• 【审查撒哈拉以南非洲和印度洋非洲猪瘟的动荡周期。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.virusres.2012.10.005 复制DOI
    作者列表:Jori F,Vial L,Penrith ML,Pérez-Sánchez R,Etter E,Albina E,Michaud V,Roger F
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :African swine fever (ASF) is a major limiting factor for pig production in most of the countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian Ocean. In the absence of vaccine, a good understanding of the ecology and epidemiology of the disease is fundamental to implement effective control measures. In selected countries of Southern and East Africa, the association between Ornithodoros moubata ticks and warthogs has been described in detail in the literature. However, for many other countries in the region, information related to the sylvatic cycle is lacking or incomplete. In West African countries, for instance, the role of wild pigs in the epidemiology of ASF has never been demonstrated and the existence and potential impact of a sylvatic cycle involving an association between soft ticks and warthogs is questionable. In other countries, other wild pig species such as the bushpigs (Potamochoerus spp.) can also be asymptomatically infected by the virus but their role in the epidemiology of the disease is unclear and might differ according to geographic regions. In addition, the methods and techniques required to study the role of wild hosts in ASF virus (ASFV) epidemiology and ecology are very specific and differ from the more traditional methods to study domestic pigs or other tick species. The aim of this review is (i) to provide a descriptive list of the methodologies implemented to study the role of wild hosts in African swine fever, (ii) to compile the available knowledge about the sylvatic cycle of ASFV in different regions of Sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian Ocean in addition to the one that has been described for East and Southern Africa, and (iii) to discuss current methodologies and available knowledge in order to identify new orientations for further field and experimental surveys.
    背景与目标: 非洲猪瘟(ASF)是撒哈拉以南非洲和印度洋大多数国家/地区猪生产的主要限制因素。在没有疫苗的情况下,对疾病的生态学和流行病学有充分的了解是实施有效控制措施的基础。在南部非洲和东非的选定国家中,文献中已详细描述了鸟嘴Or和疣猪之间的联系。但是,对于该地区的许多其他国家来说,与sylvatic周期有关的信息仍然缺乏或不完整。例如,在西非国家,从未证明过野猪在ASF流行病学中的作用,而且涉及软壁虱和疣猪之间的森林周期的存在及其潜在影响值得怀疑。在其他国家/地区,其他野猪物种(例如,丛林猪(Potamochoerus spp。))也可能无症状感染该病毒,但尚不清楚它们在该疾病流行病学中的作用,并且可能因地理区域而异。此外,研究野生宿主在ASF病毒(ASFV)流行病学和生态学中的作用所需的方法和技术非常具体,不同于研究家猪或其他壁虱物种的更传统的方法。这项审查的目的是(i)提供描述性方法列表,以实施研究野生宿主在非洲猪瘟中的作用的方法;(ii)汇编有关亚SFV子区不同区域的ASFV sylvatic周期的现有知识。撒哈拉以南非洲和印度洋,以及已经描述的东非和南部非洲的一种,以及(iii)讨论当前的方法和可用知识,以便为进一步的野外调查和实验调查确定新的方向。
  • 【厨师何时领养学校?评估英语小学的烹饪干预措施。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.appet.2012.11.007 复制DOI
    作者列表:Caraher M,Seeley A,Wu M,Lloyd S
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This article sets out the findings from research on the impact of a, UK based, chefs in schools teaching programme on food, health, nutrition and cookery. Professional chefs link with local schools, where they deliver up to three sessions to one class over a year. The research measured the impact of a standardised intervention package and changes in food preparation and consumption as well as measuring cooking confidence. The target group was 9-11year olds in four schools. The main data collection method was a questionnaire delivered 2weeks before the intervention and 2weeks afterwards. There was a group of four matched control schools. Those taking part in the intervention were enthused and engaged by the sessions and the impact measures indicated an intention to change. There were gains in skills and confidence to prepare and ask for the ingredients to be purchased for use in the home. Following the session with the chef, the average reported cooking confidence score increased from 3.09 to 3.35 (by 0.26 points) in the intervention group - a statistically significant improvement. In the control group this change was not statistically significant. Children's average reported vegetable consumption increased after the session with the chef, with the consumption score increasing from 2.24 to 2.46 points (0.22 points) again, a statistically significant increase with no significant changes in the control group. The research highlights the need to incorporate evaluation into school cooking initiatives as the findings can provide valuable information necessary to fine-tune interventions and to ensure consistency of the healthy eating messages.
    背景与目标: :本文列出了英国某位厨师在学校教学计划中对食品,健康,营养和烹饪产生的影响方面的研究结果。专业厨师与当地学校建立了联系,在当地学校,一年中最多可为一个班级提供三节课程。该研究测量了标准化干预措施的影响以及食品制备和食用变化以及对烹饪信心的衡量。目标人群是四所学校的9-11岁儿童。主要数据收集方法是在干预前2周和干预后2周发送问卷。有四所匹配的对照学校。参加会议的人热情而参与,影响措施表明有改变的意向。准备和要求购买在家中使用的食材时,技巧和信心得到了提高。与厨师会面后,干预组的平均报告烹饪信心评分从3.09提高到3.35(增加0.26分),具有统计学意义。在对照组中,这种变化没有统计学意义。与厨师开会后,儿童的平均报告蔬菜摄入量有所增加,其食用分数再次从2.24分提高到2.46分(0.22分),在统计学上有显着增加,而对照组没有显着变化。这项研究强调了将评估纳入学校烹饪计划的必要性,因为研究结果可以提供必要的有价值的信息,以微调干预措施并确保健康饮食信息的一致性。
  • 【南非的Martin-Gruber联系。解剖学研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/s0266-7681(97)80396-8 复制DOI
    作者列表:Taams KO
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: One hundred and twelve forearms in 56 preserved cadavers were dissected to assess the incidence of Martin-Gruber connections in a population in South Africa. The connections were found in 13 cadavers (23%) and one was bilateral. There were no significant racial or sexual differences in the incidence. The course of Martin-Gruber connections and their anatomical relationship with the ulnar artery are illustrated.

    背景与目标: 解剖了56个保存完好的尸体中的11个前臂,以评估南非人口中Martin-Gruber连接的发生率。在13具尸体(占23%)中发现了这种联系,其中一种是双边的。发病率没有明显的种族或性别差异。阐明了Martin-Gruber连接的过程以及它们与尺动脉的解剖关系。

  • 【针对非英语母语作者的科学家友好政策:及时且受欢迎。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1590/s0100-879x2007000600001 复制DOI
    作者列表:Vasconcelos SM,Sorenson MM,Leta J
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :That English is the lingua franca of today's science is an indisputable fact. Publication in English in international journals is a pre-requisite for a research paper to gain visibility in academia. However, English proficiency appears to be taken for granted in the scientific community, though this language can be a hurdle for a number of authors, particularly from non-native English-speaking countries. The influence of English proficiency on the publication output of Brazilian authors has never been assessed. We report our preliminary data on the relationship between the English proficiency of 51,223 researchers registered in the CNPq database and their publication output in international journals. We have found that publication rates are higher for those authors with good command of English, particularly written English. Although our research is still underway and our results are preliminary, they suggest that the correlation between written English proficiency and research productivity should not be underestimated. We also present the comments of some Brazilian scientists with high publication records on the relevance of communication skills to the scientific enterprise.
    背景与目标: :英语是当今科学的通用语,这是不争的事实。在国际期刊上以英语发表是研究论文在学术界获得知名度的前提。但是,英语水平似乎在科学界是理所当然的,尽管这种语言可能会阻碍许多作者,尤其是来自非英语国家的作者。从未评估过英语水平对巴西作者的出版物输出的影响。我们报告了有关CNPq数据库中注册的51,223名研究人员的英语水平与他们在国际期刊上的出版物输出之间的关系的初步数据。我们发现,英语水平特别是书面英语水平较高的那些作者的出版率更高。尽管我们的研究仍在进行中,并且我们的结果只是初步的,但他们认为,英语笔试水平和研究效率之间的相关性不应低估。我们还介绍了一些发表率很高的巴西科学家对交流技巧与科学事业的相关性的评论。
  • 【冈比亚按蚊2La染色体倒置与非洲对恶性疟原虫的易感性有关。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.7554/eLife.25813 复制DOI
    作者列表:Riehle MM,Bukhari T,Gneme A,Guelbeogo WM,Coulibaly B,Fofana A,Pain A,Bischoff E,Renaud F,Beavogui AH,Traore SF,Sagnon N,Vernick KD
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Chromosome inversions suppress genetic recombination and establish co-adapted gene complexes, or supergenes. The 2La inversion is a widespread polymorphism in the Anopheles gambiae species complex, the major African mosquito vectors of human malaria. Here we show that alleles of the 2La inversion are associated with natural malaria infection levels in wild-captured vectors from West and East Africa. Mosquitoes carrying the more-susceptible allele (2L+a) are also behaviorally less likely to be found inside houses. Vector control tools that target indoor-resting mosquitoes, such as bednets and insecticides, are currently the cornerstone of malaria control in Africa. Populations with high levels of the 2L+a allele may form reservoirs of persistent outdoor malaria transmission requiring novel measures for surveillance and control. The 2La inversion is a major and previously unappreciated component of the natural malaria transmission system in Africa, influencing both malaria susceptibility and vector behavior.
    背景与目标: :染色体倒置抑制基因重组并建立共同适应的基因复合体或超基因。 2La倒位是冈比亚按蚊物种复合体(人类疟疾的主要非洲蚊媒)中广泛的多态性。在这里,我们显示了2La倒位的等位基因与来自西非和东非的野生捕获载体中的自然疟疾感染水平相关。携带易感性等位基因(2L a)的蚊子在行为上也不太可能在房屋内被发现。目前,针对室内休息蚊子的病媒控制工具(例如蚊帐和杀虫剂)是非洲控制疟疾的基石。 2L等位基因水平较高的人群可能会形成持续的室外疟疾传播库,需要采取新的监视和控制措施。 2La倒置是非洲自然疟疾传播系统的主要组成部分,而以前却未被重视,它既影响了疟疾易感性,又影响了媒介的行为。
  • 【在撒哈拉以南非洲,HIV诊断与开始抗逆转录病毒治疗之间的程序丢失:系统评价和荟萃分析。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2012.03089.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Mugglin C,Estill J,Wandeler G,Bender N,Egger M,Gsponer T,Keiser O,IeDEA Southern Africa.
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To assess the proportion of patients lost to programme (died, lost to follow-up, transferred out) between HIV diagnosis and start of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in sub-Saharan Africa, and determine factors associated with loss to programme. METHODS:Systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched PubMed and EMBASE databases for studies in adults. Outcomes were the percentage of patients dying before starting ART, the percentage lost to follow-up, the percentage with a CD4 cell count, the distribution of first CD4 counts and the percentage of eligible patients starting ART. Data were combined using random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS:Twenty-nine studies from sub-Saharan Africa including 148,912 patients were analysed. Six studies covered the whole period from HIV diagnosis to ART start. Meta-analysis of these studies showed that of the 100 patients with a positive HIV test, 72 (95% CI 60-84) had a CD4 cell count measured, 40 (95% CI 26-55) were eligible for ART and 25 (95% CI 13-37) started ART. There was substantial heterogeneity between studies (P < 0.0001). Median CD4 cell count at presentation ranged from 154 to 274 cells/μl. Patients eligible for ART were less likely to become lost to programme (25%vs. 54%, P < 0.0001), but eligible patients were more likely to die (11%vs. 5%, P < 0.0001) than ineligible patients. Loss to programme was higher in men, in patients with low CD4 cell counts and low socio-economic status and in recent time periods. CONCLUSIONS:Monitoring and care in the pre-ART time period need improvement, with greater emphasis on patients not yet eligible for ART.
    背景与目标: 目的:评估在撒哈拉以南非洲艾滋病毒诊断与开始抗逆转录病毒治疗(ART)之间因计划而流失(死亡,失去随访,转出)的患者比例,并确定与计划流失相关的因素。
    方法:系统评价和荟萃分析。我们在PubMed和EMBASE数据库中进行了成人研究。结果是开始接受抗逆转录病毒治疗之前死亡的患者百分比,随访损失的百分比,具有CD4细胞计数的百分比,首次CD4计数的分布以及符合条件的开始抗逆转录病毒治疗的患者的百分比。使用随机效应荟萃分析合并数据。
    结果:分析了来自撒哈拉以南非洲地区的29项研究,包括148,912名患者。六项研究涵盖了从艾滋病毒诊断到抗病毒治疗的整个过程。对这些研究的荟萃分析显示,在100例HIV检测呈阳性的患者中,有72例(95%CI 60-84)的CD4细胞计数被测量,40例(95%CI 26-55)符合ART的条件,而25例(95%CI 26-55)符合条件。 95%CI 13-37)开始接受抗逆转录病毒治疗。研究之间存在很大的异质性(P <0.0001)。呈现时CD4细胞的中位数范围为154至274细胞/μl。有资格接受抗逆转录病毒治疗的患者不太可能失去程序(25%vs. 54%,P <0.0001),但与不符合资格的患者相比,有资格死亡的患者更有可能死亡(11%vs. 5%,P <0.0001)。男性,CD4细胞计数低,社会经济地位低的患者以及最近一段时间的程序丢失率更高。
    结论:在ART治疗之前的时期内的监测和护理需要改善,重点更多的是尚未获得ART治疗资格的患者。
  • 【南非在卫生方面的公私互动:扩大规模的机会。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1093/heapol/czt042 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kula N,Fryatt RJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :South Africa has long recognized partnerships between the public and private sectors as a policy objective in health, but experience is still limited and poorly documented. The objectives of this article are to understand the factors that increase the likelihood of success of public-private interactions in South Africa, and identify and discuss opportunities for them to be scaled up. There is a strong legislative framework and a number of guidelines and tools that have been developed by the Treasury for managing partnerships. The review of literature confirmed the need for the state to have effective regulations in order to oversee quality and standards and to provide stewardship and oversight. The public sector requires sufficient capacity not only to manage relationships with the private sector but also to enable innovation and experimentation. Evaluation is an integral part of all interactions not only to learn from successes but also to identify any perverse incentives that may lead to unintended consequences. Four case studies show that the private for-profit sector is already engaged in a number of projects that are closely aligned to current health system reform priorities. Factors that increase the likelihood of interactions being successful include: increasing the government's capacity to manage public-private relationships; choosing public-private interactions that are strategically important to national goals; building a knowledge base on what works, where and why; moving from pilots to large scale initiatives; harnessing the contracting expertise in private providers; and encouraging innovation and learning.
    背景与目标: 南非:长期以来,公立和私营部门之间的伙伴关系已被公认为卫生领域的政策目标,但经验仍然有限,文献记载也很少。本文的目的是了解增加南非公私互动成功的可能性的因素,并确定和讨论扩大其规模的机会。财政部已经建立了强有力的立法框架以及许多准则和工具来管理伙伴关系。对文献的审查证实,国家有必要制定有效的法规,以监督质量和标准,并提供管理和监督。公共部门不仅需要足够的能力来管理与私营部门的关系,而且还需要进行创新和试验。评估是所有互动中不可或缺的一部分,不仅可以从成功中学习,而且可以识别可能导致意想不到的后果的任何不正当动机。四个案例研究表明,私营营利部门已经参与了许多与当前卫生系统改革优先事项紧密相关的项目。增加互动成功的可能性的因素包括:提高政府管理公私关系的能力;选择对国家目标具有战略意义的公私互动;建立关于什么有效,在哪里以及为什么起作用的知识库;从试点转向大规模计划;利用私人提供商的订约专业知识;并鼓励创新和学习。
  • 【非英语国家的患者在急性护理中有什么价值?从患者的角度看文化能力:定性研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1080/13557850802035236 复制DOI
    作者列表:Garrett PW,Dickson HG,Whelan AK,Roberto-Forero
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this research was to locate cultural competence within the experiential domain of the non-English-speaking patient. DESIGN:Seven language-specific focus groups were held with 59 hospital patients and carers of patients with limited English to better understand their experience and to identify critical factors leading to their constructions of care. Grounded theory analysis within a constructivist perspective was undertaken. RESULTS:While the majority of patients were positive about their hospital experience, the theme of powerlessness appeared central to many patient experiences. Language facilitation was the most common issue. Inattention to specific cultural mores and racism in some instances contributed to negative experiences. Patients primarily valued positive engagement, information and involvement, compassionate, kind and respectful treatment, and the negotiated involvement of their family. CONCLUSION:Because of the specific nature of each patient-provider interaction within its particular social and political environment, culturally competent behaviour in one context may be culturally incompetent in another. We propose a model of cultural empowerment that reflects the phenomenological basis of cultural competence in that cultural competence must be consistently renegotiated with any particular patient in a particular healthcare context. Similarly, ongoing community consultations are needed for health services and organisations to retain cultural competence.
    背景与目标: 目的:本研究的目的是将文化能力定位于非英语患者的体验领域。
    设计:针对59个医院患者和英语水平有限的患者的护理人员举行了七个针对特定语言的焦点小组,以更好地了解他们的经验并确定导致其护理结构的关键因素。在建构主义视角下进行了扎根的理论分析。
    结果:尽管大多数患者对他们的住院经历持肯定态度,但无能为力的主题似乎是许多患者经历的核心。语言便利化是最常见的问题。在某些情况下,对特定文化习俗和种族主义的不重视造成了负面的经历。患者主要重视积极的参与,信息和参与,富有同情心,友善和尊重的治疗以及家人的协商参与。
    结论:由于每种患者与提供者之间在特定的社会和政治环境中互动的特殊性,在一种情况下具有文化能力的行为在另一种情况下可能在文化上不适合。我们提出了一种文化授权模型,该模型可以反映文化能力的现象学基础,因为文化能力必须与特定医疗环境中的任何特定患者重新协商。同样,卫生服务和组织需要进行持续的社区磋商以保持文化才能。
  • 【亚洲和非洲用于农产品的太阳能干燥机的回顾:一种创新的景观方法。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110730 复制DOI
    作者列表:Udomkun P,Romuli S,Schock S,Mahayothee B,Sartas M,Wossen T,Njukwe E,Vanlauwe B,Müller J
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Solar drying is one of the most efficient and cost-effective, renewable, and sustainable technologies to conserve agricultural products in Asian and sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. This review paper presents the different types of solar dryers that are widely used in Africa and Asia. In addition, the pre-eminent effects of their use on product quality, as well as their economic, environmental, and social impacts, are highlighted. Since financial, external, and structural factors play a key role in the adoption and scaling of solar dryers, this paper also discusses the impact of these factors on the effectiveness of solar drying technologies in selected Asian and SSA countries.
    背景与目标: :太阳能干燥是保护亚洲和撒哈拉以南非洲(SSA)国家农产品的最有效,最具成本效益,可再生和可持续的技术之一。这篇评论文章介绍了非洲和亚洲广泛使用的不同类型的太阳能干燥机。此外,还强调了其使用对产品质量的显着影响及其经济,环境和社会影响。由于财务,外部和结构因素在太阳能干燥机的采用和扩展中起着关键作用,因此本文还讨论了这些因素对某些亚洲国家和SSA国家中太阳能干燥技术有效性的影响。
  • 【受艾滋病毒及其子女影响的青春期母亲:范围广泛的撒哈拉以南非洲证据和经验回顾。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1080/17441692.2020.1775867 复制DOI
    作者列表:Toska E,Laurenzi CA,Roberts KJ,Cluver L,Sherr L
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :While adolescents have received increasing attention in the global HIV response and international strategies and commitments, adolescent mothers and their children remain largely overlooked in research, funding and, programming for health-related outcomes. We conducted an extensive scoping review of current evidence on the experiences of adolescent mothers affected by HIV and their children in this region. We included published literature and conference abstracts, complemented by consultations with key stakeholders, and a review of documents through grey literature searching. First, we summarise the experiences of adolescent mothers and their children related to HIV and key health and development indicators. The syndemic of early motherhood and HIV in sub-Saharan Africa increases the vulnerability of adolescent mothers and their children. We then highlight lessons from a series of promising programmes focused on supporting adolescent mothers through novel approaches. In sub-Saharan Africa, supporting adolescent mothers living in high HIV-risk communities is critical not only to eliminate HIV/AIDS, but also to attain the Sustainable Development Goals. While research on and programming for adolescent mothers and their children is growing, the complex needs for this vulnerable group remain unmet. We conclude with evidence gaps and programming priorities for adolescent mothers affected by HIV and their children.
    背景与目标: :尽管青少年在全球艾滋病毒应对以及国际战略和承诺中受到越来越多的关注,但在为与健康相关的结果进行研究,资助和规划方面,青少年母亲及其子女仍然被忽视。我们对有关该地区受艾滋病毒感染的青春期母亲及其子女的经历的现有证据进行了范围广泛的回顾。我们收录了出版的文献和会议摘要,并与主要利益相关者进行了磋商,并通过灰色文献搜索对文档进行了审查。首先,我们总结了青春期母亲及其子女与艾滋病毒以及主要健康和发展指标相关的经验。在撒哈拉以南非洲,早孕和艾滋病毒的综合症增加了青春期母亲及其子女的脆弱性。然后,我们重点介绍了一系列有前途的计划的教训,这些计划的重点是通过新颖的方法来支持青春期的母亲。在撒哈拉以南非洲,支持生活在艾滋病毒高发地区的青春期母亲不仅对消除艾滋病毒/艾滋病至关重要,而且对于实现可持续发展目标也至关重要。尽管对青春期的母亲及其子女的研究和计划正在增长,但对这一弱势群体的复杂需求仍未得到满足。我们以受艾滋病毒及其子女影响的青春期母亲的证据差距和方案优先重点作为结论。
  • 【EPIVAC撒哈拉以南非洲地区免疫计划财务可持续性国际会议,2012年2月16日至18日,贝宁,瓦达。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.07.027 复制DOI
    作者列表:Drach M,Le Gargasson JB,Mathonnat J,Da Silva A,Kaddar M,Colombini A
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The introduction of new vaccines with much higher prices than traditional vaccines results in increasing budgetary pressure on immunization programs in GAVI-eligible countries, increasing the need to ensure their financial sustainability. In this context, the third EPIVAC (Epidemiology and Vaccinology) technical conference was held from February 16 to 18, 2012 at the Regional Institute of Public Health in Ouidah, Benin. Managers of ministries of health and finance from 11 West African countries (GAVI eligible countries), as well as former EPIVAC students and European experts, shared their knowledge and best practices on immunization financing at district and country level. The conference concluded by stressing five major priorities for the financial sustainability of national immunization programs (NIPs) in GAVI-eligible countries. - Strengthen public financing by increasing resources and fiscal space, improving budget processes, increasing contribution of local governments and strengthen efficiency of budget spending. - Promote equitable community financing which was recognized as a significant and essential contribution to the continuity of EPI operations. - Widen private funding by exploring prospects offered by sponsorship through foundations dedicated to immunization and by corporate social responsibility programs. - Contain the potential crowding-out effect of GAVI co-financing and ensure that decisions on new vaccine introductions are evidence-based. - Seek out innovative financing mechanisms such as taxes on food products or a national solidarity fund.
    背景与目标: :引入价格比传统疫苗高得多的新疫苗导致符合GAVI资格的国家/地区对免疫计划的预算压力增加,从而增加了确保其财务可持续性的需求。在这种情况下,2012年2月16日至18日在贝宁Ouidah的公共卫生区域学院举行了第三次EPIVAC(流行病学和疫苗学)技术会议。来自11个西非国家(符合GAVI资格的国家)的卫生与财政部的经理以及EPIVAC的前学生和欧洲专家分享了他们在地区和国家层面上的免疫融资知识和最佳实践。会议结束时强调了在符合GAVI资格的国家中国家免疫计划(NIP)的财务可持续性的五个主要优先事项。 -通过增加资源和财政空间,改善预算程序,增加地方政府的贡献并提高预算支出的效率来加强公共筹资。 -促进公平的社区融资,这被认为是对EPI运营连续性的重大和必不可少的贡献。 -通过致力于免疫的基金会和企业社会责任计划,探索赞助商提供的前景,从而扩大私人资金。 -遏制GAVI共同出资的潜在挤出效应,并确保有关新疫苗引入的决定是基于证据的。 -寻求创新的融资机制,例如食品税或国家团结基金。
  • 【种族,种群和基因组学:非洲为实验室。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.07.018 复制DOI
    作者列表:Braun L,Hammonds E
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Much of the recent debate over race, genetics, and health has focused on the extent to which typological notions of race have biological meaning. Less attention, however, has been paid to the assumptions about the nature of "populations" that both inform contemporary biological and medical research and that underlie the concept of race. Focusing specifically on Africa in the 1930s and 1940s, this paper explores the history of how fluid societies were transformed into bounded units amenable to scientific analysis. In the so-called "Golden Age of Ethnography," university-trained social anthropologists, primarily from Britain and South Africa, took to the field to systematically study, organize, and order the world's diverse peoples. Intent on creating a scientific methodology of neutral observation, they replaced amateur travelers, traders, colonial administrators, and missionaries as authoritative knowledge producers about the customs, beliefs, and languages of indigenous peoples. At the same time, linguists were engaged in unifying African languages and mapping language onto primordial "tribal" territories. We argue that the notion of populations or "tribes" as discrete units suitable for scientific sampling and classification emerged in the 1930s and 1940s with the ethnographic turn in social anthropology and the professionalization and institutionalization of linguistics in Western and South African universities. Once named and entered into international atlases and databases by anthropologists in the U.S., the existence of populations as bounded entities became self-evident, thus setting the stage for their use in large-scale population genetic studies and the contemporary reinvigoration of broad claims of difference based on population identification.
    背景与目标: :最近有关种族,遗传学和健康的辩论大多集中在种族的类型学概念具有生物学意义的程度上。但是,人们很少关注关于“种群”性质的假设,这些假设既为当代生物学和医学研究提供了信息,又为种族概念奠定了基础。本文专门针对1930年代和1940年代的非洲,探讨了如何将流体社会转变为适合科学分析的有限单位的历史。在所谓的“人种学的黄金时代”,主要由英国和南非的受过大学训练的社会人类学家来到该领域,系统地研究,组织和整理了世界各族人民。为了创建一种科学的中立观察方法,他们取代了业余旅行者,商人,殖民地行政人员和传教士,成为有关土著人民习俗,信仰和语言的权威知识生产者。同时,语言学家们致力于统一非洲语言并将语言映射到原始的“部落”领土上。我们认为,人口或“部落”的概念是适合于科学采样和分类的离散单位,这是在1930年代和1940年代出现的,这是由于社会人类学的民族学转向以及西方和南非大学中语言学的专业化和制度化。一旦被美国人类学家命名并输入国际地图集和数据库,人口作为有限实体的存在就变得不言而喻,从而为将其用于大规模人口遗传研究和当代重新激发广泛的差异主张奠定了基础。根据人口识别。
  • 【英,日两国妇女中的乳腺癌:腋窝淋巴结中窦组织细胞增生和生发中心增生的预后意义。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/BF02633532 复制DOI
    作者列表:Friedell GH,Millis RR,Sato T,Suchi T,Shikata I,Chaudary MA,Hayward JL
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A prospective study of comparable Japanese and British breast cancer patients treated by radical mastectomy confirmed previously reported findings that sinus histiocytosis and germinal center hyperplasia are more frequently seen in axillary lymph nodes from Japanese than in those from British patients. In Japanese, but not British, cases of either of these two morphologic findings had favorable prognostic significance for recurrence. Sinus histiocytosis also had favorable prognostic significance in Japanese cases for five year survival. In a separate review of axillary nodes from Japanese autopsy cases sinus histiocytosis was absent, suggesting that this finding in Japanese breast cancer cases was related to presence of the disease.
    背景与目标: :一项对日本和英国乳腺癌患者行根治性乳房切除术的前瞻性研究证实,以前曾报道发现与日本人相比,日本人腋窝淋巴结中窦房结细胞增生和生发中心增生更为常见。在日本人(而非英国人)中,这两种形态学发现中的任何一种对复发都有良好的预后意义。鼻窦组织细胞增生在日本病例中也具有良好的预后意义,可维持五年的生存期。在对日本尸检病例进行的腋窝淋巴结的单独评估中,没有发现窦房结细胞增多症,这表明在日本乳腺癌病例中的这一发现与该疾病的存在有关。
  • 【关于对南非感染艾滋病毒的妇女进行产后护理的前瞻性评估议定书。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035465 复制DOI
    作者列表:Psaros C,Stanton AM,Bedoya CA,Mosery N,Evans S,Matthews LT,Haberer J,Vangel M,Safren S,Smit JA
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), South Africa (SA) has the highest prevalence of pregnant women living with HIV in the world. Pregnancy and the postpartum period offer opportunities to engage women in HIV care, to prevent perinatal transmission and to optimise maternal and infant well-being. However, research suggests that remaining engaged in HIV care during this time can be challenging. METHODS AND ANALYSIS:We are conducting a 5-year prospective cohort study among pregnant women living with HIV in KZN to estimate the rates and factors associated with attrition from HIV care during this critical period. To determine who is most likely to fall out of care, we are examining a range of relevant variables informed by a socioecological model of HIV care, including individual, relational, community and healthcare system variables. We are enrolling 18-45-year-old women, at 28 weeks or more of pregnancy, who are living with HIV and currently taking antiretroviral therapies. Participants complete quantitative assessments at baseline (pregnancy) and at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months postpartum. A subset of women and their partners are invited to complete qualitative interviews to further explore their experiences in HIV care. The main study outcomes are suppressed HIV RNA and retention in care at each study assessment. Our understanding of the factors that drive postpartum attrition from HIV care will ultimately inform the development of interventions to facilitate continued engagement in postpartum HIV care. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION:This protocol has been approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee (Medical) at The University of the Witwatersrand (Johannesburg, SA) and the Partners Human Research Committee at Partners HealthCare (Boston, Massachusetts, USA). Site support and approval were obtained from the District Hospital and the KZN Provincial Department of Health. Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed manuscripts, reports and both local and international presentations (Ethics Registration #170 212).
    背景与目标: 简介:南非夸祖鲁-纳塔尔省(KZN)的艾滋病毒感染孕妇患病率最高。怀孕和产后提供了使妇女参与艾滋病毒预防,防止围产期传播以及优化母婴健康的机会。但是,研究表明,在这段时间内继续从事HIV护理可能是一个挑战。
    方法和分析:我们正在KZN中对感染HIV的孕妇进行为期5年的前瞻性队列研究,以评估在此关键时期与HIV减员有关的比率和因素。为了确定谁最有可能失去医疗保健,我们正在研究一系列由HIV保健的社会生态学模型告知的相关变量,包括个人,亲属,社区和医疗保健系统变量。我们正在招募怀孕28周或以上的18-45岁妇女,她们感染了HIV,目前正在接受抗逆转录病毒疗法。参与者在基线(怀孕)以及产后6、12、18和24个月时完成定量评估。邀请一部分妇女及其伴侣完成定性访谈,以进一步探讨她们在艾滋病毒护理方面的经验。主要研究结果是抑制HIV RNA和在每次研究评估中保持治疗。我们对导致产后艾滋病毒减员的因素的理解最终将为干预措施的发展提供信息,以促进持续参与产后艾滋病毒的治疗。
    道德与传播:本协议已获得威特沃特斯兰德大学(约翰内斯堡,南卡罗来纳州)的人类研究伦理委员会(医学)和Partners HealthCare(美国马萨诸塞州波士顿)的合作伙伴人类研究委员会的批准。现场支持和批准是从地区医院和KZN省卫生部门获得的。结果将通过同行评审的手稿,报告以及本地和国际演示进行传播(道德注册号170 212)。
  • 【说话速度变化对鼻气流和鼻感的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1159/000052677 复制DOI
    作者列表:Goberman AM,Selby JC,Gilbert HR
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The effects of variation in speaking rate on relative nasal airflow (percent nasal flow) and on the perception of nasality were examined. In addition, the effects of gender and speech rate elicitation techniques (metronome-controlled, self-controlled) were examined. Nineteen normal speakers each produced a stimulus phrase containing nonnasal sounds. Oral and nasal airflows were measured using the Rothenberg aerodynamic system. Results indicated that percent nasal flow and perception of nasality were both greater at slow speaking rates compared to normal and fast rates. Males were perceived as more nasal than females. The metronome-controlled rates were associated with greater nasality than the self-controlled rates. Discussion focuses on physiological correlates to these findings.
    背景与目标: :检查了语速变化对鼻相对气流(鼻流量百分比)和鼻感的影响。此外,还检查了性别和语速激发技术(节拍器控制,自我控制)的效果。十九个普通说话者各自产生了包含非鼻音的刺激短语。使用Rothenberg空气动力学系统测量口腔和鼻腔的气流。结果表明,与正常人和快人相比,慢语速时的鼻流量和鼻感百分率都更高。男性被认为比女性更鼻腔。节拍器控制的比率比自控的比率更大。讨论的重点是与这些发现相关的生理因素。

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