This study examines the effect of age on oedema and brain swelling, and associated glial cell involvement on the size of the lesion in two models of permanent, focal cerebral ischaemia. Ischaemia was induced in male C57BL/Icrfat mice (4-6 and 26-31-month-old) by middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion using either electrocoagulation after craniotomy (MCA/craniotomy), or by an intraluminal filament through the carotid artery (MCA/icf). Twenty-four hours after inducing ischaemia, brain swelling and lesion size were measured in young and aged mice, and cerebral oedema by wet/dry brain weights. Histopathology and immunocytochemistry were performed on a separate set of perfusion fixed brains. The MCA/icf technique produced a significantly larger lesion than MCA/craniotomy in both age groups. The percentage of water taken into the brain was significantly greater after MCA/icf, with aged mice showing the greatest increase. When lesion size was corrected for brain swelling there was no age-related increase in the size of the lesion. The numbers of microglia and astroglia increased significantly in the parietal cortex of aged control animals, and there were qualitative differences in the glial response between the two stroke models. This study emphasizes the importance of age in models of permanent focal ischaemia, with oedema clearly being a significant factor. Differ-ences in the responsiveness of the glial cell population with age may be of fundamental importance in the progress of ischaemic brain damage.