sartas M,Wossen T,Njukwe E,Vanlauwe B,Müller J
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Solar drying is one of the most efficient and cost-effective, renewable, and sustainable technologies to conserve agricultural products in Asian and sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. This review paper presents the different types of solar dryers that are widely used in Africa and Asia. In addition, the pre-eminent effects of their use on product quality, as well as their economic, environmental, and social impacts, are highlighted. Since financial, external, and structural factors play a key role in the adoption and scaling of solar dryers, this paper also discusses the impact of these factors on the effectiveness of solar drying technologies in selected Asian and SSA countries.
    背景与目标: : 太阳能干燥是亚洲和撒哈拉以南非洲 (SSA) 国家保护农产品的最有效,最具成本效益,可再生和可持续的技术之一。本文介绍了在非洲和亚洲广泛使用的不同类型的太阳能干燥器。此外,还强调了它们的使用对产品质量的突出影响,以及它们的经济、环境和社会影响。由于金融,外部和结构因素在太阳能干燥机的采用和扩展中起着关键作用,因此本文还讨论了这些因素对选定的亚洲和SSA国家太阳能干燥技术有效性的影响。
  • 【受艾滋病毒影响的青春期母亲及其子女: 撒哈拉以南非洲证据和经验的范围审查。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1080/17441692.2020.1775867 复制DOI
    作者列表:Toska E,Laurenzi CA,Roberts KJ,Cluver L,Sherr L
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :While adolescents have received increasing attention in the global HIV response and international strategies and commitments, adolescent mothers and their children remain largely overlooked in research, funding and, programming for health-related outcomes. We conducted an extensive scoping review of current evidence on the experiences of adolescent mothers affected by HIV and their children in this region. We included published literature and conference abstracts, complemented by consultations with key stakeholders, and a review of documents through grey literature searching. First, we summarise the experiences of adolescent mothers and their children related to HIV and key health and development indicators. The syndemic of early motherhood and HIV in sub-Saharan Africa increases the vulnerability of adolescent mothers and their children. We then highlight lessons from a series of promising programmes focused on supporting adolescent mothers through novel approaches. In sub-Saharan Africa, supporting adolescent mothers living in high HIV-risk communities is critical not only to eliminate HIV/AIDS, but also to attain the Sustainable Development Goals. While research on and programming for adolescent mothers and their children is growing, the complex needs for this vulnerable group remain unmet. We conclude with evidence gaps and programming priorities for adolescent mothers affected by HIV and their children.
    背景与目标: : 尽管青少年在全球艾滋病毒应对措施以及国际战略和承诺中受到越来越多的关注,但青少年母亲及其子女在与健康有关的成果的研究,资金和方案编制方面仍然被忽视。我们对该地区受艾滋病毒影响的青春期母亲及其子女的经历的当前证据进行了广泛的范围界定审查。我们包括了已发表的文献和会议摘要,并与主要利益相关者进行了磋商,并通过灰色文献搜索对文件进行了审查。首先,我们总结了青春期母亲及其子女与艾滋病毒有关的经验以及关键的健康与发展指标。撒哈拉以南非洲地区早期孕产和艾滋病毒的共同感染增加了青春期母亲及其子女的脆弱性。然后,我们重点介绍了一系列有前途的计划的教训,这些计划侧重于通过新颖的方法支持青春期母亲。在撒哈拉以南非洲,支持生活在艾滋病毒高风险社区的青春期母亲不仅对消除艾滋病毒/艾滋病至关重要,而且对实现可持续发展目标也至关重要。尽管对青少年母亲及其子女的研究和规划正在增长,但对这一弱势群体的复杂需求仍未得到满足。最后,我们为受艾滋病毒影响的青春期母亲及其子女提供了证据空白和计划优先事项。
  • 【EPIVAC撒哈拉以南非洲预防接种方案财政可持续性国际会议,2012年2月16至18日,贝宁瓦达。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.07.027 复制DOI
    作者列表:Drach M,Le Gargasson JB,Mathonnat J,Da Silva A,Kaddar M,Colombini A
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The introduction of new vaccines with much higher prices than traditional vaccines results in increasing budgetary pressure on immunization programs in GAVI-eligible countries, increasing the need to ensure their financial sustainability. In this context, the third EPIVAC (Epidemiology and Vaccinology) technical conference was held from February 16 to 18, 2012 at the Regional Institute of Public Health in Ouidah, Benin. Managers of ministries of health and finance from 11 West African countries (GAVI eligible countries), as well as former EPIVAC students and European experts, shared their knowledge and best practices on immunization financing at district and country level. The conference concluded by stressing five major priorities for the financial sustainability of national immunization programs (NIPs) in GAVI-eligible countries. - Strengthen public financing by increasing resources and fiscal space, improving budget processes, increasing contribution of local governments and strengthen efficiency of budget spending. - Promote equitable community financing which was recognized as a significant and essential contribution to the continuity of EPI operations. - Widen private funding by exploring prospects offered by sponsorship through foundations dedicated to immunization and by corporate social responsibility programs. - Contain the potential crowding-out effect of GAVI co-financing and ensure that decisions on new vaccine introductions are evidence-based. - Seek out innovative financing mechanisms such as taxes on food products or a national solidarity fund.
    背景与目标: : 采用价格比传统疫苗高得多的新疫苗,导致符合免疫联盟资格的国家预防接种计划的预算压力增加,增加了确保其财务可持续性的需求。在这方面,第三次EPIVAC (流行病学和疫苗学) 技术会议于2012年2月16日月18日至18日在贝宁Ouidah的区域公共卫生研究所举行。来自11个西非国家 (符合GAVI资格的国家) 的卫生和财政部经理以及前EPIVAC学生和欧洲专家分享了他们在地区和国家一级预防接种筹资知识和最佳做法。会议结束时强调了符合免疫联盟资格的国家国家预防接种方案财政可持续性的五个主要优先事项。-通过增加资源和财政空间,改善预算程序,增加地方政府的贡献并提高预算支出效率来加强公共融资。-促进公平的社区筹资,这被认为是对扩大免疫方案业务连续性的重大贡献。-通过致力于预防接种基金会和企业社会责任计划探索赞助提供的前景,扩大私人资金。-包含GAVI共同资助的潜在挤出效应,并确保有关新疫苗引进的决定是基于证据的。-寻找创新的融资机制,例如对食品征税或国家团结基金。
  • 【种族、人口和基因组学: 作为实验室的非洲。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.07.018 复制DOI
    作者列表:Braun L,Hammonds E
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Much of the recent debate over race, genetics, and health has focused on the extent to which typological notions of race have biological meaning. Less attention, however, has been paid to the assumptions about the nature of "populations" that both inform contemporary biological and medical research and that underlie the concept of race. Focusing specifically on Africa in the 1930s and 1940s, this paper explores the history of how fluid societies were transformed into bounded units amenable to scientific analysis. In the so-called "Golden Age of Ethnography," university-trained social anthropologists, primarily from Britain and South Africa, took to the field to systematically study, organize, and order the world's diverse peoples. Intent on creating a scientific methodology of neutral observation, they replaced amateur travelers, traders, colonial administrators, and missionaries as authoritative knowledge producers about the customs, beliefs, and languages of indigenous peoples. At the same time, linguists were engaged in unifying African languages and mapping language onto primordial "tribal" territories. We argue that the notion of populations or "tribes" as discrete units suitable for scientific sampling and classification emerged in the 1930s and 1940s with the ethnographic turn in social anthropology and the professionalization and institutionalization of linguistics in Western and South African universities. Once named and entered into international atlases and databases by anthropologists in the U.S., the existence of populations as bounded entities became self-evident, thus setting the stage for their use in large-scale population genetic studies and the contemporary reinvigoration of broad claims of difference based on population identification.
    背景与目标: : 最近关于种族,遗传学和健康的许多辩论都集中在种族类型学概念在多大程度上具有生物学意义。然而,人们对 “人口” 性质的假设的关注较少,这些假设既为当代生物学和医学研究提供了信息,又为种族概念奠定了基础。本文特别关注20世纪30年代和20世纪40年代的非洲,探讨了流动社会如何转变为适合科学分析的有限单位的历史。在所谓的 “民族志的黄金时代” 中,主要来自英国和南非的受过大学训练的社会人类学家进入该领域,系统地研究,组织和秩序世界上的各个民族。为了建立一种科学的中立观察方法,他们取代了业余旅行者,商人,殖民地管理者和传教士,成为有关土著人民习俗,信仰和语言的权威知识生产者。同时,语言学家致力于统一非洲语言并将语言映射到原始的 “部落” 领土上。我们认为,人口或 “部落” 作为适合科学采样和分类的离散单位的概念出现在20世纪30年代中,并与社会人类学的人种学转向以及西方和南非大学语言学的专业化和制度化20世纪40年代。一旦被美国人类学家命名并进入国际地图集和数据库,种群作为有界实体的存在就变得不言而喻了,从而为它们在大规模种群遗传研究中的使用奠定了基础,并在当代重振了广泛的主张基于种群识别的差异。
  • 【南非艾滋病毒感染者妇女产后参与艾滋病毒护理的前瞻性评估协议。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035465 复制DOI
    作者列表:Psaros C,Stanton AM,Bedoya CA,Mosery N,Evans S,Matthews LT,Haberer J,Vangel M,Safren S,Smit JA
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), South Africa (SA) has the highest prevalence of pregnant women living with HIV in the world. Pregnancy and the postpartum period offer opportunities to engage women in HIV care, to prevent perinatal transmission and to optimise maternal and infant well-being. However, research suggests that remaining engaged in HIV care during this time can be challenging. METHODS AND ANALYSIS:We are conducting a 5-year prospective cohort study among pregnant women living with HIV in KZN to estimate the rates and factors associated with attrition from HIV care during this critical period. To determine who is most likely to fall out of care, we are examining a range of relevant variables informed by a socioecological model of HIV care, including individual, relational, community and healthcare system variables. We are enrolling 18-45-year-old women, at 28 weeks or more of pregnancy, who are living with HIV and currently taking antiretroviral therapies. Participants complete quantitative assessments at baseline (pregnancy) and at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months postpartum. A subset of women and their partners are invited to complete qualitative interviews to further explore their experiences in HIV care. The main study outcomes are suppressed HIV RNA and retention in care at each study assessment. Our understanding of the factors that drive postpartum attrition from HIV care will ultimately inform the development of interventions to facilitate continued engagement in postpartum HIV care. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION:This protocol has been approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee (Medical) at The University of the Witwatersrand (Johannesburg, SA) and the Partners Human Research Committee at Partners HealthCare (Boston, Massachusetts, USA). Site support and approval were obtained from the District Hospital and the KZN Provincial Department of Health. Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed manuscripts, reports and both local and international presentations (Ethics Registration #170 212).
    背景与目标:
  • 【南非索韦托青少年男女创伤暴露的流行率、类型和相关性: 对艾滋病毒预防的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1186/s12889-016-3832-0 复制DOI
    作者列表:Closson K,Dietrich JJ,Nkala B,Musuku A,Cui Z,Chia J,Gray G,Lachowsky NJ,Hogg RS,Miller CL,Kaida A
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Youth trauma exposure is associated with syndemic HIV risk. We measured lifetime prevalence, type, and correlates of trauma experience by gender among adolescents living in the HIV hyper-endemic setting of Soweto, South Africa. METHODS:Using data from the Botsha Bophelo Adolescent Health Survey (BBAHS), prevalence of "ever" experiencing a traumatic event among adolescents (aged 14-19) was assessed using a modified Traumatic Event Screening Inventory-Child (TESI-C) scale (19 items, study alpha = 0.63). We assessed self-reported number of potentially traumatic events (PTEs) experienced overall and by gender. Gender-stratified multivariable logistic regression models assessed independent correlates of 'high PTE score' (≥7 PTEs). RESULTS:Overall, 767/830 (92%) participants were included (58% adolescent women). Nearly all (99.7%) reported experiencing at least one PTE. Median PTE was 7 [Q1,Q3: 5-9], with no gender differences (p = 0.19). Adolescent men reported more violent PTEs (e.g., "seen an act of violence in the community") whereas women reported more non-violent HIV/AIDS-related PTEs (e.g., "family member or someone close died of HIV/AIDS"). High PTE score was independently associated with high food insecurity among adolescent men and women (aOR = 2.63, 95%CI = 1.36-5.09; aOR = 2.57, 95%CI = 1.55-4.26, respectively). For men, high PTE score was also associated with older age (aOR = 1.40/year, 95%CI = 1.21-1.63); and recently moving to Soweto (aOR = 2.78, 95%CI = 1.14-6.76). Among women, high PTE score was associated with depression using the CES-D scale (aOR = 2.00, 95%CI = 1.31-3.03,) and inconsistent condom use vs. no sexual experience (aOR = 2.69, 95%CI = 1.66-4.37). CONCLUSION:Nearly all adolescents in this study experienced trauma, with gendered differences in PTE types and correlates, but not prevalence. Exposure to PTEs were distributed along social and gendered axes. Among adolescent women, associations with depression and inconsistent condom use suggest pathways for HIV risk. HIV prevention interventions targeting adolescents must address the syndemics of trauma and HIV through the scale-up of gender-transformative, youth-centred, trauma-informed integrated HIV and mental health services.
    背景与目标:
  • 【2014年东非女性市场商人的高流动性和艾滋病毒流行率。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/QAI.0000000000001252 复制DOI
    作者列表:Camlin CS,El Ayadi AM,Kwena ZA,McFarland W,Johnson MO,Neilands TB,Bukusi EA,Cohen CR
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The contribution of women's mobility to the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Africa is poorly understood, despite women's high mobility and evidence that it is associated with higher-risk sexual behavior. We sought to measure levels of mobility, HIV prevalence, and related risk behaviors among female traders in Kisumu, Kenya. METHODS:We used global positioning system mapping to develop a probability-based sample and recruited 305 female market traders for participation in a survey and voluntary HIV counseling and testing in 2014. We estimated HIV prevalence and fitted logistic regression models to measure associations between mobility, risk behaviors, and HIV infection. RESULTS:HIV prevalence was 25.6% (95% confidence interval: 21.0 to 30.8); 11.5% had migrated (changed residence, over county, or national boundary) in the past year and 39.3% in the past 5 years. More than one-third (38.3%) spent nights away from main residence in the past month, with 11.4% spending more than a week away. Multiple partners were reported by 13.1% of women in the last year; 16% of married women reported a concurrent partnership. Mobility was not significantly associated with HIV prevalence, although recent short-term mobility was significantly correlated with higher numbers of sexual partners in the past year. CONCLUSIONS:Female market traders were highly mobile, and HIV prevalence among traders was higher than in the general population of women of reproductive age in Kisumu (15.3% in 2013), and Nyanza Province, Kenya (16.1% in 2012). High HIV prevalence and risk behavior among women in this study warrant accelerated attention to HIV prevention and care needs of mobile women, including market traders.
    背景与目标:

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