BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] embryogenic cultures were transformed by particle bombardment with the feedback-insensitive tobacco anthranilate synthase (AS) gene ASA2 driven by the CaMV 35S promoter and selected using hph as the selectable marker gene. Only one of eight regenerated lines that set seed and contained ASA2 expressed the gene highly and contained increased free tryptophan (Trp) levels in leaves, seeds and embryogenic cultures. Leaf extracts of the ASA2 expressing line contained about twice as much AS enzyme activity as the untransformed control and this activity was only slightly more feedback-insensitive. Amino acid analysis showed that both leaves and embryogenic tissue cultures of the ASA2 expressing line had four to five-times the normal levels of free Trp and slightly higher free tyrosine and phenylalanine. The seed total Trp content was only slightly increased. Metabolic profiling-analysis by GC-MS detected no other consistent differences. These studies show that the ASA2 gene can be expressed in soybean and that modest changes in Trp synthesis occurs.

背景与目标： ：大豆[Glycine max（L.）Merr。]胚性培养物通过由CaMV 35S启动子驱动的反馈不敏感的烟草邻氨基苯甲酸合酶（AS）基因ASA2进行粒子轰击进行转化，并使用hph作为选择标记基因进行选择。八个定植种子并含有ASA2的再生系中只有一个表达该基因，并且在叶片，种子和胚发生培养物中的游离色氨酸（Trp）水平升高。表达ASA2的品系的叶提取物所含的AS酶活性约为未转化对照的两倍，该活性对反馈的敏感性稍高。氨基酸分析表明，ASA2表达株系的叶片和胚发生组织培养物的游离Trp含量是正常水平的4至5倍，游离酪氨酸和苯丙氨酸含量稍高。种子总色氨酸含量仅略有增加。 GC-MS进行的代谢谱分析没有发现其他一致的差异。这些研究表明，ASA2基因可以在大豆中表达，并且Trp合成发生适度的变化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study investigated the dynamics of Aspergillus fumigatus azole-resistant phenotypes in two compost heaps with contrasting azole exposures: azole free and azole exposed. After heat shock, to which sexual but not asexual spores are highly resistant, the azole-free compost yielded 98% (49/50) wild-type and 2% (1/50) azole-resistant isolates, whereas the azole-containing compost yielded 9% (4/45) wild-type and 91% (41/45) resistant isolates. From the latter compost, 80% (36/45) of the isolates contained the TR46/Y121F/T289A genotype, 2% (1/45) harbored the TR46/Y121F/M172I/T289A/G448S genotype, and 9% (4/45) had a novel pan-triazole-resistant mutation (TR463/Y121F/M172I/T289A/G448S) with a triple 46-bp promoter repeat. Subsequent screening of a representative set of clinical A. fumigatus isolates showed that the novel TR463 mutant was already present in samples from three Dutch medical centers collected since 2012. Furthermore, a second new resistance mutation was found in this set that harbored four TR46 repeats. Importantly, in the laboratory, we recovered the TR463 mutation from a sexual cross between two TR46 isolates from the same azole-containing compost, possibly through unequal crossing over between the double tandem repeats (TRs) during meiosis. This possible role of sexual reproduction in the emergence of the mutation was further implicated by the high level of genetic diversity of STR genotypes in the azole-containing compost. Our study confirms that azole resistance mutations continue to emerge in the environment and indicates compost containing azole residues as a possible hot spot. Better insight into the biology of environmental resistance selection is needed to retain the azole class for use in food production and treatment of Aspergillus diseases.IMPORTANCE Composting of organic matter containing azole residues might be important for resistance development and subsequent spread of resistance mutations in Aspergillus fumigatus In this article, we show the dominance of azole-resistant A. fumigatus in azole-exposed compost and the discovery of a new resistance mutation with clinical relevance. Furthermore, our study indicates that current fungicide application is not sustainable as new resistance mutations continue to emerge, thereby threatening the use of triazoles in medicine. We provide evidence that the sexual part of the fungal life cycle may play a role in the emergence of resistance mutations because under laboratory conditions, we reconstructed the resistance mutation through sexual crossing of two azole-resistant A. fumigatus isolates derived from the same compost heap. Understanding the mechanisms of resistance selection in the environment is needed to design strategies against the accumulation of resistance mutations in order to retain the azole class for crop protection and treatment of Aspergillus diseases.

背景与目标： ：这项研究调查了两个堆肥堆中烟熏曲霉的耐唑性表型的动态变化，这两种情况下与吡咯暴露的情况相反：无吡咯和暴露于吡咯。在热休克后，对性但非无性孢子具有很高的抵抗力，无唑堆肥产生98％（49/50）野生型和2％（1/50）对唑的抗药性，而含吡咯的堆肥产生9％（4/45）野生型和91％（41/45）抗性分离株。在后一种堆肥中，80％（36/45）的分离株含有TR46 / Y121F / T289A基因型，2％（1/45）具有TR46 / Y121F / M172I / T289A / G448S基因型，9％（4 / 45）具有新的泛三唑抗性突变（TR463 / Y121F / M172I / T289A / G448S），具有三重46 bp启动子重复序列。随后对代表性的临床烟曲霉菌株进行了筛选，结果显示自2012年以来从三个荷兰医学中心收集的样品中已经存在新的TR463突变体。此外，在该菌株中发现了第二个新的耐药突变，其中包含四个TR46重复序列。重要的是，在实验室中，我们可能是通过减数分裂过程中双串联重复序列（TR）之间的不相等交换，从同一个含唑的堆肥中的两个TR46分离株之间的有性杂交中恢复了TR463突变。在含唑的堆肥中，STR基因型的高遗传多样性进一步暗示了性繁殖在突变出现中的这种可能作用。我们的研究证实，环境中仍会继续出现唑类抗性突变，并表明含有唑类残留物的堆肥可能是热点。需要更好地了解环境抗性选择的生物学以保持唑类用于食品生产和治疗曲霉病。重要事项含吡咯残留物的有机物的堆肥对于烟曲霉的抗性发展和随后的抗性突变的传播可能很重要。在本文中，我们显示了对吡唑有抵抗力的烟曲霉在暴露有吡咯的堆肥中的优势地位，并发现了与临床相关的新的抗药性突变。此外，我们的研究表明，随着新的耐药性突变的不断出现，当前杀菌剂的应用是不可持续的，从而威胁到三唑类药物的使用。我们提供的证据表明，真菌生命周期的性部分可能在耐药性突变的出现中起作用，因为在实验室条件下，我们通过对两个具有唑类抗性的A进行有性杂交来重建耐药性突变。来自同一堆肥堆的烟熏分离株。需要了解环境中抗性选择的机制，以设计针对抗性突变积累的策略，以保留用于农作物保护和曲霉病治疗的唑类。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Previous research indicates that tobacco craving predicts relapse to smoking among adult smokers attempting to quit. We hypothesized a similar relationship between craving and lapse (any smoking following a period of abstinence) among adolescent smokers during the treatment phase of a clinical trial. A visit was considered a lapse visit if the participant reported smoking or had a carbon monoxide level of 7 ppm or greater subsequent to an abstinent visit. A total of 34 participants (mean age = 14.9 years [SD = 1.3]; mean cigarettes/day = 18.0 [SD = 7.6]; mean Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence score = 6.8 [SD = 1.34]; 65% female), were included in the present analysis of 167 treatment visits. Logistic regression analyses showed a positive relationship between degree of craving, measured by the Questionnaire on Smoking Urges, and lapse during smoking cessation treatment (p = .013). Additionally, linear regression analyses demonstrated a strong positive association between cigarettes smoked per day and craving scores (p<.001). Taken together with other data, these findings suggest that degree of craving might influence tobacco abstinence for adolescent smokers. Thus monitoring and addressing craving appears useful to increase the success of adolescent smoking cessation.

背景与目标： ：先前的研究表明，对烟草的渴望可以预测试图戒烟的成年吸烟者会再次吸烟。我们假设在临床试验的治疗阶段，青少年吸烟者的渴望与失误（戒酒一段时间后吸烟）之间存在类似的关系。如果参与者在戒酒后报告吸烟或一氧化碳水平为7 ppm或更高，则该访视被视为失访。共有34位参与者（平均年龄= 14.9岁[SD = 1.3]；平均每天吸烟= 18.0 [SD = 7.6]；平均Fagerström尼古丁依赖性评分测试= 6.8 [SD = 1.34]； 65％是女性）目前对167次治疗就诊的分析中已包括在内。 Logistic回归分析显示，渴望度（由吸烟急症问卷调查）与戒烟治疗期间的消退之间呈正相关（p = 0.013）。此外，线性回归分析表明每天吸烟与渴望分数之间有很强的正相关性（p <.001）。结合其他数据，这些发现表明，渴望程度可能会影响青少年吸烟者的戒烟。因此，监测和解决渴望对增加青少年戒烟的成功率似乎是有用的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Whether evolution will be rapid enough to rescue declining populations will depend upon population size, the supply of genetic variation, the degree of maladaptation and the historical direction of selection. We examined whether the level of environmental stress experienced by a population prior to abrupt environmental change affects the probability of evolutionary rescue (ER). Hundreds of populations of two species of yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces paradoxus were exposed to a range of sublethal concentrations of salt for approximately a hundred generations before transfer to a concentration of salt lethal to the ancestor (150 g l(-1) NaCl). The fitness of surviving populations of both species was a quadratic function of yield: fitness was greatest for large populations that had been selected on low salt concentrations (less than 20 g l(-1) NaCl) and small populations that had adapted to high salt (more than 80 g l(-1) NaCl). However, differences occurred between species in the probability of ER. The frequency of ER was positively correlated with salt concentration for S. cerevisiae, but negatively correlated with salt concentration in S. paradoxus. These results not only demonstrate that past environmental conditions can determine the probability of ER after abrupt environmental change, but also suggest that there may even be differences between closely related species that are worth further exploration.

背景与目标： ：进化是否足够快以挽救数量下降的种群，将取决于种群的大小，遗传变异的供给，适应不良的程度以及选择的历史方向。我们检查了人口在突然的环境变化之前经历的环境压力水平是否影响进化救援（ER）的可能性。在转移到对祖先致死的盐浓度（150 g l（-1）NaCl）之前，数百种两种酵母菌，酿酒酵母和悖论酵母暴露于一系列亚致死浓度的盐中大约一百代。两种物种的存活种群的适应度是产量的二次函数：适应度最高的是选择了低盐浓度（小于20 gl（-1）NaCl）的大种群和适应高盐的小种群（超过80 gl（-1）NaCl）。但是，不同物种之间发生ER的可能性有所不同。 ER的频率与酿酒酵母中的盐浓度呈正相关，而与悖论中的盐浓度呈负相关。这些结果不仅表明过去的环境条件可以确定环境突变后发生内质网的可能性，而且还表明，密切相关的物种之间甚至可能存在差异，值得进一步探索。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :HSP90 is a molecular chaperone that participates in folding, stabilization, activation, and assembly of several proteins, all of which are key regulators in cell signaling. In dimorphic pathogenic fungi such as Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the adaptation to a higher temperature, acid pH and oxidative stress, is an essential event for fungal survival and also for the establishing of the infectious process. To further understand the role of this protein, we used antisense RNA technology to generate a P. brasiliensis isolate with reduced PbHSP90 gene expression (PbHSP90-aRNA). Reduced expression of HSP90 decreased yeast cell viability during batch culture growth and increased susceptibility to acid pH environments and imposed oxidative stress. Also, PbHSP90-aRNA yeast cells presented reduced viability upon interaction with macrophages. The findings presented here suggest a protective role for HSP90 during adaptation to hostile environments, one that promotes survival of the fungus during host-pathogen interactions.

背景与目标： ：HSP90是一种分子伴侣，参与多种蛋白质的折叠，稳定，激活和组装，所有这些都是细胞信号传导中的关键调控因子。在双态致病性真菌（如巴西副球菌）中，适应更高的温度，酸性pH和氧化应激，是真菌存活和建立感染过程的重要事件。为了进一步了解该蛋白的作用，我们使用了反义RNA技术来生成具有降低的PbHSP90基因表达的巴西假单胞菌分离物（PbHSP90-aRNA）。 HSP90的表达降低会降低分批培养物生长过程中酵母细胞的活力，并增加对酸性pH环境的敏感性和施加的氧化应激。同样，PbHSP90-aRNA酵母细胞与巨噬细胞相互作用后，活力降低。此处提出的发现表明，HSP90在适应敌对环境期间具有保护作用，可在宿主与病原体相互作用期间促进真菌的存活。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Former long-term mining and smelting of pollymetallic ores in the Middle Spiš area caused a serious contamination problem of the environment with heavy metals and metalloids, especially mercury (Hg). Several studies have reported concentration of Hg in the area but this paper provides first detailed characterization of Hg contamination of different environmental components in agricultural, forest, grassland and urban ecosystems. The ecosystems are in different distances from emission sources - former mercury and copper smelting plants in NE Slovakia. Total Hg content was studied in soil/substrate samples (n = 234) and characteristic biological samples (Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth, Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer, Boletus edulis Bull., Cyanoboletus pulverulentus (Opat.) Gelardi, Vizzini & Simonini, Triticum aestivum (L.), Poa pratensis (L.)) (n = 234) collected in the above-mentioned ecosystems. The level of contamination and environmental risks were assessed by contamination factor (Cf), index of geoaccumulation (Igeo) and potential environmental risk index (PER). To determine the level of transition of Hg from abiotic to biotic environment, bioconcentration factor (BCF) was used. To determine a health risk resulting from regular and long-term consumption of the locally available species, the results of the Hg content were compared with the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) for Hg defined by World Health Organization. The results suggest that almost 63% of the area belong to the very high risk category and 80% of the sampling sites shown very high contamination factor. Geoaccumulation index showed that almost 30% of the area is very strongly contaminated and only 8% is not contaminated with Hg. Spearman's correlation relationship confirmed that the values of PER, BCF, Cf and Igeo decreased with an increasing distance from the pollution source. The percentage of contribution to PTWI ranged between 5.76-69.0% for adults and 11.5-138% for children. Mushroom M. procera showed the highest %PTWI among the tested biological samples. Studied ecotoxicological parameters showed high level of health risk for population living in the area. Consumption of the crops grown in the area and mainly edible wild mushrooms might negatively affect the health of the consumers in the long-term.

背景与目标： ：斯皮什中部地区过去长期开采和冶炼金属金属矿石，导致环境中的重金属和准金属，尤其是汞（Hg）受到严重污染。几项研究报告了该地区汞的浓度，但是本文首先详细介绍了农业，森林，草原和城市生态系统中不同环境成分的汞污染特征。生态系统与排放源的距离不同-斯洛伐克东北部以前的汞和铜冶炼厂。在土壤/基质样品（n = 234）和特征性生物样品（Athyrium filix-femina（L.）Roth，Macrolepiota procera（Scop。）歌手，Boletus edulis Bull。，Cyanoboletus pulverulentus（Opat。）Gelardi）中研究了总汞含量，维齐尼和西蒙尼尼，普通小麦（L.），波阿普拉（L.））（n = 234）收集在上述生态系统中。通过污染因子（Cf），地质累积指数（Igeo）和潜在环境风险指数（PER）评估污染水平和环境风险。为了确定汞从非生物环境向生物环境的过渡水平，使用了生物浓缩因子（BCF）。为了确定长期和长期食用当地可用物种而引起的健康风险，将汞含量的结果与世界卫生组织确定的汞的暂定每周耐受摄入量（PTWI）进行了比较。结果表明，几乎63％的区域属于极高风险类别，而80％的采样点显示极高的污染因子。地质累积指数表明，该地区近30％的区域受到非常严重的污染，只有8％的区域未被Hg污染。 Spearman的相关关系证实，PER，BCF，Cf和Igeo的值随着距污染源距离的增加而降低。成人对PTWI的贡献百分比在5.76-69.0％之间，儿童为11.5-138％。在所测试的生物样品中，蘑菇proc。procera显示出最高的％PTWI。研究的生态毒理学参数显示出该地区居民的健康风险较高。从长远来看，该地区种植的农作物和主要是食用野生蘑菇的消费可能会对消费者的健康产生负面影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The economic consequences of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) have been simulated using models. We examined the individual-level association between ETS exposure and medical costs among Japanese nonsmoking women. METHODS:This population-based cohort study enrolled women aged 40 to 79 years living in a rural community. ETS exposure in homes at baseline was assessed with a self-administered questionnaire. We then collected health insurance claims data on direct medical expenditures from 1995 through 2007. Using generalized linear models with interaction between ETS exposure level and age stratum, average total monthly expenditure (inpatient plus outpatient care) per capita for nonsmoking women highly exposed and moderately exposed to ETS were compared with expenditures for unexposed women. We performed separate analyses for survivors and nonsurvivors. RESULTS:We analyzed data from 4870 women. After adjustment for potential confounding factors, survivors aged 70 to 79 who were highly exposed to ETS incurred higher expenditures than those who were not exposed. We found no significant difference in expenditures between moderately exposed and unexposed women. Total expenditures were not significantly associated with ETS exposure among survivors aged 40 to 69 or nonsurvivors of any age stratum. CONCLUSIONS:We calculated individual-level excess medical expenditures attributable to household exposure to ETS among surviving older women. The findings provide direct evidence of the economic burden of ETS, which is helpful for policymakers who seek to achieve the economically attractive goal of eliminating ETS.

背景与目标： 背景：使用模型模拟了环境烟草烟雾（ETS）的经济后果。我们研究了日本非吸烟女性中ETS暴露与医疗费用之间的个体关系。
方法：这项基于人群的队列研究纳入了居住在农村社区中的40至79岁的女性。使用自我管理的问卷评估基线时房屋中的ETS暴露。然后，我们收集了1995年至2007年间直接医疗支出的健康保险理赔数据。使用具有ETS暴露水平和年龄层次之间相互作用的广义线性模型，高度暴露和中度暴露的非吸烟女性的人均平均每月总支出（住院加门诊）将ETS与未接触妇女的支出进行比较。我们对幸存者和非幸存者分别进行了分析。
结果：我们分析了4870名女性的数据。在对潜在的混杂因素进行调整之后，70-79岁的幸存者与易受感染的人群相比，未受感染的人群的支出更高。我们发现中度暴露和未暴露的女性在支出上没有显着差异。总支出与40至69岁的幸存者或任何年龄层次的非幸存者中的ETS暴露没有显着相关。
结论：我们计算了幸存的老年妇女归因于家庭暴露于ETS的个人水平的超额医疗支出。调查结果直接证明了碳排放交易体系的经济负担，这对寻求实现消除碳排放交易体系的具有经济吸引力的目标的决策者很有帮助。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Lung cancer has been the most common type of cancer in the world for several decades, and by 2008, there were approximately 1.61 million new cases, representing 12.7 % of all new cancers. It has been well known for many years that smoking causes lung cancer. Tobacco control measures have been regarded as the principal causes of the declines in smoking-related mortality, including mortality from lung cancer. METHODS:The Joinpoint Regression Program was used to analyze the long-term trends in lung cancer incidence rates from 1983 to 2008 in urban Shanghai. In addition, this study estimates how many fewer cases of lung cancer have occurred in urban Shanghai because of tobacco control activities. RESULTS:The lung cancer incidence rate among males decreased slightly by 0.6 % [95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) -0.1 to 1.3 %] from 1983 to 1999 and then declined rapidly at a rate of 3.8 % (95 % CI 2.1-5.4 %). Among females, the cancer incidence rate decreased by 0.1 % (95 % CI -0.2 to 0.5 %) from 1983 to 2008. Overall, we estimated that approximately 2,711 cases of lung cancer were averted among urban men in Shanghai between 2000 and 2008 because of the reduction in tobacco smoking. CONCLUSION:The reduction in tobacco smoking is a major factor in the decrease in the incidence rate of lung cancer. Sustained progress in tobacco control is essential.

背景与目标： 背景：肺癌已经成为世界上最常见的癌症类型，几十年来，到2008年，大约有161万新病例，占所有新癌症的12.7％。多年以来众所周知，吸烟会导致肺癌。烟草控制措施被认为是与吸烟有关的死亡率（包括肺癌死亡率）下降的主要原因。
方法：采用Joinpoint回归程序分析上海市区1983年至2008年肺癌发病率的长期趋势。此外，这项研究估计，由于控烟活动，上海城市发生肺癌的病例减少了。
结果：从1983年到1999年，男性肺癌的发病率略微下降了0.6％[95％置信区间（95％CI）-0.1至1.3％]，然后迅速下降了3.8％（95％CI 2.1- 5.4％）。在女性中，从1983年到2008年，癌症的发病率下降了0.1％（95％CI -0.2到0.5％）。总体而言，我们估计，在2000年至2008年之间，上海城市男性中避免了约2,711例肺癌病例，原因是减少吸烟。
结论：吸烟减少是肺癌发生率降低的主要因素。烟草控制方面的持续进步至关重要。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :K. Cheng (1986) suggested that learning the geometry of enclosing surfaces takes place in a geometric module blind to other spatial information. Failures to find blocking or overshadowing of geometry learning by features near a goal seem consistent with this view. The authors present an operant model in which learning spatial features competes with geometry learning, as in the Rescorla-Wagner model. Relative total associative strength of cues at a location determines choice of that location and thus the frequencies of reward paired with each cue. The model shows how competitive learning of local features and geometry can appear to result in potentiation, blocking, or independence, depending on enclosure shape and kind of features. The model reproduces numerous findings from dry arenas and water mazes.

背景与目标： ：K Cheng（1986）建议，学习封闭表面的几何形状是在对其他空间信息不了解的几何模块中进行的。未能通过目标附近的要素找到阻碍或过度学习几何学习的现象似乎与此视图一致。作者提出了一个操作模型，其中与Rescorla-Wagner模型一样，学习空间特征与几何学习竞争。某个位置的提示的相对总关联强度决定了该位置的选择，并因此决定了与每个提示配对的奖励频率。该模型显示了根据局部形状和特征种类，竞争性学习局部特征和几何形状会如何导致增强，阻断或独立性。该模型重现了来自干竞技场和迷宫般的大量发现。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:This study used statewide administrative data sets to estimate the prevalence of tobacco use among persons with mental illnesses who were accessing public-sector mental health care in Colorado and to determine the relationships between tobacco use and primary diagnosis and alcohol and drug use. METHODS:This study utilized the Colorado Client Assessment Record to examine predictors of tobacco use among 111,984 persons with mental illnesses who were receiving services in the public mental health system. RESULTS:Thirty-nine percent of the sample (N=43,508) used tobacco. Multiple logistic regression analysis found that schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and bipolar disorder (p<.001 for all), and depression or dysthymia (p<.01) were associated with greater tobacco use than other diagnoses. Significant differences in tobacco use existed across gender, age group, race or ethnicity, and substance use categories. CONCLUSIONS:Findings suggest that an administrative database is a low-burden means of identifying persons at high risk of tobacco use to inform resource allocation.

背景与目标： 目的：这项研究使用了全州范围内的行政数据集，以评估正在科罗拉多州接受公共部门精神卫生保健的精神疾病患者中烟草使用的流行率，并确定烟草使用与主要诊断以及酒精和毒品的使用之间的关系。
方法：本研究利用科罗拉多州客户评估记录来检查在接受公共精神卫生系统服务的111,984名精神疾病患者中烟草使用的预测指标。
结果：39％的样本（N = 43,508）使用了烟草。多元logistic回归分析发现，与其他诊断相比，精神分裂症，精神分裂症和双相情感障碍（所有患者p <.001），抑郁症或心律不齐（p <.01）与吸烟的相关性更高。跨性别，年龄组，种族或族裔和物质使用类别的烟草使用存在显着差异。
结论：研究结果表明，行政数据库是一种低负担的手段，可用来识别烟草高危人群，从而为资源分配提供依据。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Epidemiological studies of environmental risk factors in Parkinson's disease (PD) are dependent on recollection of past exposures based on patients' self-reports. There are limited studies that have assessed the quality of such data. We conducted a prospective study to determine the test-retest repeatability of environmental and lifestyle factors, and medical data in a PD cohort of Asian ethnicity. A total of 150 consecutive PD patients were initially screened, and 100 were recruited and completed an initial interview. Eighty-three patients completed the second interview more than 6 months later. Lifestyle habits (such as smoking and coffee consumption) showed excellent agreement (kappa > 0.90). For the amount and duration of coffee, tea, alcohol, and cigarette smoking exposure, the total agreement in the response for these factors in the repeat interview were noted in 71.4%, 73.3%, 100%, and 90%, respectively (ICC > 0.83). Medical conditions for which the patients were on treatment, such as diabetes, hypertension, and stroke, revealed very high repeatability (kappa = 0.81-0.90). Environmental exposures like well-water consumption and prior farm-dwelling produced a moderately good repeatability (kappa = 0.66-0.77). In conclusion, our study demonstrates that even over long interval period of more than half a year, self-report lifestyle exposure information, personal and environmental exposure data can be collected with moderate-to-high repeatability from PD patients.

背景与目标： ：帕金森氏病（PD）中环境危险因素的流行病学研究取决于根据患者的自我报告来回顾过去的暴露情况。有限的研究评估了此类数据的质量。我们进行了一项前瞻性研究，以确定环境和生活方式因素的重测重复性，以及亚洲人PD队列中的医学数据。最初共筛选了150位连续的PD患者，并招募了100位患者并完成了初次访谈。六个多月后，八十三名患者完成了第二次访谈。生活方式习惯（例如吸烟和喝咖啡）表现出极好的一致性（kappa> 0.90）。对于咖啡，茶，酒和吸烟的暴露量和持续时间，在重复访谈中针对这些因素的回答中的总体同意率分别为71.4％，73.3％，100％和90％（ICC> 0.83）。患者接受治疗的医疗条件，例如糖尿病，高血压和中风，显示出很高的可重复性（kappa = 0.81-0.90）。像井水消耗和先前的农场住所这样的环境暴露产生了良好的可重复性（kappa = 0.66-0.77）。总之，我们的研究表明，即使在半年以上的较长时间间隔内，也可以从PD患者中以中等到高度的可重复性收集自我报告的生活方式暴露信息，个人和环境暴露数据。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A technical mixture of isomeric nonylphenols NP is formed as rather persistent degradation product of nonionic surfactants and has become widespread in the environment, e.g., in surface waters. Information about possible pathways for incorporation is needed for risk assessments, as NP has estrogenic properties. NP uptake after skin contact was determined using isolated and perfused bovine udders as models for human skin. NP-d2 labelled in the positions ortho to the OH-group was prepared by an exchange procedure which did not measurably change the relative amount of isomers. Samples of udder perfusate, milk equivalent produced during the experiments and skin tissue were taken immediately before administration of 500 mg or 50 mg NP-d2 on an udder skin area of 200 cm2 and then for 5 h. They were analyzed by GC-MS for NP and NP-d2 after cleanup by steam distillation and final extraction with SPME fibres. The results are an unambiguous proof of the penetration of NP into the capillary system of living mammals after skin contact.

背景与目标： ：作为非离子表面活性剂的相当持久的降解产物，形成了壬基酚NP异构体的技术混合物，并且已在环境中（例如在地表水中）广泛传播。由于NP具有雌激素特性，因此需要有关可能的掺入途径的信息以进行风险评估。使用隔离和灌注的牛乳房作为人类皮肤的模型，确定皮肤接触后的NP吸收。 OH-基邻位标记的NP-d2是通过交换程序制备的，该交换程序无法测量地改变异构体的相对量。立即在200 cm2的乳房皮肤区域施用500 mg或50 mg NP-d2之前，采集乳房灌注液，在实验过程中产生的乳当量和皮肤组织的样品，然后持续5 h。通过蒸汽蒸馏净化并最终用SPME纤维萃取后，通过GC-MS分析它们的NP和NP-d2。结果清楚地证明了NP在皮肤接触后会渗透到活哺乳动物的毛细血管系统中。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Plant-mediated RNAi has been developed as a powerful weapon in the fight against agricultural insect pests. The gap gene hunchback (hb) is of crucial importance in insect axial patterning and knockdown of hb is deforming and lethal to the next generation. The peach potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), has many host plants and can be found throughout the world. To investigate the effect of plant-mediated RNAi on control of this insect, the hb gene in M. persicae was cloned, plant RNAi vector was constructed, and transgenic tobacco expressing Mphb dsRNA was developed. Transgenic tobacco had a different integration pattern of the transgene. Bioassays were performed by applying neonate aphids to homozygous transgenic plants in the T2 generation. Results revealed that continuous feeding of transgenic diet reduced Mphb mRNA level in the fed aphids and inhibited insect reproduction, indicating successful knockdown of the target gene in M. persicae by plant-mediated RNAi.

背景与目标： ：植物介导的RNAi已被开发为对抗农业害虫的有力武器。缺口基因驼背（hb）在昆虫的轴向模式中至关重要，而hb的击倒正在变形并对下一代致死。桃蚜（Myzus persicae（Sulzer））有许多寄主植物，在世界各地都可以找到。为了研究植物介导的RNAi对这种昆虫的控制作用，克隆了桃蚜中的hb基因，构建了植物RNAi载体，并开发了表达Mphb dsRNA的转基因烟草。转基因烟草具有不同的转基因整合模式。通过在T2代中将新生蚜虫应用于纯合转基因植物进行生物测定。结果表明，连续饲喂转基因饮食降低了饲喂蚜虫的Mphb mRNA水平并抑制了昆虫繁殖，这表明通过植物介导的RNAi成功敲除了百日草中的靶基因。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This work features a review of literature discussing the health effects of environmental and occupational exposure to aluminum (Al) and its compounds. The sources of exposure, absorption routes and metabolism are discussed in detail. The role of Al and its compounds in the etiology of some diseases, related to both environmental exposure and exposure in the work environment, is also presented. Aluminum toxicity most often affects the central nervous system, the skeletal system, the hematopoietic system, the urinary tract and the respiratory system. An increased effect of active forms of oxygen can stimulate the formation of amyloid deposits. The clinical image of aluminum smelters was dominated by ataxia, memory impairment, impaired abstract thinking and depressive states. Aluminum compounds have a detrimental effect not only on the psychic but also motor skills. Med Pr. 2020;71(1):79-88. :Praca jest przeglądem literatury omawiającej skutki zdrowotne środowiskowej i zawodowej ekspozycji na glin (Al) i jego związki. Szczegółowo omówiono w niej źródła narażenia, drogi wchłaniania i metabolizm. Przedstawiono także rolę Al i jego związków w etiologii niektórych chorób związanych zarówno z narażeniem środowiskowym, jak i ekspozycją w środowisku pracy. Toksyczność Al najczęściej dotyczy układów nerwowego, kostnego, krwiotwórczego, moczowego i oddechowego. Zwiększony efekt działania aktywnych form tlenu może stymulować powstawanie złogów amyloidowych. W obrazie klinicznym wytapiaczy aluminium dominowały: ataksja, zaburzenia pamięci, upośledzenie myślenia abstrakcyjnego i stany depresyjne. Związki glinu powodują zaburzenia sprawności nie tylko psychicznej, ale również motorycznej. Med. Pr. 2020;71(1):79–88.

背景与目标： ：这项工作的特点是对讨论环境和职业暴露于铝及其化合物的健康影响的文献进行综述。详细讨论了暴露源，吸收途径和新陈代谢的来源。还介绍了Al及其化合物在某些疾病的病因中的作用，这些疾病与环境暴露和工作环境暴露均有关。铝毒性最常影响中枢神经系统，骨骼系统，造血系统，泌尿道和呼吸系统。活性形式的氧的作用增强可刺激淀粉样沉积物的形成。铝冶炼厂的临床影像以共济失调，记忆力减退，抽象思维受损和抑郁状态为主。铝化合物不仅对心理有不良影响，而且对运动技能也有不利影响。医学博士2020; 71（1）：79-88。
：Praca jestprzeglądem文学文学omawiającejskutki zdrowotneśrodowiskoweji zawodowej ekspozycji na glin（Al）我jegozwiązki。 Szczegółowoomówionow niejźródłanarażenia，drogiwchłanianiai metabolizm。保留所有权利。 ToksycznośćAlnajczęściejdotyczyukładównerwowego，kostnego，krwiotwórczego，moczowego我奇怪。 Zwiększonyefektdziałaniaaktywnych形式tlenumożstymulowaćpowstawaniezłogów淀粉样淀粉。铝制多米诺瓦铸造厂：ataksja，zaburzeniapamięci，upośledzeniemyšleniaabstrakcyjnego和stany depresyjne。 Związkiglinupowodujązaburzeniasprawnościnie tylko psychicznej，alerównieżmotorycznej。中公关2020; 71（1）：79–88。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This article aimed at introducing the main physical properties and commercial/industrial uses of common liquid perfluoro-n-alkanes (including perfluoropentane, perfluorohexane, perfluoroheptane, perfluorooctane, and perfluorononane) and the environment and health hazards posed by their toxic decomposition products (especially in hydrogen fluoride and perfluoroisobutylene) because these perfluorocompounds are potent greenhouse gases, which have been blanketed into the Kyoto Protocol, but was rarely described in the National Inventory Reports by Annex I Parties. The environmental properties (including octanol-water partition coefficient, water solubility and Henry's law constant) of liquid perfluoro-n-alkanes were evaluated, and further discussed were its atmospheric implications according to the predicted properties and possible proposal for the formation of trifluoroacetic acid (CF(3)COOH) in the atmosphere by the ionized photolysis. These predicted values revealed that liquid perfluoro-n-alkanes tend to be hydrophobic and partitioned into organic matter, and they have exceptionally low solubility in water and extremely high vaporization from the water bodies, suggesting that it will sink into the atmosphere if it is released into the environment.

背景与目标： ：本文旨在介绍常见的液体全氟正构烷烃（包括全氟戊烷，全氟己烷，全氟庚烷，全氟辛烷和全氟壬烷）的主要物理性质和商业/工业用途，以及其有毒分解产物（特别是对环境和健康的危害）氟化氢和全氟异丁烯中的化合物），因为这些全氟化合物是有力的温室气体，已被纳入《京都议定书》，但在附件一缔约方的国家清单报告中很少进行描述。对液态全氟正构烷烃的环境性质（包括辛醇-水分配系数，水溶性和亨利定律常数）进行了评估，并根据预测性质和形成三氟乙酸的可能建议进一步讨论了其对大气的影响（ CF（3）COOH）在大气中通过电离光解作用。这些预测值表明，液态全氟正构烷烃倾向于疏水并分配为有机物，它们在水中的溶解度极低，并且从水体中蒸发的可能性极高，这表明如果释放出来，它将沉入大气中。进入环境。