BACKGROUND & AIMS: Dental remains of a late Eocene anthropoid primate from Thailand, Siamopithecus eocaenus, have been recently reported; complete description and comparisons of this material are given here. Siamopithecus displays several derived dental features that suggest close phylogenetic affinities among the Thai species, the Burmese Pondaungia, and the North African and Omani propliopithecines Aegyptopithecus and Moeripithecus. The geographic origin of anthropoid primates cannot be securely determined at present, but the available fossil record indicates that faunal exchanges between Africa and Southeast Asia were very probable during the Eocene, and that direct relationships between Asian and African anthropoid primates can be inferred.

背景与目标： 最近有报道说，来自泰国的始新世晚期人猿灵长类动物，Siamopithecus eocaenus，有牙齿遗骸。在此给出了对该材料的完整描述和比较。 Siamopithecus显示出一些衍生的牙齿特征，表明泰国物种，缅甸Pondaungia，北非和阿曼propliopithecines Aegyptopithecus和Moeripithecus之间具有密切的系统发生亲缘关系。目前尚不能确定人猿的地理起源，但现有的化石记录表明，始新世期间非洲和东南亚之间的动物交流非常可能，并且可以推断出亚洲和非洲人猿的直接关系。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Hyaenodonta is a diverse, extinct group of carnivorous mammals that included weasel- to rhinoceros-sized species. The oldest-known hyaenodont fossils are from the middle Paleocene of North Africa and the antiquity of the group in Afro-Arabia led to the hypothesis that it originated there and dispersed to Asia, Europe, and North America. Here we describe two new hyaenodont species based on the oldest hyaenodont cranial specimens known from Afro-Arabia. The material was collected from the latest Eocene Locality 41 (L-41, ∼34 Ma) in the Fayum Depression, Egypt. Akhnatenavus nefertiticyon sp. nov. has specialized, hypercarnivorous molars and an elongate cranial vault. In A. nefertiticyon the tallest, piercing cusp on M1-M2 is the paracone. Brychotherium ephalmos gen. et sp. nov. has more generalized molars that retain the metacone and complex talonids. In B. ephalmos the tallest, piercing cusp on M1-M2 is the metacone. We incorporate this new material into a series of phylogenetic analyses using a character-taxon matrix that includes novel dental, cranial, and postcranial characters, and samples extensively from the global record of the group. The phylogenetic analysis includes the first application of Bayesian methods to hyaenodont relationships. B. ephalmos is consistently placed within Teratodontinae, an Afro-Arabian clade with several generalist and hypercarnivorous forms, and Akhnatenavus is consistently recovered in Hyainailourinae as part of an Afro-Arabian radiation. The phylogenetic results suggest that hypercarnivory evolved independently three times within Hyaenodonta: in Teratodontinae, in Hyainailourinae, and in Hyaenodontinae. Teratodontines are consistently placed in a close relationship with Hyainailouridae (Hyainailourinae + Apterodontinae) to the exclusion of "proviverrines," hyaenodontines, and several North American clades, and we propose that the superfamily Hyainailouroidea be used to describe this relationship. Using the topologies recovered from each phylogenetic method, we reconstructed the biogeographic history of Hyaenodonta using parsimony optimization (PO), likelihood optimization (LO), and Bayesian Binary Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) to examine support for the Afro-Arabian origin of Hyaenodonta. Across all analyses, we found that Hyaenodonta most likely originated in Europe, rather than Afro-Arabia. The clade is estimated by tip-dating analysis to have undergone a rapid radiation in the Late Cretaceous and Paleocene; a radiation currently not documented by fossil evidence. During the Paleocene, lineages are reconstructed as dispersing to Asia, Afro-Arabia, and North America. The place of origin of Hyainailouroidea is likely Afro-Arabia according to the Bayesian topologies but it is ambiguous using parsimony. All topologies support the constituent clades-Hyainailourinae, Apterodontinae, and Teratodontinae-as Afro-Arabian and tip-dating estimates that each clade is established in Afro-Arabia by the middle Eocene.

背景与目标： 斑牙don属是食肉性哺乳动物的一种不同的，灭绝的群体，其中包括黄鼠狼到犀牛大小的物种。最著名的透明牙齿化石来自北非中古新世，该集团在非洲-阿拉伯的上古时期导致了这一假说起源于该地区并散布到亚洲，欧洲和北美。在这里，我们根据从非洲-阿拉伯共和国已知的最古老的鬣狗颅骨标本描述两种新的鬣狗牙种。该材料是从埃及Fayum凹陷最新的始新世地方41（L-41，约34 Ma）收集的。 Akhnatenavus nefertiticyon sp。十一月有专门的，食肉性高的臼齿和细长的颅骨穹顶。在A. nefertiticyon中，M1-M2上最高的，刺穿的尖尖是对位圆锥形。 Brychotherium ephalmos gen。等十一月具有更广泛的臼齿，保留了前锥体和复杂的距骨。在麻疯树（B. ephalmos）中，M1-M2上最高的，刺穿的尖头是元圆锥。我们使用字符分类单元矩阵将这种新材料纳入一系列的系统发育分析中，该矩阵包括新颖的牙齿，颅骨和颅后字符，并从该小组的全球记录中广泛获取样本。系统发育分析包括将贝叶斯方法首次应用于透明牙齿关系。依法将B. ephalmos始终放置在Teratodontinae（一种具有多种通体和肉食性形式的非裔阿拉伯进化枝）中，并且Akhnatenavus一直在Hyainailourinae中作为非裔阿拉伯辐射的一部分被回收。系统发育结果表明，高食肉动物在斑牙齿independently内独立进化了三次：在畸齿龙齿科，Hyainailourinae和斑牙齿tina科。畸齿动物一直与Hyainailouridae（Hyainailourinae Apterodontinae）保持密切的关系，但排除了“ proverrrines”，hyenenodontines和一些北美进化枝，我们建议使用超家族Hyainailouroidea来描述这种关系。使用从每种系统发育方法中恢复的拓扑，我们使用简约优化（PO），似然性优化（LO）和贝叶斯二进制马尔可夫链蒙特卡洛（MCMC）重建了斑纹齿bio的生物地理历史，以检验对斑纹齿f的非洲阿拉伯起源的支持。在所有分析中，我们都发现了斑纹牙most很可能起源于欧洲，而不是非洲-阿拉伯。通过尖端日期分析估计该进化枝在白垩纪晚期和古新世经历了快速辐射。目前没有化石证据记录的辐射。在古新世期间，世系被重建并扩散到亚洲，非洲-阿拉伯和北美。根据贝叶斯拓扑，Hynailnailoidoidea的产地可能是非洲-阿拉伯，但使用简约法则是模棱两可的。所有拓扑都支持组成类进化支-Hyainailourinae，Apterodontinae和Teratodontinae-非洲裔阿拉伯人，据先验估计，每个进化枝都是在中新世中期在非洲裔阿拉伯人中建立的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The sediments that now comprise the Messel shale accumulated 47 +/- 2 million years ago in anaerobic waters at the bottom of a lake. Subsequent depths of burial have not exceeded 300 m, nor has the temperature of the shale exceeded 40 degrees C. Contents of organic carbon reach 25%, and preservation of molecular structures has been excellent. Sixteen different geoporphyrins, including three derived from bacteriochlorophylls of the d series and thus indicative of the existence in the lake of an anaerobic photic zone, have been isolated and identified. Here, we show that the carbon isotopic compositions of these and other biomarkers allow identification of specific sources for some materials and reconstruction of carbon flows within the lake and its sediments. The 13C content of organic matter synthesized by lacustrine primary producers can be estimated from the observed 13C content of the geoporphyrins derived from their chlorophylls. Total organic material in the shale is depleted in 13C by six parts per thousand relative to that input. This difference cannot be explained by selective loss of components enriched in 13C, nor, as shown by isotopic compositions of other biomarkers, by inputs from land plants surrounding the lake or from methanogenic bacteria.

背景与目标： ：现在，构成梅塞尔页岩的沉积物堆积在47年前-200万年前在湖底的厌氧水中。随后的埋葬深度不超过300 m，页岩温度也不超过40摄氏度。有机碳含量达到25％，并且分子结构的保存也非常出色。已分离和鉴定了十六种不同的地理卟啉，包括三种衍生自d系列细菌叶绿素的，因此指示了湖中存在厌氧性光合带。在这里，我们显示了这些和其他生物标记物的碳同位素组成，可以识别某些材料的特定来源，并可以重建湖泊及其沉积物中的碳流。由湖泊初级生产者合成的有机物的13C含量可以从观察到的源自其叶绿素的地卟啉的13C含量来估算。页岩中的总有机物质在13C中相对于该投入而言减少了千分之六。这种差异不能通过富含13 C的成分的选择性损失来解释，也不能通过其他生物标志物的同位素组成来证明，也不能通过围绕湖的陆地植物或产甲烷细菌的输入来解释。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Earth's modern climate is defined by the presence of ice at both poles, but that ice is now disappearing. Therefore understanding the origin and causes of polar ice stability is more critical than ever. Here we provide novel geochemical data that constrain past dynamics of glacial ice on Greenland and Arctic sea ice. Based on accurate source determinations of individual ice-rafted Fe-oxide grains, we find evidence for episodic glaciation of distinct source regions on Greenland as far-ranging as ~68°N and ~80°N synchronous with ice-rafting from circum-Arctic sources, beginning in the middle Eocene. Glacial intervals broadly coincide with reduced CO2, with a potential threshold for glacial ice stability near ~500 p.p.m.v. The middle Eocene represents the Cenozoic onset of a dynamic cryosphere, with ice in both hemispheres during transient glacials and substantial regional climate heterogeneity. A more stable cryosphere developed at the Eocene-Oligocene transition, and is now threatened by anthropogenic emissions.

背景与目标： ：地球的现代气候是由两极都存在冰块决定的，但现在冰块正在消失。因此，了解极地冰稳定的成因和成因比以往任何时候都更为重要。在这里，我们提供了新颖的地球化学数据，这些数据限制了格陵兰岛和北极海冰上冰川冰过去的动力学。基于对单个浮冰中的Fe-氧化物颗粒的精确源确定，我们发现了格陵兰岛上不同源区域的偶发冰期作用，范围从〜68°N和〜80°N，同时还与从北极圈外的冰河漂流同步来源，始于始新世中期。冰川间隔大致与二氧化碳减少相吻合，冰川冰稳定的潜在阈值接近〜500p.p.m.v。始新世中期代表着动态冰冻圈的新生代，在短暂的冰川和实质性的区域气候异质性过程中，两个半球都有冰。在始新世-渐新世过渡期形成了一个更稳定的冰冻圈，现在受到人为排放的威胁。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: A new genus and species of medium-sized fossil primate, Myanmarpithecus yarshensis, is described from the lastest middle Eocene sediments of Pondaung, central Myanmar (Burma). The specimens consist of right maxillary fragments with P(4)-M(3)and a left mandibular corpus with C-P(3)and M(2-3). To date, three purported anthropoids have been discovered from the Pondaung FormationPondaungia and Amphipithecus (Amphipithecidae) and Bahinia (Eosimiidae). Myanmarpithecus differs from these other Pondaung primates in having cingular hypocones on upper molars and in lacking paraconids on M(2-3). Although Myanmarpithecus resembles some utahiin omomyines in superficial aspects of the morphology of M(2-3)(i.e., mesiodistally compressed molar trigonid and enamel crenulation), the morphological analysis of upper molars and lower premolars indicates that it is neither an omomyoid nor an adapoid but is more derived than fossil prosimians (such as adapoids, omomyoids, and tarsiers) and more anthropoid-like. On the other hand, it is more primitive (prosimian-like) than early anthropoids from the late Eocene/early Oligocene of the Fayum, Egypt. Myanmarpithecus is likely to be an early, primitive anthropoid ("protoanthropoid").

背景与目标： 从缅甸中部（缅甸）庞东最新的中新世中新世沉积物中，描述了一种中型化石灵长类动物的新属和种。标本由具有P（4）-M（3）的右上颌骨碎片和具有C-P（3）和M（2-3）的左下颌骨组成。迄今为止，已经从庞东岩层庞东岩和两栖猿（两栖纲）和Bahinia（嗜伊科）中发现了三个据称的类人动物。缅甸猿与其他这些Pondaung灵长类动物的不同之处在于，上臼齿上有齿状次圆锥，而M（2-3）上没有副圆锥形。尽管缅甸皮氏菌在M（2-3）形态的表观方面（即近中压缩的磨牙三角骨和牙釉质细齿化）类似于某些utahiin乙型肌氨酸，但上臼齿和下前臼齿的形态分析表明，它既不是阿米巴型也不是阿片类药物但比化石prosimians（如阿片类，阿片类和tarsiers）更衍生，更像类人猿。另一方面，它比来自埃及法尤姆的晚始新世/早渐新世的早期类人猿更原始（类似prosimian）。缅甸猿可能很可能是早期的原始类人猿（“ protoanthropoid”）。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Investigations of small permineralized flowers from the Middle Eocene Princeton Chert, British Columbia, Canada have revealed that they represent an extinct species of Saururus. Over 100 flowers and one partial inflorescence were studied, and numerous minute perianthless flowers are borne in an indeterminate raceme. Each flower is subtended by a bract, and flowers and bracts are borne at the end of a common stalk. Five stamens are basally adnate to the carpels. Pollen is frequently found in situ in the anthers. Examined under SEM and TEM, pollen grains are minute (6-11 μm), monosulcate, boat-shaped-elliptic, with punctate sculpturing and a granulate aperture membrane. The gynoecium is composed of four basally connate, lobed carpels with recurved styles and a single ovule per carpel. Flower structure and pollen are indicative of Saururaceae (Piperales), and in phylogenetic analyses using morphological characters, the fossils are sister to extant Saururus. The fossil flowers are described here as Saururus tuckerae sp. nov. These fossil specimens add to the otherwise sparse fossil record of Piperales, represent the oldest fossils of Saururaceae as well as the first North American fossil specimens of this family, and provide the first evidence of saururaceous pollen in the fossil record.

背景与目标： ：来自加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省中新世普林斯顿切尔特的小矿化花朵的调查显示，它们代表了灭绝的蜥蜴类。研究了超过100朵花和一个局部花序，并且在一个不确定的总状花序中载有许多微小的无孔花朵。每朵花都被a片所包住，而花朵和片则紧贴在普通茎的末端。五个雄蕊基本贴生于心皮。花粉经常在花药中原位发现。在SEM和TEM下检查，花粉颗粒微细（6-11μm），单硫酸盐，船形椭圆形，具有点状雕刻和颗粒状孔膜。妇科由四个基生的，浅叶的心皮组成，具有反曲的样式，每个心皮有一个胚珠。花的结构和花粉表明了金龙属（Saururaceae）（Piperales），在使用形态学特征进行的系统发育分析中，这些化石是现存的金龙属的姐妹。化石花在这里被描述为Saururus tuckerae sp。十一月这些化石标本增加了原本稀疏的Piperales化石记录，代表了金缕梅科的最古老化石以及该家族的首批北美化石标本，并在化石记录中提供了金红宝石花粉的第一个证据。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula, was once called the 'Rosetta Stone' of Southern Hemisphere palaeobiology, because this small island provides the most complete and richly fossiliferous Palaeogene sequence in Antarctica. Among fossil marine vertebrate remains, chondrichthyans seemingly were dominant elements in the Eocene Antarctic fish fauna. The fossiliferous sediments on Seymour Island are from the La Meseta Formation, which was originally divided into seven stratigraphical levels, TELMs 1-7 (acronym for Tertiary Eocene La Meseta) ranging from the upper Ypresian (early Eocene) to the late Priabonian (late Eocene). Bulk sampling of unconsolidated sediments from TELMs 5 and 6, which are Ypresian (early Eocene) and Lutetian (middle Eocene) in age, respectively, yielded very rich and diverse chondrichthyan assemblages including over 40 teeth of carpet sharks representing two new taxa, Notoramphoscyllium woodwardi gen. et sp. nov. and Ceolometlaouia pannucae gen. et sp. nov. Two additional teeth from TELM 5 represent two different taxa that cannot be assigned to any specific taxon and thus are left in open nomenclature. The new material not only increases the diversity of Eocene Antarctic selachian faunas but also allows two previous orectolobiform records to be re-evaluated. Accordingly, Stegostoma cf. faciatum is synonymized with Notoramphoscyllium woodwardi gen. et sp. nov., whereas Pseudoginglymostoma cf. brevicaudatum represents a nomen dubium. The two new taxa, and probably the additional two unidentified taxa, are interpreted as permanent residents, which most likely were endemic to Antarctic waters during the Eocene and adapted to shallow and estuarine environments.

背景与目标： ：南极半岛西摩岛曾经被称为南半球古生物学的“罗塞塔石”，因为这个小岛提供了南极洲最完整，最丰富的化石古生物序列。在化石海洋脊椎动物遗骸中，软骨鱼类似乎是始新世南极鱼类动物群中的主要元素。西摩岛上的化石沉积物来自La Meseta地层，该地层最初分为七个地层，即TELM 1-7（第三纪始新世La Meseta的缩写），范围从上伊波利安世（早始新世）到后期的Priabonian（晚始新世）。 ）。大量采样来自TELM 5和6的未固结沉积物，年龄分别为伊普尔前期（始新世）和鲁特田（中始新世），产生了非常丰富和多样的软骨鱼类组合，包括代表两个新类群的齿鲨的40多颗齿鲨。 gen。等十一月和Ceolometlaouia pannucae gen。等十一月来自TELM 5的另外两个牙齿代表两个不同的分类单元，它们不能分配给任何特定的分类单元，因此保留为开放式命名法。这种新材料不仅增加了始新世南极软体动物的多样性，而且还可以重新评估以前的两个地貌生物记录。相应地，Stegostomacf。面筋是Notoramphoscyllium woodwardi gen的代名词。等十一月。，而Pseudoginglymostomacf。 brevicaudatum代表nomen dubium。这两个新的分类单元，可能还有另外两个未分类的分类单元，被解释为永久居民，最有可能在始新世期间是南极水域的特有物种，并适应浅海和河口环境。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Sediments of the Eckfeld maar (Eifel, Germany) bear a well-preserved Eocene fauna and flora. Biostratigraphically, Eckfeld corresponds to the Middle Eocene mammal reference level MP (Mammals Paleogene) 13 of the ELMA (European Land Mammal Age) Geiseltalian. In the maar crater, basalt fragments were drilled, representing explosion crater eruption products. By 40Ar/39Ar dating of the basalt, for the first time a direct numerical calibration mark for an Eocene European mammal locality has been established. The Eckfeld basalt inverse isochron date of 44.3 +/- 0.4 Ma suggests an age for the Geiseltalian/Robiacian boundary at 44 Ma and, together with the 1995 time scale of Berggren et al., a time span ranging from 49 to 44 Ma for the Geiseltalian and from 44 to 37 Ma for the Robiacian, respectively. Additional 40Ar/39Ar dating on a genetically related basalt occurrence close to the maar confirms a period of volcanism of ca. 0.6 m.y. in the Eckfeld area, matching the oldest Eocene volcanic activity of the Hocheifel volcanic field.

背景与目标： ：Eckfeld maar（德国埃菲尔）的沉积物拥有保存完好的始新世动植物群。在生物地层学上，埃克菲尔德对应于ELMA（欧洲陆地哺乳动物时代）Geiseltalian的始新世中期哺乳动物参考水平MP（哺乳动物古近纪）13。在马尔陨石坑中，钻出了玄武岩碎片，代表了爆炸陨石坑的喷发产物。通过对玄武岩进行40Ar / 39Ar测年，首次为始新世欧洲哺乳动物地区建立了直接的数字校准标记。埃克菲尔德玄武岩逆等时日期为44.3 /-0.4 Ma，表明吉塞他尔/罗比亚剖面的年龄为44 Ma，再加上1995年Berggren等人的时间尺度，盖瑟塔尔纪的时间跨度为49-44 Ma。而Robiacian则从44到37 Ma。在接近马尔的与遗传相关的玄武岩发生上，另外的40Ar / 39Ar年代测定证实了约有一个火山爆发期。 0.6 y.y.在埃克费尔德地区，与Hocheifel火山场中最古老的始新世火山活动相匹配。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Equatorial rain forests that maintain a balance between speciation and extinction are hot-spots for studies of biodiversity. Western Ghats in southern India have gained attention due to high tropical biodiversity and endemism in their southern most area. We attempted to track the affinities of the pollen fl ora of the endemic plants of Western Ghat area within the fossil palynoflora of late Palaeocene-early Eocene (approximately 55-50 Ma) sedimentary deposits of western and northeastern Indian region. The study shows striking similarity of extant pollen with twenty eight most common fossil pollen taxa of the early Palaeogene. Widespread occurrences of coal and lignite deposits during early Palaeogene provide evidence of existence of well diversified rain forest community and swampy vegetation in the coastal low lying areas all along the western and northeastern margins of the Indian subcontinent. Prevalence of excessive humid climate during this period has been seen as a result of equatorial positioning of Indian subcontinent, superimposed by a long term global warming phase (PETM and EECO) during the early Palaeogene. The study presents clear evidence that highly diversifi ed equatorial rain forest vegetation once widespread in the Indian subcontinent during early Palaeogene times, are now restricted in a small area as a refugia in the southernmost part of the Western Ghat area. High precipitation and shorter periods of dry months seem to have provided suitable environment to sustain lineages of ancient tropical vegetation in this area of Western Ghats in spite of dramatic climatic changes subsequent to the post India-Asia collision and during the Quaternary and Recent times.

背景与目标： ：在物种形成和物种灭绝之间保持平衡的赤道雨林是生物多样性研究的热点。印度南部的西高止山脉因其最南部地区的高度热带生物多样性和特有性而备受关注。我们试图追踪印度西部和东北印度地区晚新世-早始新世（约55-50 Ma）的化石古生物化石中西高止地区特有植物花粉的亲和力。研究表明现存花粉与古近代早期的28种最常见的化石花粉类群具有惊人的相似性。在古近纪早期发生的广泛的煤和褐煤沉积事件提供了证据，证明印度次大陆西部和东北边缘的沿海低洼地区存在着雨林群落分布广泛且植被茂盛的证据。由于印度次大陆的赤道定位，加上长期的全球变暖阶段（PETM和EECO）在古近纪初期，这一时期的过度潮湿气候盛行。这项研究提供了明确的证据，即高度古朴的赤道雨林植被曾经在古近代时代初期在印度次大陆广泛分布，但如今却在西高止山脉最南端的一个小区域受到限制。尽管在印度-亚洲碰撞后以及第四纪和最近时期，尽管气候发生了巨大变化，但高降水量和较短的干旱期似乎为西部高止山脉地区的古代热带植被提供了合适的环境。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: UNLABELLED:• PREMISE OF THE STUDY:The diverse early Eocene flora from Laguna del Hunco (LH) in Patagonia, Argentina has many nearest living relatives (NLRs) in Australasia but few in South America, indicating the differential survival of an ancient, trans-Antarctic rainforest biome. To better understand this significant biogeographic pattern, we used detailed comparisons of leaf size and floristics to quantify the legacy of LH across a large network of Australian rainforest-plot assemblages.• METHODS:We applied vein scaling, a new method for estimating the original areas of fragmented leaves. We then compared leaf size and floristics at LH with living Australian assemblages and tabulated the climates of those where NLRs occur, along with additional data on climatic ranges of "ex-Australian" NLRs that survive outside of Australia.• KEY RESULTS:Vein scaling estimated areas as accurately as leaf-size classes. Applying vein scaling to fossil fragments increased the grand mean area of LH by 450 mm(2), recovering more originally large leaves. The paleoflora has a majority of microphyll leaves, comparable to leaf litter in subtropical Australian forests, which also have the greatest floristic similarity to LH. Tropical Australian assemblages also share many taxa with LH, and ex-Australian NLRs mostly inhabit cool, wet montane habitats no longer present in Australia.• CONCLUSIONS:Vein scaling is valuable for improving the resolution of fossil leaf-size distributions by including fragmented specimens. The legacy of LH is evident not only in subtropical and tropical Australia but also in tropical montane Australasia and Southeast Asia, reflecting the disparate histories of surviving Gondwanan lineages.

背景与目标： 未贴标签：•
研究的前提：阿根廷巴塔哥尼亚的拉古纳·德尔·洪科（LH）的始新世早期菌群种类繁多，在大洋洲有许多最近的近亲（NLR），而在南美洲则很少，这表明一个古老的南极热带雨林生物群落的生存差异。为了更好地理解这种重要的生物地理格局，我们使用了叶子大小和植物区系的详细比较，以量化了整个澳大利亚雨林地块组合网络中LH的遗留物。
方法：我们应用了静脉缩放法，这是一种估计碎叶原始面积的新方法。然后，我们将LH的叶子大小和植物区系与澳大利亚的活体种群进行了比较，并列出了发生NLR的气候，并提供了在澳大利亚境外生存的“前澳大利亚” NLR的气候范围的其他数据。
关键结果：静脉缩放估计的面积与叶片大小的类一样准确。对化石碎片应用静脉缩放将LH的平均面积增加了450 mm（2），恢复了更多的原始大叶片。古植物具有大部分的微叶叶子，与亚热带澳大利亚森林中的凋落物相当，它们与LH的植物区系相似性也最大。澳大利亚的热带组合还与LH共享许多类群，而前澳大利亚的NLR大多栖息在澳大利亚不再存在的凉爽湿润的山地生境中。
结论：静脉结垢通过包括破碎的标本，对于提高化石叶片尺寸分布的分辨率非常有价值。 LH的遗产不仅在澳大利亚的亚热带和热带地区，而且在热带山地大洋洲和东南亚也很明显，这反映了冈瓦纳人血统尚存的不同历史。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Near-shore marine sediments deposited during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum at Wilson Lake, NJ, contain abundant conventional and giant magnetofossils. We find that giant, needle-shaped magnetofossils from Wilson Lake produce distinct magnetic signatures in low-noise, high-resolution first-order reversal curve (FORC) measurements. These magnetic measurements on bulk sediment samples identify the presence of giant, needle-shaped magnetofossils. Our results are supported by micromagnetic simulations of giant needle morphologies measured from transmission electron micrographs of magnetic extracts from Wilson Lake sediments. These simulations underscore the single-domain characteristics and the large magnetic coercivity associated with the extreme crystal elongation of giant needles. Giant magnetofossils have so far only been identified in sediments deposited during global hyperthermal events and therefore may serve as magnetic biomarkers of environmental disturbances. Our results show that FORC measurements are a nondestructive method for identifying giant magnetofossil assemblages in bulk sediments, which will help test their ecology and significance with respect to environmental change.

背景与目标： ：在新泽西州威尔逊湖的古新世-始新世热最大值期间沉积的近岸海洋沉积物中含有丰富的常规和巨型磁化石。我们发现，来自威尔逊湖的巨大的针状磁化石在低噪声，高分辨率的一阶反向曲线（FORC）测量中产生了独特的磁信号。这些对大量沉积物样品的磁性测量结果表明存在巨大的针状化石。我们的结果得到威尔逊湖沉积物磁性提取物的透射电子显微照片测量的巨型针状形态的微磁模拟的支持。这些模拟强调了与巨针的极端晶体伸长相关的单畴特性和大的矫顽磁力。迄今为止，仅在全球高温事件中沉积的沉积物中发现了巨型化石，因此可以作为环境扰动的磁性生物标记。我们的结果表明，FORC测量是一种识别散装沉积物中巨型磁化石组合物的非破坏性方法，这将有助于测试其生态学以及对环境变化的意义。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The warmest global temperatures of the past 85 million years occurred during a prolonged greenhouse episode known as the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (52-50 Ma). The Early Eocene Climatic Optimum terminated with a long-term cooling trend that culminated in continental-scale glaciation of Antarctica from 34 Ma onward. Whereas early studies attributed the Eocene transition from greenhouse to icehouse climates to the tectonic opening of Southern Ocean gateways, more recent investigations invoked a dominant role of declining atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations (e.g., CO2). However, the scarcity of field data has prevented empirical evaluation of these hypotheses. We present marine microfossil and organic geochemical records spanning the early-to-middle Eocene transition from the Wilkes Land Margin, East Antarctica. Dinoflagellate biogeography and sea surface temperature paleothermometry reveal that the earliest throughflow of a westbound Antarctic Counter Current began ~49-50 Ma through a southern opening of the Tasmanian Gateway. This early opening occurs in conjunction with the simultaneous onset of regional surface water and continental cooling (2-4 °C), evidenced by biomarker- and pollen-based paleothermometry. We interpret that the westbound flowing current flow across the Tasmanian Gateway resulted in cooling of Antarctic surface waters and coasts, which was conveyed to global intermediate waters through invigorated deep convection in southern high latitudes. Although atmospheric CO2 forcing alone would provide a more uniform middle Eocene cooling, the opening of the Tasmanian Gateway better explains Southern Ocean surface water and global deep ocean cooling in the apparent absence of (sub-) equatorial cooling.

背景与目标： ：过去8500万年来全球最温暖的温度发生在长时间的温室事件中，即所谓的始新世最佳气候（52-50 Ma）。始新世气候最优化以长期降温趋势终止，最终从34 Ma开始，南极大陆规模化冰川化。早期研究将始新世从温室气候向冰室气候的转变归因于南大洋通道的构造开放，而最近的研究则在降低大气温室气体浓度（例如CO2）方面发挥了主导作用。但是，现场数据的稀缺性阻止了对这些假设的实证评估。我们提供了从南极东部威尔克斯地缘开始，从始新世中期到中新世过渡的海洋微化石和有机地球化学记录。鞭毛藻的生物地理学和海面温度的古温度计表明，最早的南极逆流流经塔斯马尼亚海峡的南部开口开始流向〜49-50 Ma。这种早期开放与区域地表水和大陆降温（2-4°C）的同时发作同时发生，这通过基于生物标志物和花粉的古温度计进行了证明。我们解释说，塔斯马尼亚河道的西行电流导致南极地表水和海岸的冷却，并通过南部高纬度的活跃深对流将其输送到全球中间水域。尽管仅靠大气CO2强迫就能提供更均匀的中始新世冷却，但塔斯马尼亚海峡的开放更好地解释了在明显缺乏（亚）赤道冷却的情况下南大洋地表水和全球深海冷却。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Chloroform extracts of middle Eocene brown coal were made; the chlorophyll derivatives obtained were separated chromatographically. The visible light spectrum, chromatographic behavior, HCl number, infrared spectrum, and mass spectrum of one of the pigments extracted is indicative of methyl pheophorbide a. This is the oldest occurrence of fossil phorbins reported.

背景与目标： ：制备了中始新世褐煤的氯仿提取物；色谱分离得到的叶绿素衍生物。所提取的一种颜料的可见光谱，色谱行为，HCl值，红外光谱和质谱表明甲基脱镁叶绿酸a。据报道这是最古老的化石蛋白。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Phylogenetic reconstruction, divergence time estimations and ancestral range estimation were undertaken for 66% of the Afrotropical freshwater crab fauna (Potamonautidae) based on four partial DNA loci (12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, cytochrome oxidase one [COI], and histone 3). The present study represents the most comprehensive taxonomic sampling of any freshwater crab family globally, and explores the impact of paleodrainage interconnectivity on cladogenesis among freshwater crabs. Phylogenetic analyses of the total evidence data using maximum-likelihood (ML), maximum parsimony (MP), and Bayesian inference (BI) produced a robust statistically well-supported tree topology that reaffirmed the monophyly of the Afrotropical freshwater crab fauna. The estimated divergence times suggest that the Afrotropical Potamonautidae diverged during the Eocene. Cladogenesis within and among several genera occurred predominantly during the Miocene, which was associated with major tectonic and climatic ameliorations throughout the region. Paleodrainage connectivity was observed with specimens from the Nilo-Sudan and East African coast proving to be sister to specimens from the Upper Guinea Forests in West Africa. In addition, we observed strong sister taxon affinity between specimens from East Africa and the Congo basin, including specimens from Lake Tanganyika, while the southern African fauna was retrieved as sister to the Angolan taxa. Within the East African clade we observed two independent transoceanic dispersal events, one to the Seychelles Archipelago and a second to Madagascar, while we observe a single transoceanic dispersal event from West Africa to São Tomé. The ancestral area estimation suggested a West African/East African ancestral range for the family with multiple dispersal events between southern Africa and East Africa, and between East Africa and Central Africa The taxonomic implications of our results are discussed in light of the widespread paraphyly evident among a number of genera.

背景与目标： ：根据66个非热带淡水蟹类动物（Potamonautidae）的系统发育重建，发散时间估计和祖传范围估计，基于四个部分DNA基因座（12S rRNA，16S rRNA，细胞色素氧化酶1 [COI]和组蛋白3）。本研究代表了全球任何淡水蟹家族中最全面的生物分类学采样，并探讨了古排水互连对淡水蟹克拉德形成的影响。使用最大似然（ML），最大简约（MP）和贝叶斯推断（BI）对总证据数据进行的系统发育分析产生了可靠的统计上有力的树形拓扑结构，该拓扑结构再次证实了非嗜水淡水蟹类动物的单性。估计的发散时间表明，在始新世期间，非洲的Pot科（Potamonautidae）发生了发散。在中新世期间，几个属内和之中的新生发生主要发生在中新世，这与整个区域的主要构造和气候改善有关。在尼洛苏丹和东非海岸的标本中发现了古排水的连通性，事实证明它们与西非上几内亚森林的标本是姐妹的。此外，我们观察到东非和刚果盆地标本（包括坦Tang尼喀湖的标本）之间的姐妹分类群亲和力很强，而南部非洲动物群则被当作安哥拉分类群的姐妹而被发现。在东非进化枝中，我们观察到两次独立的越洋扩散事件，一次发生在塞舌尔群岛，第二次发生在马达加斯加，而我们观测到从西非到圣多美的一次越洋扩散事件。祖先面积估计表明该家族在南部非洲和东非之间以及东非和中非之间有多个分散事件的家庭的祖传范围是西欧/东非。一些属。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PREMISE:The Eocene-Oligocene transition (EOT; 34-33 Ma) was marked by global cooling and increased seasonality and aridity, leading to a shift in North American floras from subtropical forests to deciduous hardwood forests similar to today. This shift is well documented taxonomically and biogeographically, but its ecological nature is less known. METHODS:Using the relationship between petiole cross-sectional area and leaf mass, we estimated leaf dry mass per area (LMA), a functional trait tied to plant resource investment and expenditure, at 22 western North American sites spanning the EOT to determine how the broad restructuring of vegetation during this time was reflected in leaf economics. RESULTS:There was no overall shift in LMA between pre-EOT and post-EOT floras; instead, changes in LMA across sites were mostly driven by a negative correlation with dry-season precipitation and a positive correlation with paleoelevation. These patterns held for both whole sites and subsets of sites containing taxa with similar biogeographical histories (taxa that persisted in the highlands across the EOT or that migrated to the lowlands) and are consistent with most observations in extant floras. CONCLUSIONS:Our data provide a geological context for understanding environmentally paced changes in leaf-economic strategies, particularly linking leaf economic strategies to dry-season precipitation and paleoelevation.

背景与目标： 前提：始新世-渐新世过渡期（EOT； 34-33 Ma）以全球降温以及季节性和干旱增加为特征，导致北美植物区系从亚热带森林向落叶硬木森林转变。这种转变在分类学和生物地理学方面都有据可查，但其生态性质鲜为人知。
方法：利用叶柄截面积与叶片质量之间的关系，我们估算了横跨EOT的北美西部22个站点的单位面积叶片干重（LMA），这是与植物资源投资和支出相关的功能性状，以确定这段时期内，植被的广泛重组反映在叶片经济学上。
结果：在EOT之前和EOT之后的菌群之间，LMA没有整体变化。相反，各地点的LMA变化主要是由与旱季降水的负相关和与古海拔的正相关引起的。这些模式适用于包含具有相似生物地理历史的分类单元的整个站点和站点子集（在EOT上在高地上持续存在或迁移到低地的分类单元），并且与现存菌群中的大多数观测结果一致。
结论：我们的数据提供了一个地质背景，用于理解环境经济中叶片经济策略的变化，特别是将叶片经济策略与旱季降水和古海拔联系起来。