BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Individuals with schizophrenia experience problems in the perception of emotion throughout the course of the disorder. Few studies have addressed the progression of the deficit over time. The present investigation explores face emotion recognition (FER) performance throughout the course of schizophrenia. The aim of the study was to test the hypotheses that: 1) FER impairment was present in ultra high-risk (putatively prodromal) individuals, and that 2) impairment was stable across the course of the illness. Forty-three individuals with a putative prodromal syndrome, 50 patients with first episode of schizophrenia, 44 patients with multi-episode schizophrenia and 86 unaffected healthy control subjects were assessed to examine emotion recognition ability. ANCOVA analysis adjusted for possible confounder factors and subsequent planned contrasts with healthy controls was undertaken. The results revealed deficits in recognition of sadness and disgust in prodromal individuals, and of all negative emotions in both first-episode and multi-episode patients. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between clinical groups. Within the framework of the neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, our results suggest the presence of emotional recognition impairment before the onset of full-blown psychosis. Moreover, the deficit remains stable over the course of illness, fitting the pattern of a vulnerability indicator in contrast to an indicator of chronicity or severity.

背景与目标： ：精神分裂症患者在整个疾病过程中都会遇到情绪感知方面的问题。很少有研究解决赤字随时间推移的发展。本研究探讨了精神分裂症整个过程中的面部情绪识别（FER）性能。该研究的目的是检验以下假设：1）超高风险（据说是前驱性）个体中存在FER损伤，并且2）在整个疾病过程中损伤都是稳定的。评估了43名推定的前驱综合症患者，50例首发精神分裂症患者，44例多发性精神分裂症患者和86例未受影响的健康对照者，以检查他们的情绪识别能力。调整了ANCOVA分析，以考虑可能的混杂因素，并随后计划与健康对照进行对比。结果显示，前驱和多发作患者在前驱个体中对悲伤和厌恶以及所有负面情绪的识别能力均不足。此外，各临床组之间无显着差异。在精神分裂症的神经发育模型的框架内，我们的结果表明在全面精神病发作之前存在情绪识别障碍。此外，赤字在疾病过程中保持稳定，与脆弱性指标的模式相符，与慢性或严重性指标相反。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Functional MRI studies report insular activations across a wide range of tasks involving affective, sensory, and motor processing, but also during tasks of high-level perception, attention, and control. Although insular cortical activations are often reported in the literature, the diverse functional roles of this region are still not well understood. We used a meta-analytic approach to analyze the coactivation profiles of insular subdivisions-dorsal anterior, ventral anterior, and posterior insula-across fMRI studies in terms of multiple task domains including emotion, memory, attention, and reasoning. We found extensive coactivation of each insular subdivision, with substantial overlap between coactivation partners for each subdivision. Functional fingerprint analyses revealed that all subdivisions cooperated with a functionally diverse set of regions. Graph-theoretical analyses revealed that the dorsal anterior insula was a highly "central" structure in the coactivation network. Furthermore, analysis of the studies that activate the insular cortex itself showed that the right dorsal anterior insula was a particularly "diverse" structure in that it was likely to be active across multiple task domains. These results highlight the nuanced functional profiles of insular subdivisions and are consistent with recent work suggesting that the dorsal anterior insula can be considered a critical functional hub in the human brain.

背景与目标： ：功能性MRI研究报告了在涉及情感，感觉和运动处理以及高水平感知，注意力和控制任务的广泛任务中的岛状激活。尽管岛上皮层激活经常在文献中报道，但对该区域的各种功能作用仍知之甚少。我们使用荟萃分析方法，通过多个任务域，包括情感，记忆，注意力和推理，分析了岛状区—背侧前，腹侧前和背侧岛上的功能磁共振成像研究的共激活特征。我们发现每个岛细分广泛的共激活，每个细分的共激活伙伴之间存在实质性重叠。功能指纹分析表明，所有细分区域均与功能多样的区域协作。图论分析表明，背侧前岛岛在共激活网络中是高度“中心”的结构。此外，对激活岛状皮层本身的研究的分析表明，右背前岛岛是一种特别的“多样化”结构，因为它可能在多个任务域中活跃。这些结果突出了岛状细分的细微功能分布，并与最近的工作一致，表明背侧前岛绝缘可被认为是人脑的关键功能枢纽。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Face processing in mothers is linked to mother-infant social communication, which is critical for parenting and in turn for child development. Neuroimaging studies of child maltreatment-exposed (CME) mothers are sparse compared to studies of mothers with postpartum depression, which have suggested blunted amygdala reactivity to infant stimuli. We expected to see a similar pattern in CME mothers. Based on broader studies in trauma-exposed populations, we anticipated increased amygdala reactivity to negative adult face stimuli in a comparison task in CME mothers given heightened evaluation of potential threat. We examined Neuroimaging studies of mothers with childhood maltreatment exposure (CME) (18-37 years old), who performed infant (N = 45) and/or adult (N = 46) face processing tasks. CME mothers exhibited blunted bilateral amygdala reactivity to infant faces. There was no between-group difference in amygdala reactivity to adult faces. In infant and adult face processing tasks regardless of CME, superior temporal gyrus activation was increased for negative-valence stimuli. Our preliminary findings suggest that childhood maltreatment alters maternal processing of infant social cues, a critical skill impacting infant socioemotional development.

背景与目标： ：母亲的脸部处理与母婴社会沟通有关，这对于养育子女和继而对孩子的成长至关重要。与对产后抑郁症母亲的研究相比，对遭受儿童虐待的母亲的神经影像学研究稀疏，这表明杏仁核对婴儿刺激的反应性减弱。我们希望在继续医学教育的母亲中看到类似的情况。根据对遭受创伤的人群进行的更广泛研究，我们预期在CME母亲的一项比较任务中，随着对潜在威胁的评估提高，杏仁核对成年面部负刺激的反应性会增加。我们检查了患有儿童虐待（CME）（18-37岁）的母亲的神经影像学研究，这些母亲执行了婴儿（N = 45）和/或成人（N = 46）的面部处理任务。芝商所的母亲表现出对婴儿脸的双侧杏仁核反应迟钝。杏仁核对成年面部的反应性没有组间差异。在不考虑CME的婴儿和成人面部处理任务中，针对负价刺激增加了上颞颞回激活。我们的初步发现表明，儿童期虐待改变了母亲对婴儿社交线索的处理，这是影响婴儿社会情感发展的一项关键技能。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This Special Issue of Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice provides a series of articles detailing efforts to consider the concepts of emotion and emotion regulation in relation to clinical assessment and psychopathology intervention efforts across the lifespan. In our commentary, we review some common themes and challenges presented in these articles to move forward the discussion of emotion's role in psychological therapy. We discuss efforts to conceptualize the role of context in defining emotion concepts and maximizing the relevancy of such concepts to treatment. We review the importance of imbuing efforts to develop emotion-focused treatments with emphases on positive, as well as negative, emotions and flexibility in the expression of these emotions. We also highlight the relevance of a lifespan developmental approach to the accurate use of emotion and emotion regulation concepts within treatment. Finally, we discuss the application of these issues to our own treatment development and evaluation efforts regarding a unified approach to the treatment of emotional disorders in adults and adolescents.

背景与目标： ：本期《临床心理学：科学与实践》特刊提供了一系列文章，详细介绍了在整个生命周期中考虑与临床评估和心理病理学干预工作相关的情绪和情绪调节概念的努力。在我们的评论中，我们回顾了这些文章中提出的一些常见主题和挑战，以推动对情绪在心理治疗中的作用的讨论。我们讨论了在概念上定义情境在定义情感概念中的作用以及使此类概念与治疗的相关性最大化的努力。我们回顾了努力开发以情感为重点的治疗方法的重要性，重点在于积极和消极情绪以及这些情绪表达的灵活性。我们还强调了终身发展方法与在治疗中正确使用情绪和情绪调节概念的相关性。最后，我们讨论了这些问题在我们自己的治疗开发和评估工作中的应用，涉及统一的成人和青少年情感障碍治疗方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Children with bipolar disorder (BD) or severe mood dysregulation (SMD) show behavioural and neural deficits during facial emotion processing. In those with other psychiatric disorders, such deficits have been associated with reduced attention to eye regions while looking at faces. METHODS:We examined gaze fixation patterns during a facial emotion labelling task among children with pediatric BD and SMD and among healthy controls. Participants viewed facial expressions with varying emotions (anger, fear, sadness, happiness, neutral) and emotional levels (60%, 80%, 100%) and labelled emotional expressions. RESULTS:Our study included 22 children with BD, 28 with SMD and 22 controls. Across all facial emotions, children with BD and SMD made more labelling errors than controls. Compared with controls, children with BD spent less time looking at eyes and made fewer eye fixations across emotional expressions. Gaze patterns in children with SMD tended to fall between those of children with BD and controls, although they did not differ significantly from either of these groups on most measures. Decreased fixations to eyes correlated with lower labelling accuracy in children with BD, but not in those with SMD or in controls. LIMITATIONS:Most children with BD were medicated, which precluded our ability to evaluate medication effects on gaze patterns. CONCLUSION:Facial emotion labelling deficits in children with BD are associated with impaired attention to eyes. Future research should examine whether impaired attention to eyes is associated with neural dysfunction. Eye gaze deficits in children with BD during facial emotion labelling may also have treatment implications. Finally, children with SMD exhibited decreased attention to eyes to a lesser extent than those with BD, and these equivocal findings are worthy of further study.

背景与目标： 背景：患有双相情感障碍（BD）或重度情绪失调（SMD）的儿童在面部情绪处理过程中表现出行为和神经缺陷。在患有其他精神疾病的患者中，此类缺陷与注视面部时对眼睛区域的关注减少有关。
方法：我们检查了在小儿BD和SMD患儿以及健康对照者的面部情感标签任务中的凝视注视方式。参与者以不同的情绪（愤怒，恐惧，悲伤，幸福，中立）和情绪水平（60％，80％，100％）观察面部表情，并标记情绪表情。
结果：我们的研究包括22例BD患儿，28例SMD患儿和22例对照。在所有面部表情中，BD和SMD患儿的标签错误均比对照组多。与对照组相比，患有BD的儿童花在眼睛上的时间更少，并且在情感表达上的视线更少。 SMD儿童的注视方式倾向于介于BD儿童和对照组儿童之间，尽管在大多数方面与这两个儿童组没有显着差异。 BD患儿眼内固定次数减少与标签准确度降低相关，但SMD患儿或对照组患儿眼内注视准确性降低。
局限性：大多数患有BD的儿童都接受了药物治疗，这使我们无法评估药物对注视方式的影响。
结论：BD儿童面部表情标记不足与视力受损有关。未来的研究应检查对眼睛的注意力受损是否与神经功能障碍有关。在面部情感标签过程中，BD儿童的眼睛注视缺陷也可能对治疗产生影响。最后，与BD患儿相比，SMD患儿对眼睛的注意力下降程度较小，这些模棱两可的发现值得进一步研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Mindfulness training ameliorates clinical and self-report measures of depression and chronic pain, but its use as an emotion regulation strategy-in individuals who do not meditate-remains understudied. As such, whether it (i) down-regulates early affective brain processes or (ii) depends on cognitive control systems remains unclear. We exposed meditation-naïve participants to two kinds of stimuli: negative vs. neutral images and painful vs. warm temperatures. On alternating blocks, we asked participants to either react naturally or exercise mindful acceptance. Emotion regulation using mindful acceptance was associated with reductions in reported pain and negative affect, reduced amygdala responses to negative images and reduced heat-evoked responses in medial and lateral pain systems. Critically, mindful acceptance significantly reduced activity in a distributed, a priori neurologic signature that is sensitive and specific to experimentally induced pain. In addition, these changes occurred in the absence of detectable increases in prefrontal control systems. The findings support the idea that momentary mindful acceptance regulates emotional intensity by changing initial appraisals of the affective significance of stimuli, which has consequences for clinical treatment of pain and emotion.

背景与目标： ：正念训练可改善抑郁症和慢性疼痛的临床和自我报告指标，但仍未研究将其作为情绪调节策略（对不打坐的人使用）的方法。因此，它是否（i）下调早期的情感性大脑过程或（ii）依赖于认知控制系统仍不清楚。我们将未经冥想的参与者暴露于两种刺激下：消极的图像与中性的图像以及痛苦的图像与温暖的温度。在交替的区块上，我们要求参与者自然反应或接受正念。使用正念接受的情绪调节与减少所报告的疼痛和负面影响，减少杏仁核对负像的反应以及在内侧和外侧疼痛系统中引起的热诱发反应有关。至关重要的是，正念的接受显着降低了对先天性疼痛敏感且特异的分布式先验神经学信号的活动。另外，这些变化发生在前额叶控制系统没有可检测到的增加的情况下。这些发现支持了这样的想法，即短暂的正念接受通过改变对刺激的情感意义的初步评估来调节情绪强度，这对疼痛和情绪的临床治疗具有影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Buck and Duffy (1980) and Borod et al. (1985) found evidence of deficits in spontaneous expressiveness in right brain-damaged (RBD) patients relative to LBD patients and controls. Using FACS, Mammucari et al. (1988) failed to replicate this result and questioned our methods and findings. This paper replies (a) that Mammucari et al. (1988)'s review of our work is selective and misleading; (b) that there are aspects of their study that can account for their null results, including the insufficient sensitivity of FACS for the measurement of spontaneous expressiveness; and (c) that the results of Mammucari et al. (1988) regarding "aversive eye movements" to a negative film in LBD and control, but not RBD, patients are in fact compatible with our findings. This paper also suggests a general strategy for the objective and comprehensive analysis of spontaneous emotional expressiveness.

背景与目标： ：Buck and Duffy（1980）和Borod等。 （1985年）发现相对于LBD患者和对照组，右脑损伤（RBD）患者自发性表达缺乏的证据。 Mammucari等人使用FACS。 （1988）未能复制这个结果，并质疑我们的方法和发现。本文答复（a）Mammucari等。 （1988）对我们工作的评论是有选择性和误导性的； （b）他们研究的某些方面可以解释其无效的结果，包括FACS对自发表达能力的敏感性不足； （c）Mammucari等人的结果。 （1988年）关于LBD和对照组中负片的“平均眼球运动”，而不是RBD，患者实际上与我们的发现相符。本文还提出了一种客观和全面分析自发情绪表达能力的一般策略。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

背景与目标： ：已经发布了对本文的修订，可以通过本文顶部的链接进行访问。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Previous studies have suggested increased sensitivity for emotional facial expressions and subtle impairments in emotion recognition from facial expressions in borderline personality disorder (BPD). It has been proposed that facial mimicry contributes to emotion recognition of and emotional response to facial expressions. This study investigated whether BPD patients differ in facial reactions, emotion recognition and their subjective emotional response to faces showing different emotional expressions. METHOD:Twenty-eight female BPD patients and 28 healthy controls underwent a facial recognition task with dynamic facial pictures while facial muscle activity (occipitofrontalis, corrugator supercilii, levator labii superioris, zygomaticus major and orbicularis oculi) was recorded. Furthermore, participants rated the emotional intensity of the presented faces and the intensity of their subjective feeling of this emotion. RESULTS:Compared to controls, BPD patients showed enhanced responses of the corrugator supercilii muscle in response to angry, sad and disgusted facial expressions, and attenuated responses of the levator labii superioris in response to happy and surprised faces. There were no overall group differences regarding emotion recognition performance or intensity ratings. CONCLUSION:These results do not support the view that facial recognition in BPD is impaired or that there is a general hypersensitivity to the emotional state of others. Instead, they suggest a negativity bias in BPD, expressed by reduced facial responding to positive social signals and increased facial responding to negative social signals. This is a pattern of facial reactions that might contribute to the difficulties in social interactions frequently reported by patients with this disorder.

背景与目标： 背景：先前的研究表明，边缘性人格障碍（BPD）中面部表情对情绪面部表情的敏感性增加，并且情绪识别中的细微损害。已经提出，面部模仿有助于面部表情的情绪识别和情绪响应。这项研究调查了BPD患者在面部反应，情绪识别以及他们对表现出不同情绪表达的面孔的主观情绪反应方面是否存在差异。
方法：对28名女性BPD患者和28名健康对照进行动态面部图像的面部识别任务，同时记录面部肌肉活动（枕额肌，皱rug，上睑提肌，肌和球菌）。此外，参与者对所呈现的面孔的情绪强度以及他们对这种情绪的主观感觉的强度进行了评估。
结果：与对照组相比，BPD患者表现出对愤怒，悲伤和厌恶的面部表情的反应，使上睑皱纹肌的反应增强，而对高兴和惊讶的面孔的上睑提肌的反应减弱。关于情绪识别性能或强度等级，总体上没有群体差异。
结论：这些结果不支持以下观点：BPD中的面部识别受损或对他人的情绪状态普遍过敏。相反，他们提出了BPD的消极偏见，表现为面部对积极的社会信号的反应减少，面部对消极的社会信号的反应增加。这是面部反应的一种模式，可能导致这种疾病患者经常报告的社交互动困难。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To determine the neural responses invoked in the recognition of facial fear and disgust in euthymic bipolar patients as compared with healthy subjects. METHODS:This study examined 10 female euthymic bipolar patients, and 10 suitably matched healthy subjects using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while subjects were engaged in an explicit facial emotion recognition task involving fear, disgust and neutral expressions. The activation paradigm involved nominating the facial expression using specified response keys. Behavioural data were collected and analysed and both within-group (Fear versus Neutral; Disgust versus Neutral) and random-effects between-group analyses were performed on fMRI data using BrainVoyager (Brain Innovations, Maastricht, the Netherlands). RESULTS:Patients were equally accurate in identifying facial expressions as healthy subjects but were slower to respond, especially with respect to fear and disgust. Responses to fear and disgust (within-group analyses) resulted in activation of anticipated brain regions such as amygdala and insula, respectively. However, between-group random effects analysis revealed differential responses to both disgust and fear in both healthy subjects and euthymic bipolar patients such that euthymic bipolar patients responded largely to fear and healthy subjects responded more so to disgust. This partitioning of responsiveness was reflected by differential activation involving the hippocampus and amygdala. CONCLUSIONS:Greater responsiveness to fear with hippocampal activation in patients perhaps reflects recollection of traumatic events associated with past experiences of illness or simply the use of a more mnemonic (hippocampal) as opposed to affective (amygdala) approach when performing the task. It is possible that in bipolar disorder, prefrontal-subcortical network dysfunction that relegates neural processing to limbic regions is impaired and that clinically euthymic bipolar patients, although able to accurately and effectively identify emotions such as fear and disgust, are limited in their ability to interpret their salience. The implications of these findings are discussed.

背景与目标： 目的：确定与健康受试者相比，在正常人双相情感障碍患者中识别面部恐惧和厌恶时所引起的神经反应。
方法：本研究使用功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）检查了10名女性常态性双相情感障碍患者和10名适当匹配的健康受试者，而受试者则参与了涉及恐惧，厌恶和中性表情的明确面部情绪识别任务。激活范例涉及使用指定的响应键来提名面部表情。收集并分析行为数据，并使用BrainVoyager（Brain Innovations，马斯特里赫特，荷兰）对fMRI数据进行组内（恐惧与中性；厌恶与中性）和组间随机影响分析。
结果：患者在识别面部表情方面与健康受试者一样准确，但反应较慢，尤其是在恐惧和厌恶方面。对恐惧和厌恶的反应（组内分析）分别激活了预期的大脑区域，如杏仁核和岛状脑岛。但是，组间随机效应分析显示，健康受试者和正常人双相情感障碍患者对厌恶和恐惧的反应不同，因此，正常人双相情感障碍患者对恐惧的反应很大，而健康受试者对厌恶的反应则更大。反应的这种划分通过涉及海马和杏仁核的差异激活来反映。
结论：患者对海马激活后恐惧的反应性增强，可能反映出与过去疾病经历相关的创伤事件的回忆，或者在执行任务时仅使用记忆法（海马法）而不是情感法（扁桃体法）。在双相情感障碍中，将神经处理降级到边缘区域的额叶前皮质下网络功能障碍可能会受到损害，尽管临床上有幸福感的双相情感障碍患者虽然能够准确有效地识别出恐惧和厌恶之类的情绪，但其解释能力却受到限制。他们的显着性。讨论了这些发现的含义。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :What can psychopathology and its treatment tell us about cognitive emotional interactions? Standard approaches to interactions between emotion and cognition often adopt a variant of the idea that cognitive processes, subserved by dorsal and lateral cortical circuits, exert control and regulation of ventral, limbic brain areas associated with emotional expression and experience. However, it is becoming clear from studies on depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), that a binary, opponent theory of cognitive emotion interaction (CEI) and the dorsal-ventral model of neurocircuitry do not fully describe the data. We summarize recent research to suggest that networks of direct and indirect pathways exist by which cognition can regulate pathological emotion, and the inter-relationships of specific nodes within the networks need to be characterized.

背景与目标： ：心理病理学及其治疗方法可以告诉我们有关认知情感互动的信息吗？情绪与认知之间相互作用的标准方法通常采用以下观念的变体，即认知过程（由背侧和外侧皮质回路支持）对与情绪表达和体验相关的腹侧，边缘脑区施加控制和调节。然而，从对抑郁症，创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）和强迫症（OCD）的研究中可以明显看出，认知情感互动（CEI）的二元对立理论和神经回路的背腹模型并没有充分描述数据。我们总结了最近的研究，以表明存在直接和间接途径的网络，通过该网络认知可以调节病理情感，并且需要对网络中特定节点的相互关系进行表征。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) neurofeedback training of amygdala hemodynamic activity directly targets a neurobiological mechanism, which contributes to emotion regulation problems in borderline personality disorder (BPD). However, it remains unknown which outcome measures can assess changes in emotion regulation and affective instability, associated with amygdala downregulation in a clinical trial. The current study directly addresses this question. Twenty-four female patients with a DSM-IV BPD diagnosis underwent four runs of amygdala neurofeedback. Before and after the training, as well as at a six-weeks follow-up assessment, participants completed measures of emotion dysregulation and affective instability at diverse levels of analysis (verbal report, clinical interview, ecological momentary assessment, emotion-modulated startle, heart rate variability, and fMRI). Participants were able to downregulate their amygdala blood oxygen-dependent (BOLD) response with neurofeedback. There was a decrease of BPD symptoms as assessed with the Zanarini rating scale for BPD (ZAN-BPD) and a decrease in emotion-modulated startle to negative pictures after training. Further explorative analyses suggest that patients indicated less affective instability, as seen by lower hour-to-hour variability in negative affect and inner tension in daily life. If replicated by an independent study, our results imply changes in emotion regulation and affective instability for several systems levels, including behavior and verbal report. Conclusions are limited due to the lack of a control group. A randomized controlled trial (RCT) will be needed to confirm effectiveness of the training.

背景与目标： ：杏仁核血液动力学活动的实时功能磁共振成像（fMRI）神经反馈训练直接针对一种神经生物学机制，这会导致边缘性人格障碍（BPD）的情绪调节问题。然而，在临床试验中，哪些结果指标可以评估情绪调节和情感不稳定性的变化，与杏仁核下调相关，仍是未知的。当前的研究直接解决了这个问题。 24名诊断为DSM-IV BPD的女性患者接受了四次杏仁核神经反馈。培训前后，以及为期六周的随访评估中，参与者在各种分析水平（言语报告，临床访谈，生态瞬时评估，情绪调节的惊吓，心脏）中完成了情绪失调和情感不稳定性的测量率变异性和fMRI）。参与者能够通过神经反馈下调杏仁核血氧依赖性（BOLD）反应。用Zanarini BPD评分量表（ZAN-BPD）评估，BPD症状减少，而训练后的情绪调节惊吓至阴性图片则减少。进一步的探索性分析表明，患者的情绪不稳定程度较小，从负面影响和日常生活中内在紧张的每小时变化中可以看出。如果通过独立研究进行复制，我们的结果表明在几个系统级别（包括行为和口头报告）上，情绪调节和情感不稳定性都会发生变化。由于缺乏对照组，结论有限。需要进行随机对照试验（RCT）以确认培训的有效性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Emotional salience and working memory (WM) load are known to affect object processing in the ventral stream. However, the combined effect, which could be either synergistic or antagonistic, remains unclear. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging and a three-factorial design, we investigated the effects of WM load and emotional salience on object processing in the ventral visual stream. Twenty-three female subjects were shown blocks of task-irrelevant and more or less degraded visual stimuli that varied in emotional valence (negative or neutral) and phase coherence rendering them more or less noisy. Superimposed on these pictures, subjects saw colored squares on which they had to perform a demanding WM task (one-back, two-back). This WM task absorbs attentional resources normally available for the perceptual analysis of visual objects and can therefore be interpreted as a manipulation of attention. We hypothesized that attenuated processing resources in the lateral occipital complex (LOC) for these task-irrelevant pictures under high WM load (Rose et al., 2005) could be regained when they were of negative emotional valence. Our results indicate that both emotional salience and WM load critically depend on a minimum level of phase coherence of the stimuli to affect LOC activation. Furthermore, the influences of emotional salience and WM load do not interact with each other in LOC. Rather, emotional salience exerts a general multiplicative gain effect while preserving the difference in activation between low and high WM load. A connectivity analysis suggests that the emotional modulation might originate in the amygdalo-hippocampal junction.

背景与目标： ：众所周知，情感显着性和工作记忆（WM）负荷会影响腹侧流中的对象处理。然而，尚不清楚协同作用是协同作用还是拮抗作用。使用功能磁共振成像和三因素设计，我们研究了腹侧视觉流中WM负荷和情绪显着性对物体处理的影响。向二十三名女性受试者展示了与任务无关且或多或少退化的视觉刺激块，这些情绪刺激的情绪价（负性或中性）和相干性各不相同，从而或多或少地产生了噪音。在这些图片上，受试者看到彩色的正方形，他们必须在上面执行苛刻的WM任务（单向，两向）。此WM任务吸收了通常可用于视觉对象感知分析的注意力资源，因此可以解释为注意力的操纵。我们假设在高WM负荷下，这些与任务无关的图片在枕骨外侧复合体（LOC）中减弱的处理资源（Rose等，2005）可以恢复为负情绪价。我们的结果表明，情绪显着性和WM负荷都主要取决于刺激的最小相干水平，以影响LOC激活。此外，在LOC中，情绪显着性和WM负荷的影响不会相互影响。而是，情感显着性在保持低WM负载和高WM负载之间的激活差异的同时，发挥了普遍的乘法增益效果。连通性分析表明，情绪调节可能起源于杏仁核-海马体交界处。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Two experiments were carried out to determine whether expressive asymmetries in facial stimuli might underlie evidence of differential hemispheric responses to positive and negative emotion. Experiment 1 systematically varied stimulus orientation; Experiment 2 included both normally oriented and reversed (mirror-image) faces. We replicated previous reports of a left field advantage for happy faces and a right field superiority for sad faces only when normally oriented faces were used. Mirror-image stimuli tended to produce the opposite pattern of results, and a combination of the two (Exp. 2) eliminated the visual field differences for each emotion. The findings underscore the importance of controlling for stimulus asymmetries in visual laterality studies, and are discussed in terms of current notions about the lateralization of both the perception and expression of emotion.

背景与目标： ：进行了两个实验，以确定面部刺激中的表达不对称是否可能是半球对正面和负面情绪反应不同的证据。实验1系统地改变了刺激的方向；实验2包括法向和反面（镜面）。我们只复制了以前的报告，即只有使用正常朝向的面孔时，笑脸才能获得左视野优势，而悲伤面孔则具有出右视野优势。镜像刺激往往会产生相反的结果模式，两者的结合（实验2）消除了每种情感的视野差异。这些发现强调了在视觉偏侧性研究中控制刺激不对称的重要性，并根据有关情感的感知和表达的偏侧性的当前观念进行了讨论。