• 【镉通过一系列引起细胞毒性的三波活性氧来影响烟草细胞。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2006.01571.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Garnier L,Simon-Plas F,Thuleau P,Agnel JP,Blein JP,Ranjeva R,Montillet JL
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cadmium is suspected to exert its toxic action on cells through oxidative damage. However, the transition metal is unable to directly generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) via redox reactions with molecular oxygen in a biological environment. Here, we show that bright yellow-2 (BY-2) tobacco cells exposed to millimolar concentrations of CdCl(2) developed cell death within 2-3 h. The death process was preceded by two successive waves of ROS differing in their nature and subcellular localization. Firstly, these consisted in the transient NADPH oxidase-dependent accumulation of H(2)O(2) followed by the accumulation of O(2) (-*) in mitochondria. A third wave of ROS consisting in fatty acid hydroperoxide accumulation was concomitant with cell death. Accumulation of H(2)O(2) was preceded by an increase in cytosolic free calcium concentration originating from internal pools that was essential to activate the NADPH oxidase. The cell line gp3, impaired in NADPH oxidase activity, and that was unable to accumulate H(2)O(2) in response to Cd(2+), was nevertheless poisoned by the metal. Therefore, this first wave of ROS was not sufficient to trigger all the cadmium-dependent deleterious effects. However, we show that the accumulation of O(2) (-*) of mitochondrial origin and membrane peroxidation are key players in Cd(2+)-induced cell death.
    背景与目标: :镉被怀疑通过氧化损伤对细胞产生毒性作用。然而,在生物环境中,过渡金属不能通过与分子氧的氧化还原反应直接产生活性氧(ROS)。在这里,我们显示暴露于毫摩尔浓度的CdCl(2)的亮黄色2(BY-2)烟草细胞在2-3小时内发展出细胞死亡。死亡过程之前是连续两次的ROS,其性质和亚细胞定位各不相同。首先,这些包括线粒体中H(2)O(2)的瞬时NADPH氧化酶依赖性积累,然后是线粒体中O(2)(-*)的积累。 ROS的第三波涉及脂肪酸氢过氧化物的积累,并伴随着细胞死亡。 H(2)O(2)的积累之前是来自内部池的胞质游离钙浓度的增加,这对于激活NADPH氧化酶是必不可少的。然而,细胞系gp3在NADPH氧化酶活性中受损,并且无法响应Cd(2)积聚H(2)O(2),但仍被金属中毒。因此,ROS的第一波不足以触发所有依赖镉的有害作用。但是,我们表明,线粒体起源的O(2)(-*)积累和膜过氧化是Cd(2)诱导的细胞死亡的关键因素。
  • 【来源可信度和电子烟态度:对烟草传播的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1080/10410236.2017.1331190 复制DOI
    作者列表:Case KR,Lazard AJ,Mackert MS,Perry CL
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :As there are many conflicting sources of e-cigarette information, research is needed to determine the impact of these sources on e-cigarette attitudes to inform future communication campaigns. Source credibility is important in shaping attitudes toward other health topics; however, no study has examined its role in influencing e-cigarette attitudes. Data from the 2015 Health Information National Trends Survey-FDA (HINTS-FDA) were utilized to assess differences in trust in different sources by e-cigarette user status and to investigate the associations between trust in sources and e-cigarette attitudes (n = 3,738). Differences in trust in sources were examined using weighted linear regression. Associations between trust in sources of e-cigarette health effects and attitudes toward e-cigarettes were assessed using weighted logistic regression. Overall, e-cigarette ever users reported significantly lower trust in governmental agencies as compared to never users. Trust in e-cigarette companies was negatively associated with perceived addictiveness of e-cigarettes (AOR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.58, 1.00), while trust in doctors/pharmacists/healthcare providers was negatively associated with harm perceptions of e-cigarettes relative to conventional cigarettes (AOR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.55, 0.95). Trust in tobacco companies and trust in e-cigarette companies were negatively associated with absolute perceived harm of e-cigarettes (AOR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.51, 0.95; AOR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.46, 0.79, respectively). Results from this study indicate that the associations between trust in sources of e-cigarette health effects and e-cigarette attitudes differ both by source and specific attitude assessed. Ultimately, future campaigns should incorporate messaging to discredit industry sources of information and utilize non-governmental sources to effectively influence e-cigarette attitudes.
    背景与目标: :由于电子烟信息的来源众多,因此需要进行研究以确定这些来源对电子烟态度的影响,以为未来的宣传活动提供信息。来源信誉对于塑造对其他健康主题的态度很重要;但是,没有研究检查其在影响电子烟态度中的作用。来自2015年健康信息国家趋势调查(FDA)(HINTS-FDA)的数据用于评估电子烟用户状态对不同来源的信任差异,并调查对来源的信任与电子烟态度之间的关联(n = 3,738) )。使用加权线性回归检查对来源信任的差异。使用加权逻辑回归评估对电子烟健康影响来源的信任与对电子烟态度之间的关联。总体而言,与从未使用过的用户相比,曾经使用过电子烟的用户对政府机构的信任度大大降低。对电子烟公司的信任与感知的电子烟成瘾性呈负相关(AOR = 0.76,95%CI = 0.58,1.00),而对医生/药剂师/医疗保健提供者的信任与对电子烟的危害性感知呈负相关到传统卷烟(AOR = 0.72,95%CI = 0.55,0.95)。对烟草公司的信任和对电子烟公司的信任与电子烟的绝对感知危害负相关(分别为AOR = 0.70,95%CI = 0.51,0.95; AOR = 0.60,95%CI = 0.46,0.79)。这项研究的结果表明,对电子烟健康影响来源的信任与电子烟态度之间的关联因来源和所评估的特定态度而异。最终,未来的运动应结合信息传递来抹黑行业信息来源,并利用非政府来源来有效影响电子烟的态度。
  • 【药房中抗肿瘤药污染水平的常规环境监测的应用和评估-MEWIP项目。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1093/annhyg/mes081 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kiffmeyer TK,Tuerk J,Hahn M,Stuetzer H,Hadtstein C,Heinemann A,Eickmann U
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A large-scale study was carried out in order to determine the contamination level of antineoplastic drugs in pharmacies and to investigate the suitability and effects of wipe sample monitoring at regular intervals. A specific study design was developed. The 130 participating pharmacies were divided into a study and a control group, carrying out five and two wipe sampling cycles, respectively. The work practice was analyzed using questionnaires to identify factors that influence the contamination level. From 1269 wipe samples, 774 (61%) were contaminated with at least one of the analyzed cytotoxic drugs: cyclophosphamide, docetaxel, etoposide, 5-fluorouracil, gemcitabine, ifosfamide, methotrexate, and paclitaxel. A significant decrease of the contamination with cyclophosphamide and 5-fluorouracil was observed in the study group. The Monitoring-Effect Study of Wipe Sampling in Pharmacies method has proven to be a reliable and affordable tool for contamination control. Based on the 90th percentile of the contamination values, a substance-independent performance-based guidance value of 0.1ng cm(-2) has been derived.
    背景与目标: :进行了一项大规模研究,以确定药房中抗肿瘤药的污染水平,并定期调查擦拭样品监测的适用性和效果。开发了具体的研究设计。将130家参与活动的药店分为研究组和对照组,分别进行了5次和2次擦拭采样。使用调查表对工作实践进行了分析,以找出影响污染水平的因素。从1269个擦拭样品中,有774个(61%)被至少一种分析的细胞毒性药物污染:环磷酰胺,多西他赛,依托泊苷,5-氟尿嘧啶,吉西他滨,异环磷酰胺,甲氨蝶呤和紫杉醇。在研究组中观察到环磷酰胺和5-氟尿嘧啶的污染显着降低。药房擦拭采样的监测效果研究方法被证明是一种可靠且负担得起的污染控制工具。基于污染值的第90个百分位数,得出了与物质无关的基于性能的指导值0.1ng cm(-2)。
  • 【慢性肺泡II型肺泡上皮细胞长期暴露于烟草特异性致癌物NNK会导致恶性转化:一种新的体外肺致癌模型。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1002/mc.21987 复制DOI
    作者列表:Mennecier G,Torres LN,Cogliati B,Sanches DS,Mori CM,Latorre AO,Chaible LM,Mackowiak II,Nagamine MK,Da Silva TC,Fukumasu H,Dagli ML
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in both men and women throughout the world. This disease is strongly associated with tobacco smoking. The aim of this manuscript was to establish an in vitro model that mimics the chronic exposures of alveolar epithelial type II cells to the tobacco-specific nitrosamine carcinogen, NNK. Immortalized non-neoplastic alveolar epithelial cells type II, (E10 cells), from BALB/c mice were exposed to low concentration of NNK (100 pM) during 5, 10, 15, and 20 cycles of 48 h. NNK-transformed cells showed an increase of proliferation rate and motility. Moreover, these cells underwent epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Increased migratory capacity and EMT were correlated to the time of exposure to NNK. NNK-transformed cells were tested for their growth and metastatic capacity in vivo. Subcutaneous injection of cells exposed to NNK for 20 cycles (E10-NNK20 clone) into BALB/c mice led to the formation of subcutaneous tumors that arose after 40 ± 17 d in all animals, which died 95 ± 18 d after cell inoculation, with lymph nodes and lung metastasis. The morphological characteristics of tumors were compatible with metastatic undifferentiated carcinoma. Cells exposed to NNK for 5-10 cycles did not display metastatic capacity, while those exposed for 15 cycles displayed low capacity. Our results show that prolonged exposures to NNK led the cells to increasingly acquire malignant properties. The cellular model presented in this study is suitable for studying the molecular events involved in the different stages of malignant transformation.
    背景与目标: :肺癌是全世界男女癌症相关死亡率的主要原因。这种疾病与吸烟密切相关。该手稿的目的是建立一个体外模型,该模型模仿肺泡II型肺泡上皮细胞长期暴露于烟草特有的亚硝胺致癌物NNK。来自BALB / c小鼠的永生化II型非肿瘤性肺泡上皮细胞(E10细胞)在48?h的5、10、15和20个周期中暴露于低浓度的NNK(100 pM)。 NNK转化的细胞显示出增殖速率和运动性的增加。而且,这些细胞经历了上皮到间充质转化(EMT)。迁徙能力和EMT的增加与接触NNK的时间有关。测试了NNK转化的细胞的体内生长和转移能力。在BALB / c小鼠中皮下注射暴露于NNK 20个周期的细胞(E10-NNK20克隆)导致皮下肿瘤的形成,所有动物在40±±17 d后出现,在接种细胞后95±±18 d死亡。淋巴结转移和肺转移。肿瘤的形态学特征与转移性未分化癌相容。暴露于NNK 5-10个周期的细胞不显示转移能力,而暴露15个周期的细胞则显示低转移能力。我们的结果表明,长时间暴露于NNK会使细胞越来越多地获得恶性特性。在这项研究中提出的细胞模型适用于研究与恶性转化的不同阶段有关的分子事件。
  • 【UPD3细胞因子通过调节干细胞微环境中的JAK / STAT信号传导,将环境挑战与肠道干细胞分裂耦合在一起。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.10.023 复制DOI
    作者列表:Zhou F,Rasmussen A,Lee S,Agaisse H
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In Drosophila, the replacement of spent enterocytes (ECs) relies on division of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and differentiation of their progeny, the enteroblasts (EBs). Recent studies have revealed a role for JAK/STAT signaling in the modulation of the rate of ISC division in response to environmental challenge. Here, we demonstrate the critical role of the UPD3 cytokine in the JAK/STAT-dependent response to enteric infection. We show that upd3 expression is activated in ECs and in EBs that massively differentiate in response to challenge. We show that the UPD3 cytokine, which is secreted basally and accumulates at the basement membrane, is required for stimulation of JAK/STAT signaling in EBs and visceral muscles (VMs). We further show that stimulation of ISC division requires active JAK/STAT signaling in EBs and VMs, but apparently not in ISCs. Our results suggest that EBs and VMs modulate the rate of the EGFR-dependent ISC division through upd3-dependent production of the EGF ligands Spitz and Vein, respectively. This study therefore supports the notion that the production of the UPD3 cytokine in stem cell progeny (ECs and EBs) stimulates intestinal stem cell division through modulation of JAK/STAT signaling in the stem cell microenvironment (EBs and VMs).
    背景与目标: :在果蝇中,用过的肠上皮细胞(ECs)的更换依赖于肠干细胞(ISC)的分裂及其后代即成肠细胞(EBs)的分化。最近的研究表明,响应环境挑战,JAK / STAT信号传导在调节ISC分裂速率中发挥了作用。在这里,我们证明了UPD3细胞因子在对肠感染的JAK / STAT依赖性反应中的关键作用。我们显示upd3表达在EC和EB中被激活,而EB在对挑战的反应中大量分化。我们显示,UPD3细胞因子是基础分泌并累积在基底膜上,是刺激EBs和内脏肌肉(VMs)的JAK / STAT信号传导所必需的。我们进一步表明,刺激ISC分裂需要在EB和VM中激活JAK / STAT信号,但显然在ISC中不需要。我们的研究结果表明,EBs和VMs通过upd3依赖的EGF配体Spitz和Vein的生产来调节EGFR依赖的ISC分裂的速率。因此,这项研究支持以下观点:干细胞后代(ECs和EBs)中UPD3细胞因子的产生通过调节干细胞微环境(EBs和VMs)中的JAK / STAT信号传导来刺激肠道干细胞分裂。
  • 【在明尼苏达州奥尔姆斯特德县,无烟工作场所法律颁布之前和之后,心肌梗死和心源性猝死。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1001/2013.jamainternmed.46 复制DOI
    作者列表:Hurt RD,Weston SA,Ebbert JO,McNallan SM,Croghan IT,Schroeder DR,Roger VL
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Reductions in admissions for myocardial infarction (MI) have been reported in locales where smoke-free workplace laws have been implemented, but no study has assessed sudden cardiac death in that setting. In 2002, a smoke-free restaurant ordinance was implemented in Olmsted County, Minnesota, and in 2007, all workplaces, including bars, became smoke free. METHODS:To evaluate the population impact of smoke-free laws, we measured, through the Rochester Epidemiology Project, the incidence of MI and sudden cardiac death in Olmsted County during the 18-month period before and after implementation of each smoke-free ordinance. All MIs were continuously abstracted and validated, using rigorous standardized criteria relying on biomarkers, cardiac pain, and Minnesota coding of the electrocardiogram. Sudden cardiac death was defined as out-of-hospital deaths associated with coronary disease. RESULTS:Comparing the 18 months before implementation of the smoke-free restaurant ordinance with the 18 months after implementation of the smoke-free workplace law, the incidence of MI declined by 33% (P < .001), from 150.8 to 100.7 per 100,000 population, and the incidence of sudden cardiac death declined by 17% (P = .13), from 109.1 to 92.0 per 100,000 population. During the same period, the prevalence of smoking declined and that of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity either remained constant or increased. CONCLUSIONS:A substantial decline in the incidence of MI was observed after smoke-free laws were implemented, the magnitude of which is not explained by community cointerventions or changes in cardiovascular risk factors with the exception of smoking prevalence. As trends in other risk factors do not appear explanatory, smoke-free workplace laws seem to be ecologically related to these favorable trends. Secondhand smoke exposure should be considered a modifiable risk factor for MI. All people should avoid secondhand smoke to the extent possible, and people with coronary heart disease should have no exposure to secondhand smoke.
    背景与目标: 背景:在已实施无烟工作场所法律的地区,已有报道称心肌梗死(MI)的住院人数有所减少,但尚无研究评估该地区的突发性心脏病死亡。 2002年,明尼苏达州的奥尔姆斯特德县实施了无烟餐厅条例,2007年,包括酒吧在内的所有工作场所都实现了无烟。
    方法:为了评估无烟法律对人口的影响,我们通过罗切斯特流行病学项目测量了在实施每项无烟条例前后的18个月内,奥尔姆斯特德县的心肌梗死和心源性猝死的发生率。使用严格的标准化标准(依赖于生物标志物,心脏疼痛和心电图的明尼苏达州编码),对所有MI进行持续的抽象和验证。猝死定义为与冠心病相关的院外死亡。
    结果:与实施无烟餐厅条例之前的18个月与实施无烟餐厅工作场所法之后的18个月相比,心梗的发生率下降了33%(P <.001),从每15万人的150.8下降到100.7心脏猝死的发生率降低了17%(P = 0.13),从每10万人口中的109.1降至92.0。在同一时期,吸烟率下降,而高血压,糖尿病,高胆固醇血症和肥胖症的发生率则保持不变或上升。
    结论:实施无烟法律后,心肌梗死的发生率显着下降,除吸烟率外,社区共干预或心血管危险因素的变化不能解释其发生的程度。由于其他危险因素的趋势似乎无法解释,因此,无烟工作场所法律似乎与这些有利趋势在生态上相关。二手烟暴露应被视为可改变的心梗危险因素。所有人都应尽可能避免二手烟,患有冠心病的人也不应接触二手烟。
  • 7 Tobacco-free policies at worksites in Kansas. 复制标题 收藏 收藏

    【堪萨斯州工作场所的无烟政策。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1186/s12889-017-4277-9 复制DOI
    作者列表:Ablah E,Dong F,Konda K
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:This study sought to examine the relationship between tobacco-free policies at worksites to worksite demographics such as company size and geographic location. METHODS:Worksites participating in a worksite wellness workshop were asked to complete a worksite wellness instrument, which provided an assessment of their wellness practices already in place in the worksite, including the degree to which tobacco-free policies were in place at the worksite. RESULTS:At a bivariate level, those more likely to have tobacco-free policies included: urban employers (76.8% versus 50% rural employers, p = 0.0001); large employers (> = 250 employees) (74.3% versus 43.1% small employers (<50 employees), p = 0.0003); and schools (69.4%) and hospitals (61.5%) (versus 35.5%, agricultural/ manufacturing employers, p = 0.0125). At the multivariate level, rural employers (AOR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.23, 0.95) and small employers (AOR = 0.34, 95% CI 0.16, 0.71) had decreased odds, compared to their urban and large employer counterparts, of having tobacco-free policies. CONCLUSIONS:Rural and smaller employers are less likely to have tobacco-free policies than their urban and large counterparts.
    背景与目标: 背景:这项研究试图检验工作场所无烟政策与工作场所人口统计信息(例如公司规模和地理位置)之间的关系。
    方法:要求参加工作场所健康研讨会的工作人员完成工作场所健康工具,以评估其在工作场所中已经实施的健康实践,包括在工作场所制定无烟政策的程度。
    结果:在双变量水平上,更可能实施无烟政策的人群包括:城市雇主(76.8%对50%的农村雇主,p = 0.0001);大型雇主(> = 250名员工)(74.3%相对43.1%小型雇主(<50名员工),p = 0.0003);和学校(69.4%)和医院(61.5%)(相比35.5%,农业/制造业用人单位,p = 0.0125)。在多变量水平上,与城市和大型雇主相比,农村雇主(AOR = 0.47,95%CI 0.23,0.95)和小型雇主(AOR = 0.34,95%CI 0.16,0.71)吸烟的几率降低免税政策。
    结论:与城市和大型雇主相比,农村和较小的雇主制定无烟政策的可能性较小。
  • 【通过社交网络进行知识转移和交流:为烟草控制领域的实践社区奠定基础。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1186/1748-5908-1-20 复制DOI
    作者列表:Norman CD,Huerta T
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Health services and population health innovations advance when knowledge transfer and exchange (KTE) occurs among researchers, practitioners, policy-makers and consumers using high-quality evidence. However, few KTE models have been evaluated in practice. Communities of practice (CoP) - voluntary, self-organizing, and focused groups of individuals and organizations - may provide one option. This paper outlines an approach to lay the foundation for a CoP within the area of Web-assisted tobacco interventions (WATI). The objectives of the study were to provide a data-driven foundation to inform decisions about organizing a CoP within the geographically diverse, multi-disciplinary WATI group using evaluation and social network methodologies. METHODS:A single-group design was employed using a survey of expectations, knowledge, and interpersonal WATI-related relationships administered prior to a meeting of the WATI group followed by a 3-week post-meeting Web survey to assess short-term impact on learning and networking outcomes. RESULTS:Twenty-three of 27 WATI attendees (85%) from diverse disciplinary and practice backgrounds completed the baseline survey, with 21 (91%) of those participants completing the three-week follow-up. Participants had modest expectations of the meeting at baseline. A social network map produced from the data illustrated a centralized, yet sparse network comprising of interdisciplinary teams with little trans-sectoral collaboration. Three-week follow-up survey results showed that participants had made new network connections and had actively engaged in KTE activities with WATI members outside their original network. CONCLUSION:Data illustrating both the shape and size of the WATI network as well as member's interests and commitment to KTE, when shared and used to frame action steps, can positively influence the motivation to collaborate and create communities of practice. Guiding KTE planning through blending data and theory can create more informed transdisciplinary and trans-sectoral collaboration environments.
    背景与目标: 背景:当研究人员,从业人员,政策制定者和消费者之间使用高质量的证据进行知识转移和交换(KTE)时,卫生服务和人口卫生创新就会发展。但是,实践中很少评估KTE模型。实践社区(CoP)-自愿的,自组织的和有针对性的个人和组织团体-可以提供一种选择。本文概述了一种在网络辅助烟草干预(WATI)领域为CoP奠定基础的方法。这项研究的目的是提供一个数据驱动的基础,以使用评估和社交网络方法为在地理上多样化,多学科的WATI小组内组织CoP的决策提供依据。
    方法:采用单组设计,其方法是在WATI组会议之前对期望,知识和人际WATI相关关系进行调查,然后进行为期3周的会议后Web调查,以评估对WATI组的短期影响。学习和社交成果。
    结果:来自不同学科和实践背景的27名WATI参与者中有23名(85%)完成了基线调查,其中21名(91%)的参与者完成了为期三周的随访。与会者对基线会议的期望不高。根据数据生成的社交网络图说明了一个集中但稀疏的网络,该网络由跨学科协作很少的跨学科团队组成。为期三周的跟踪调查结果表明,参与者建立了新的网络连接,并与原始网络之外的WATI成员积极地开展了KTE活动。
    结论:通过数据说明WATI网络的形状和规模,以及会员的利益和对KTE的承诺,在共享并用于制定行动步骤时,这些数据可以对合作和创建实践社区的动机产生积极影响。通过融合数据和理论来指导KTE计划可以创建更明智的跨学科和跨部门协作环境。
  • 【环境生物粘附:主题和应用。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/s0958-1669(97)80008-0 复制DOI
    作者列表:Burzio LO,Burzio VA,Silva T,Burzio LA,Pardo J
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Many marine organisms attach to underwater surfaces using protein adhesives. These are basic proteins with high levels of the amino acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and an extended flexible conformation. The hydroxylation of tyrosine residues plays a key role in the chemisorption of these polymers to surfaces and in the setting of the adhesive. These unique proteins are attracting biotechnological attention for application in industry and medicine. Recent development on the immobilization of antigens and antibodies, enzymes, cells and tissues, illustrate the great potential use of these adhesives for diagnostics and medicine. The use of these adhesive proteins as anticorrosive coats for metal also suggests important applications for industry.
    背景与目标: :许多海洋生物使用蛋白质粘合剂附着在水下表面上。这些是碱性蛋白质,具有高水平的氨基酸3,4-二羟基苯丙氨酸和扩展的柔性构象。酪氨酸残基的羟基化在这些聚合物化学吸附到表面和粘合剂的固化过程中起着关键作用。这些独特的蛋白质在工业和医学中的应用吸引了生物技术的关注。固定化抗原和抗体,酶,细胞和组织的最新进展表明,这些粘合剂在诊断和医学上具有巨大的潜在用途。这些粘合蛋白作为金属的防腐涂层的使用也暗示了工业上的重要应用。
  • 【来自烟草的反馈不敏感邻氨基苯甲酸合酶基因的表达增加了大豆植物中的游离色氨酸。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s00299-007-0381-0 复制DOI
    作者列表:Inaba Y,Brotherton JE,Ulanov A,Widholm JM
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] embryogenic cultures were transformed by particle bombardment with the feedback-insensitive tobacco anthranilate synthase (AS) gene ASA2 driven by the CaMV 35S promoter and selected using hph as the selectable marker gene. Only one of eight regenerated lines that set seed and contained ASA2 expressed the gene highly and contained increased free tryptophan (Trp) levels in leaves, seeds and embryogenic cultures. Leaf extracts of the ASA2 expressing line contained about twice as much AS enzyme activity as the untransformed control and this activity was only slightly more feedback-insensitive. Amino acid analysis showed that both leaves and embryogenic tissue cultures of the ASA2 expressing line had four to five-times the normal levels of free Trp and slightly higher free tyrosine and phenylalanine. The seed total Trp content was only slightly increased. Metabolic profiling-analysis by GC-MS detected no other consistent differences. These studies show that the ASA2 gene can be expressed in soybean and that modest changes in Trp synthesis occurs.
    背景与目标: :大豆[Glycine max(L.)Merr。]胚性培养物通过由CaMV 35S启动子驱动的反馈不敏感的烟草邻氨基苯甲酸合酶(AS)基因ASA2进行粒子轰击进行转化,并使用hph作为选择标记基因进行选择。八个定植种子并含有ASA2的再生系中只有一个表达该基因,并且在叶片,种子和胚发生培养物中的游离色氨酸(Trp)水平升高。表达ASA2的品系的叶提取物所含的AS酶活性约为未转化对照的两倍,该活性对反馈的敏感性稍高。氨基酸分析表明,ASA2表达株系的叶片和胚发生组织培养物的游离Trp含量是正常水平的4至5倍,游离酪氨酸和苯丙氨酸含量稍高。种子总色氨酸含量仅略有增加。 GC-MS进行的代谢谱分析没有发现其他一致的差异。这些研究表明,ASA2基因可以在大豆中表达,并且Trp合成发生适度的变化。
  • 【烟曲霉中的新型环境偶氮抗性突变及其在性繁殖中的性繁殖的可能作用。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    影响因子 :
    发表时间:2017-06-27
    来源期刊:mBio
    DOI:10.1128/mBio.00791-17 复制DOI
    作者列表:Zhang J,Snelders E,Zwaan BJ,Schoustra SE,Meis JF,van Dijk K,Hagen F,van der Beek MT,Kampinga GA,Zoll J,Melchers WJG,Verweij PE,Debets AJM
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study investigated the dynamics of Aspergillus fumigatus azole-resistant phenotypes in two compost heaps with contrasting azole exposures: azole free and azole exposed. After heat shock, to which sexual but not asexual spores are highly resistant, the azole-free compost yielded 98% (49/50) wild-type and 2% (1/50) azole-resistant isolates, whereas the azole-containing compost yielded 9% (4/45) wild-type and 91% (41/45) resistant isolates. From the latter compost, 80% (36/45) of the isolates contained the TR46/Y121F/T289A genotype, 2% (1/45) harbored the TR46/Y121F/M172I/T289A/G448S genotype, and 9% (4/45) had a novel pan-triazole-resistant mutation (TR463/Y121F/M172I/T289A/G448S) with a triple 46-bp promoter repeat. Subsequent screening of a representative set of clinical A. fumigatus isolates showed that the novel TR463 mutant was already present in samples from three Dutch medical centers collected since 2012. Furthermore, a second new resistance mutation was found in this set that harbored four TR46 repeats. Importantly, in the laboratory, we recovered the TR463 mutation from a sexual cross between two TR46 isolates from the same azole-containing compost, possibly through unequal crossing over between the double tandem repeats (TRs) during meiosis. This possible role of sexual reproduction in the emergence of the mutation was further implicated by the high level of genetic diversity of STR genotypes in the azole-containing compost. Our study confirms that azole resistance mutations continue to emerge in the environment and indicates compost containing azole residues as a possible hot spot. Better insight into the biology of environmental resistance selection is needed to retain the azole class for use in food production and treatment of Aspergillus diseases.IMPORTANCE Composting of organic matter containing azole residues might be important for resistance development and subsequent spread of resistance mutations in Aspergillus fumigatus In this article, we show the dominance of azole-resistant A. fumigatus in azole-exposed compost and the discovery of a new resistance mutation with clinical relevance. Furthermore, our study indicates that current fungicide application is not sustainable as new resistance mutations continue to emerge, thereby threatening the use of triazoles in medicine. We provide evidence that the sexual part of the fungal life cycle may play a role in the emergence of resistance mutations because under laboratory conditions, we reconstructed the resistance mutation through sexual crossing of two azole-resistant A. fumigatus isolates derived from the same compost heap. Understanding the mechanisms of resistance selection in the environment is needed to design strategies against the accumulation of resistance mutations in order to retain the azole class for crop protection and treatment of Aspergillus diseases.
    背景与目标: :这项研究调查了两个堆肥堆中烟熏曲霉的耐唑性表型的动态变化,这两种情况下与吡咯暴露的情况相反:无吡咯和暴露于吡咯。在热休克后,对性但非无性孢子具有很高的抵抗力,无唑堆肥产生98%(49/50)野生型和2%(1/50)对唑的抗药性,而含吡咯的堆肥产生9%(4/45)野生型和91%(41/45)抗性分离株。在后一种堆肥中,80%(36/45)的分离株含有TR46 / Y121F / T289A基因型,2%(1/45)具有TR46 / Y121F / M172I / T289A / G448S基因型,9%(4 / 45)具有新的泛三唑抗性突变(TR463 / Y121F / M172I / T289A / G448S),具有三重46 bp启动子重复序列。随后对代表性的临床烟曲霉菌株进行了筛选,结果显示自2012年以来从三个荷兰医学中心收集的样品中已经存在新的TR463突变体。此外,在该菌株中发现了第二个新的耐药突变,其中包含四个TR46重复序列。重要的是,在实验室中,我们可能是通过减数分裂过程中双串联重复序列(TR)之间的不相等交换,从同一个含唑的堆肥中的两个TR46分离株之间的有性杂交中恢复了TR463突变。在含唑的堆肥中,STR基因型的高遗传多样性进一步暗示了性繁殖在突变出现中的这种可能作用。我们的研究证实,环境中仍会继续出现唑类抗性突变,并表明含有唑类残留物的堆肥可能是热点。需要更好地了解环境抗性选择的生物学以保持唑类用于食品生产和治疗曲霉病。重要事项含吡咯残留物的有机物的堆肥对于烟曲霉的抗性发展和随后的抗性突变的传播可能很重要。在本文中,我们显示了对吡唑有抵抗力的烟曲霉在暴露有吡咯的堆肥中的优势地位,并发现了与临床相关的新的抗药性突变。此外,我们的研究表明,随着新的耐药性突变的不断出现,当前杀菌剂的应用是不可持续的,从而威胁到三唑类药物的使用。我们提供的证据表明,真菌生命周期的性部分可能在耐药性突变的出现中起作用,因为在实验室条件下,我们通过对两个具有唑类抗性的A进行有性杂交来重建耐药性突变。来自同一堆肥堆的烟熏分离株。需要了解环境中抗性选择的机制,以设计针对抗性突变积累的策略,以保留用于农作物保护和曲霉病治疗的唑类。
  • 【吸烟渴望可以预测戒烟治疗后的青少年吸烟者会吸烟。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1080/14622200701365178 复制DOI
    作者列表:Bagot KS,Heishman SJ,Moolchan ET
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Previous research indicates that tobacco craving predicts relapse to smoking among adult smokers attempting to quit. We hypothesized a similar relationship between craving and lapse (any smoking following a period of abstinence) among adolescent smokers during the treatment phase of a clinical trial. A visit was considered a lapse visit if the participant reported smoking or had a carbon monoxide level of 7 ppm or greater subsequent to an abstinent visit. A total of 34 participants (mean age = 14.9 years [SD = 1.3]; mean cigarettes/day = 18.0 [SD = 7.6]; mean Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence score = 6.8 [SD = 1.34]; 65% female), were included in the present analysis of 167 treatment visits. Logistic regression analyses showed a positive relationship between degree of craving, measured by the Questionnaire on Smoking Urges, and lapse during smoking cessation treatment (p = .013). Additionally, linear regression analyses demonstrated a strong positive association between cigarettes smoked per day and craving scores (p<.001). Taken together with other data, these findings suggest that degree of craving might influence tobacco abstinence for adolescent smokers. Thus monitoring and addressing craving appears useful to increase the success of adolescent smoking cessation.
    背景与目标: :先前的研究表明,对烟草的渴望可以预测试图戒烟的成年吸烟者会再次吸烟。我们假设在临床试验的治疗阶段,青少年吸烟者的渴望与失误(戒酒一段时间后吸烟)之间存在类似的关系。如果参与者在戒酒后报告吸烟或一氧化碳水平为7 ppm或更高,则该访视被视为失访。共有34位参与者(平均年龄= 14.9岁[SD = 1.3];平均每天吸烟= 18.0 [SD = 7.6];平均Fagerström尼古丁依赖性评分测试= 6.8 [SD = 1.34]; 65%是女性)目前对167次治疗就诊的分析中已包括在内。 Logistic回归分析显示,渴望度(由吸烟急症问卷调查)与戒烟治疗期间的消退之间呈正相关(p = 0.013)。此外,线性回归分析表明每天吸烟与渴望分数之间有很强的正相关性(p <.001)。结合其他数据,这些发现表明,渴望程度可能会影响青少年吸烟者的戒烟。因此,监测和解决渴望对增加青少年戒烟的成功率似乎是有用的。
  • 【进化性的拯救和对突然的环境变化的适应取决于压力的历史。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1098/rstb.2012.0079 复制DOI
    作者列表:Gonzalez A,Bell G
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Whether evolution will be rapid enough to rescue declining populations will depend upon population size, the supply of genetic variation, the degree of maladaptation and the historical direction of selection. We examined whether the level of environmental stress experienced by a population prior to abrupt environmental change affects the probability of evolutionary rescue (ER). Hundreds of populations of two species of yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces paradoxus were exposed to a range of sublethal concentrations of salt for approximately a hundred generations before transfer to a concentration of salt lethal to the ancestor (150 g l(-1) NaCl). The fitness of surviving populations of both species was a quadratic function of yield: fitness was greatest for large populations that had been selected on low salt concentrations (less than 20 g l(-1) NaCl) and small populations that had adapted to high salt (more than 80 g l(-1) NaCl). However, differences occurred between species in the probability of ER. The frequency of ER was positively correlated with salt concentration for S. cerevisiae, but negatively correlated with salt concentration in S. paradoxus. These results not only demonstrate that past environmental conditions can determine the probability of ER after abrupt environmental change, but also suggest that there may even be differences between closely related species that are worth further exploration.
    背景与目标: :进化是否足够快以挽救数量下降的种群,将取决于种群的大小,遗传变异的供给,适应不良的程度以及选择的历史方向。我们检查了人口在突然的环境变化之前经历的环境压力水平是否影响进化救援(ER)的可能性。在转移到对祖先致死的盐浓度(150 g l(-1)NaCl)之前,数百种两种酵母菌,酿酒酵母和悖论酵母暴露于一系列亚致死浓度的盐中大约一百代。两种物种的存活种群的适应度是产量的二次函数:适应度最高的是选择了低盐浓度(小于20 gl(-1)NaCl)的大种群和适应高盐的小种群(超过80 gl(-1)NaCl)。但是,不同物种之间发生ER的可能性有所不同。 ER的频率与酿酒酵母中的盐浓度呈正相关,而与悖论中的盐浓度呈负相关。这些结果不仅表明过去的环境条件可以确定环境突变后发生内质网的可能性,而且还表明,密切相关的物种之间甚至可能存在差异,值得进一步探索。
  • 【在巴西Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis适应不同环境条件的过程中涉及90 kDa热激蛋白。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.fgb.2012.11.005 复制DOI
    作者列表:Tamayo D,Muñoz JF,Torres I,Almeida AJ,Restrepo A,McEwen JG,Hernández O
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :HSP90 is a molecular chaperone that participates in folding, stabilization, activation, and assembly of several proteins, all of which are key regulators in cell signaling. In dimorphic pathogenic fungi such as Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the adaptation to a higher temperature, acid pH and oxidative stress, is an essential event for fungal survival and also for the establishing of the infectious process. To further understand the role of this protein, we used antisense RNA technology to generate a P. brasiliensis isolate with reduced PbHSP90 gene expression (PbHSP90-aRNA). Reduced expression of HSP90 decreased yeast cell viability during batch culture growth and increased susceptibility to acid pH environments and imposed oxidative stress. Also, PbHSP90-aRNA yeast cells presented reduced viability upon interaction with macrophages. The findings presented here suggest a protective role for HSP90 during adaptation to hostile environments, one that promotes survival of the fungus during host-pathogen interactions.
    背景与目标: :HSP90是一种分子伴侣,参与多种蛋白质的折叠,稳定,激活和组装,所有这些都是细胞信号传导中的关键调控因子。在双态致病性真菌(如巴西副球菌)中,适应更高的温度,酸性pH和氧化应激,是真菌存活和建立感染过程的重要事件。为了进一步了解该蛋白的作用,我们使用了反义RNA技术来生成具有降低的PbHSP90基因表达的巴西假单胞菌分离物(PbHSP90-aRNA)。 HSP90的表达降低会降低分批培养物生长过程中酵母细胞的活力,并增加对酸性pH环境的敏感性和施加的氧化应激。同样,PbHSP90-aRNA酵母细胞与巨噬细胞相互作用后,活力降低。此处提出的发现表明,HSP90在适应敌对环境期间具有保护作用,可在宿主与病原体相互作用期间促进真菌的存活。
  • 【斯洛伐克前多金属矿开采和冶炼区的环境和健康风险评估:四个不同生态系统中汞的空间分布和积累。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.06.020 复制DOI
    作者列表:Árvay J,Demková L,Hauptvogl M,Michalko M,Bajčan D,Stanovič R,Tomáš J,Hrstková M,Trebichalský P
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Former long-term mining and smelting of pollymetallic ores in the Middle Spiš area caused a serious contamination problem of the environment with heavy metals and metalloids, especially mercury (Hg). Several studies have reported concentration of Hg in the area but this paper provides first detailed characterization of Hg contamination of different environmental components in agricultural, forest, grassland and urban ecosystems. The ecosystems are in different distances from emission sources - former mercury and copper smelting plants in NE Slovakia. Total Hg content was studied in soil/substrate samples (n = 234) and characteristic biological samples (Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth, Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer, Boletus edulis Bull., Cyanoboletus pulverulentus (Opat.) Gelardi, Vizzini & Simonini, Triticum aestivum (L.), Poa pratensis (L.)) (n = 234) collected in the above-mentioned ecosystems. The level of contamination and environmental risks were assessed by contamination factor (Cf), index of geoaccumulation (Igeo) and potential environmental risk index (PER). To determine the level of transition of Hg from abiotic to biotic environment, bioconcentration factor (BCF) was used. To determine a health risk resulting from regular and long-term consumption of the locally available species, the results of the Hg content were compared with the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) for Hg defined by World Health Organization. The results suggest that almost 63% of the area belong to the very high risk category and 80% of the sampling sites shown very high contamination factor. Geoaccumulation index showed that almost 30% of the area is very strongly contaminated and only 8% is not contaminated with Hg. Spearman's correlation relationship confirmed that the values of PER, BCF, Cf and Igeo decreased with an increasing distance from the pollution source. The percentage of contribution to PTWI ranged between 5.76-69.0% for adults and 11.5-138% for children. Mushroom M. procera showed the highest %PTWI among the tested biological samples. Studied ecotoxicological parameters showed high level of health risk for population living in the area. Consumption of the crops grown in the area and mainly edible wild mushrooms might negatively affect the health of the consumers in the long-term.
    背景与目标: :斯皮什中部地区过去长期开采和冶炼金属金属矿石,导致环境中的重金属和准金属,尤其是汞(Hg)受到严重污染。几项研究报告了该地区汞的浓度,但是本文首先详细介绍了农业,森林,草原和城市生态系统中不同环境成分的汞污染特征。生态系统与排放源的距离不同-斯洛伐克东北部以前的汞和铜冶炼厂。在土壤/基质样品(n = 234)和特征性生物样品(Athyrium filix-femina(L.)Roth,Macrolepiota procera(Scop。)歌手,Boletus edulis Bull。,Cyanoboletus pulverulentus(Opat。)Gelardi)中研究了总汞含量,维齐尼和西蒙尼尼,普通小麦(L.),波阿普拉(L.))(n = 234)收集在上述生态系统中。通过污染因子(Cf),地质累积指数(Igeo)和潜在环境风险指数(PER)评估污染水平和环境风险。为了确定汞从非生物环境向生物环境的过渡水平,使用了生物浓缩因子(BCF)。为了确定长期和长期食用当地可用物种而引起的健康风险,将汞含量的结果与世界卫生组织确定的汞的暂定每周耐受摄入量(PTWI)进行了比较。结果表明,几乎63%的区域属于极高风险类别,而80%的采样点显示极高的污染因子。地质累积指数表明,该地区近30%的区域受到非常严重的污染,只有8%的区域未被Hg污染。 Spearman的相关关系证实,PER,BCF,Cf和Igeo的值随着距污染源距离的增加而降低。成人对PTWI的贡献百分比在5.76-69.0%之间,儿童为11.5-138%。在所测试的生物样品中,蘑菇proc。procera显示出最高的%PTWI。研究的生态毒理学参数显示出该地区居民的健康风险较高。从长远来看,该地区种植的农作物和主要是食用野生蘑菇的消费可能会对消费者的健康产生负面影响。

+1
+2
100研值 100研值 ¥99课程
检索文献一次
下载文献一次

去下载>

成功解锁2个技能,为你点赞

《SCI写作十大必备语法》
解决你的SCI语法难题!

技能熟练度+1

视频课《玩转文献检索》
让你成为检索达人!

恭喜完成新手挑战

手机微信扫一扫,添加好友领取

免费领《Endnote文献管理工具+教程》

微信扫码, 免费领取

手机登录

获取验证码
登录