BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To assess the extent to which prior hormone therapy modifies the breast cancer risk found with estrogen plus progestin (E+P) in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) randomized trial. METHODS:Subgroup analyses of prior hormone use on invasive breast cancer incidence in 16,608 postmenopausal women in the WHI randomized trial of E+P over an average 5.6 years of follow-up. RESULTS:Small but statistically significant differences were found between prior HT users and non-users for most breast cancer risk factors but Gail risk scores were similar. Duration of E+P use within the trial (mean 4.4 years, S.D. 2.0) did not vary by prior use. Among 4311 prior users, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for E+P versus placebo was 1.96 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.17-3.27), significantly different (p=0.03) from that among 12,297 never users (HR 1.02; 95% CI: 0.77-1.36). The interaction between study arm and follow-up time was significant overall (p=0.01) and among never users (p=0.02) but not among prior users (p=0.10). The cumulative incidence over time for the E+P and placebo groups appeared to cross after about 3 years in prior users, and after about 5 years in women with no prior use. No interaction was found with duration (p=0.08) or recency of prior use (p=0.17). Prior hormone use significantly increased the E+P hazard ratio for larger, more advanced tumors. CONCLUSION:A safe interval for combined hormone use could not be reliably defined with these data. However, the significant increase in breast cancer risk in the trial overall after only 5.6 years of follow-up, initially concentrated in women with prior hormone exposure, but with increasing risk over time in women without prior exposure, suggests that durations only slightly longer than those in the WHI trial are associated with increased risk of breast cancer. Longer-term exposure and follow-up data are needed.

背景与目标： 目的：在妇女健康倡议（WHI）随机试验中，评估先前的激素治疗在多大程度上改变了雌激素加孕激素（EP）的乳腺癌风险。
方法：在平均5​​.6年的WHI随机对照试验中，对16608名绝经后女性进行既往激素使用对浸润性乳腺癌发病率的亚组分析。
结果：在大多数乳腺癌风险因素中，既往HT使用者与非HT使用者之间存在很小但统计学上的显着差异，但Gail风险评分相似。在试验中使用E P的持续时间（平均4.4年，S.D。2.0）没有因以前的使用而异。在4311位既往使用者中，EP与安慰剂的调整后危险比（HR）为1.96（95％置信区间[CI]：1.17-3.27），与12,297个从未使用过的使用者（HR 1.02; 95）相比有显着差异（p = 0.03）。 ％CI：0.77-1.36）。研究组与随访时间之间的相互作用总体上是显着的（p = 0.01），从未使用者中的相互作用（p = 0.02），以前使用者中的相互作用则不显着（p = 0.10）。 E P组和安慰剂组随时间的累积发生率在之前的使用者中大约3年后出现交叉，而在没有事先使用的妇女中大约5年后出现交叉。持续时间（p = 0.08）或先前使用的新近度（p = 0.17）未发现相互作用。先前使用激素会显着增加较大，更晚期肿瘤的E P风险比。
结论：这些数据不能可靠地确定激素联合使用的安全间隔。然而，在仅5.6年的随访中，该试验总体上使乳腺癌风险显着增加，最初集中于曾接受过激素的女性，但随着时间的推移，未曾接受过激素的女性的风险随着时间的推移而增加，这表明持续时间仅略长于WHI试验中的那些与乳腺癌风险增加相关。需要长期暴露和随访数据。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Allele frequencies for the nine STRs included in the AmpFlSTR Profiler Plus kit (D3S1358, VWA, FGA, D8S1179, D21S11, D18S51, D5S818, D13S317 and D7S820) were estimated from a sample of 365-427 unrelated individuals born in north Portugal.

背景与目标： ：AmpFlSTR Profiler Plus试剂盒（D3S1358，VWA，FGA，D8S1179，D21S11，D18S51，D5S818，D13S317和D7S820）中包含的9个STR的等位基因频率是根据葡萄牙北部出生的365-427个无关个体的样本估算的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Silencing mediator of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptor (SMRT), also known as nuclear corepressor 2 (NCOR2) is a transcriptional corepressor for multiple members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors, including estrogen receptor-α (ERα). In the classical model of corepressor action, SMRT binds to antiestrogen-bound ERα at target promoters and represses ERα transcriptional activity and gene expression. Herein SMRT mRNA and protein expression was examined in a panel of 30 breast cancer cell lines. Expression of both parameters was found to vary considerably amongst lines and the correlation between protein and mRNA expression was very poor (R (2) = 0.0775). Therefore, SMRT protein levels were examined by immunohistochemical staining of a tissue microarray of 866 patients with stage I-II breast cancer. Nuclear and cytoplasmic SMRT were scored separately according to the Allred score. The majority of tumors (67 %) were negative for cytoplasmic SMRT, which when detected was found at very low levels. In contrast, nuclear SMRT was broadly detected. There was no significant difference in time to recurrence (TTR) according to SMRT expression levels in the ERα-positive tamoxifen-treated patients (P = 0.297) but the difference was significant in the untreated patients (P = 0.01). In multivariate analysis, ERα-positive tamoxifen-untreated patients with high nuclear SMRT expression (SMRT 5-8, i.e., 2nd to 4th quartile) had a shorter TTR (HR = 1.94, 95 % CI, 1.24-3.04; P = 0.004) while there was no association with SMRT expression for ERα-positive tamoxifen-treated patients. There was no association between SMRT expression and overall survival for patients, regardless of whether they received tamoxifen. Thus while SMRT protein expression was not predictive of outcome after antiestrogen therapy, it may have value in predicting tumor recurrence in patients not receiving adjuvant tamoxifen therapy.

背景与目标： ：视黄酸和甲状腺激素受体（SMRT）的沉默介体，也称为核共抑制子2（NCOR2），是转录因子（包括雌激素受体-α（ERα））的核受体超家族的多个成员的转录共抑制子。在经典的核心升压作用模型中，SMRT在目标启动子处与抗雌激素结合的ERα结合，并抑制ERα的转录活性和基因表达。在此，在一组30种乳腺癌细胞系中检查了SMRT mRNA和蛋白质表达。发现这两个参数的表达在品系之间差异很大，蛋白质和mRNA表达之间的相关性非常差（R（2）= 0.0775）。因此，通过对866例I-II期乳腺癌患者的组织芯片进行免疫组织化学染色检查了SMRT蛋白水平。根据Allred评分分别对核和细胞质SMRT评分。大多数肿瘤（67％）呈胞质SMRT阴性，当被发现时水平很低。相反，核SMRT被广泛发现。在ERα阳性他莫昔芬治疗的患者中，根据SMRT表达水平的复发时间（TTR）没有显着差异（P = 0.297），但在未治疗的患者中差异显着（P = 0.01）。在多变量分析中，未接受ERα阳性他莫昔芬治疗且具有高核SMRT表达（SMRT 5-8，即第2至第4四分位数）的患者的TTR较短（HR = 1.94,95％CI，1.24-3.04; P = 0.004） ERα阳性他莫昔芬治疗的患者与SMRT表达无关。无论患者是否接受他莫昔芬治疗，SMRT表达与患者总生存率之间均无关联。因此，尽管SMRT蛋白表达不能预测抗雌激素治疗后的结局，但它可能在预测未接受他莫昔芬辅助治疗的患者的肿瘤复发中具有价值。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The influence of an immunosuppressive cytokine, interleukin-10 (IL-10), on the outcome of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been increasingly reported recently. A number of polymorphisms appear to control the level of IL-10 production. Among them, -592C/A, -819C/T and -1082G/A in the IL-10 gene are three most studied single nucleotide polymorphisms. To provide a more definitive conclusion about their association with the risk of HCV infection, a meta-analysis was performed by combining and summarizing a total of 17 studies. A biological justification for the choice of genetic model was provided. The results indicated no significant association between these IL-10 polymorphisms and the susceptibility to HCV infection [-592C/A: odds ratio (OR) 0.99, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.78-1.25; -819C/T: OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.69-1.18; -1082G/A: OR 1.34, 95% CI 0.90-2.00]. However, this analysis did not account for the possible risk modifications by other factors, such as ethnicity and virus persistence. Therefore, the effects of ethnicity and virus persistence were investigated using Bayesian meta-regression and subgroup analysis. Finally, an extended case-control association study was conducted in a Chinese population involving 1140 subjects. Both serum level and genotype data of IL-10 -1082G/A were determined. As a result, a low prevalence of G allele was observed. Significantly higher IL-10 production was observed in HCV patients, especially patients with the GG genotype.

背景与目标： 免疫抑制细胞因子白介素10（IL-10）对丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）感染结局的影响最近已有报道。许多多态性似乎可以控制IL-10的产生水平。其中，IL-10基因中的-592C / A，-819C / T和-1082G / A是三个研究最多的单核苷酸多态性。为了提供关于它们与HCV感染风险之间关系的更明确的结论，通过合并和总结总共17项研究进行了荟萃分析。提供了选择遗传模型的生物学依据。结果表明，这些IL-10多态性与HCV感染的易感性之间没有显着相关性[-592C / A：优势比（OR）0.99，95％置信区间（CI）0.78-1.25； -819C / T：OR 0.90，95％CI 0.69-1.18； -1082G / A：OR 1.34，95％CI 0.90-2.00]。但是，此分析未考虑其他因素（例如种族和病毒持久性）可能造成的风险调整。因此，使用贝叶斯元回归和亚组分析研究了种族和病毒持久性的影响。最后，在一个涉及1140名受试者的中国人群中进行了扩展的病例对照研究。测定IL-10 -1082G / A的血清水平和基因型数据。结果，观察到G等位基因的低流行。在HCV患者中，尤其是具有GG基因型的患者中，IL-10的产生明显增加。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The effect of leptin on ulcerative colitis (UC) has been controversial. The present study aimed to investigate the role of leptin and its receptor ob‑R in UC and the underlying mechanism of this role. The level of serum leptin and the protein expression of the leptin receptor ob‑R in the colonic mucosa were determined in patients with UC. Experimental colitis was induced through intrarectal administration of 2,4,6‑trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) in leptin receptor‑deficient Zucker rats (LR‑D). The body weight, disease activity index, colon length, and macroscopic and histopathological appearance were evaluated. Furthermore, the myeloperoxidase (MPO) enzyme activity and cytokine levels in colon tissues were also determined. The expression of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), phosphorylated STAT3 (p‑STAT3), nuclear factor (NF)‑κB‑p65, and Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA) proteins in colon tissues was assessed. The results revealed that the expression of the leptin receptor ob‑R was increased in the colonic mucosa but the serum leptin level was not altered in patients with UC compared with healthy volunteers. The severity of experimental colitis, represented by body weight loss, disease activity index, colon length, and macroscopic and histological changes, was ameliorated in LR‑D rats compared with the wild‑type (WT) rats. Moreover, the MPO activity; levels of cytokines including interleukin (IL)‑1β, IL‑6, and tumor necrosis factor‑α; and expression of p‑STAT3, NF‑κB, and RhoA proteins were reduced in colon tissues of LR‑D rats compared with WT rats. In conclusion, activation of the leptin receptor ob‑R is an important pathogenic mechanism of UC, and leptin receptor deficiency may provide resistance against TNBS‑induced colitis by inhibiting the NF‑κB and RhoA signaling pathways.

背景与目标： 瘦素对溃疡性结肠炎（UC）的作用一直存在争议。本研究旨在研究瘦素及其受体ob-R在UC中的作用以及这种作用的潜在机制。测定UC患者结肠黏膜的血清瘦素水平和瘦素受体ob‑R的蛋白表达。实验性结肠炎是通过在瘦素受体缺陷型祖克大鼠（LR-D）中直肠内施用2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸（TNBS）引起的。评估体重，疾病活动指数，结肠长度以及肉眼和组织病理学外观。此外，还确定了结肠组织中的髓过氧化物酶（MPO）酶活性和细胞因子水平。评估了信号转导和转录激活因子3（STAT3），磷酸化的STAT3（p-STAT3），核因子（NF）-κB-p65和Ras同源基因家族成员A（RhoA）蛋白在结肠组织中的表达。结果表明，与健康志愿者相比，UC患者的瘦素受体ob-R的表达在结肠粘膜中增加，但血清瘦素水平没有改变。与野生型（WT）大鼠相比，LR‑D大鼠的实验性结肠炎的严重程度得到了改善，其严重程度由体重减轻，疾病活动指数，结肠长度以及宏观和组织学变化表示。此外，MPO活性；细胞因子水平，包括白介素（IL）-1β，IL-6和肿瘤坏死因子-α；与野生型大鼠相比，LR-D大鼠结肠组织中p-STAT3，NF-κB和RhoA蛋白的表达降低。总之，瘦素受体ob-R的激活是UC的重要致病机制，瘦素受体的缺乏可能通过抑制NF-κB和RhoA信号通路来提供对TNBS诱导的结肠炎的抵抗力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is dysregulated in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and everolimus is an oral mTOR inhibitor. METHODS:This phase-1b study assessed everolimus safety at the levels of 2.5, 5, or 10 mg once daily in combination with paclitaxel (175 mg m(-2)) once every 3 weeks in previously treated SCLC patients. The primary end point was to determine the maximum tolerated dose of everolimus. RESULTS:Among 21 enrolled patients, common drug-related adverse events were anaemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, pain, hyperglycemia, and stomatitis. Out of 11 evaluable patients treated with everolimus at the level of 5 mg, 1 patient experienced dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) of grade 4 febrile neutropenia and grade 3 thrombocytopenia. The other two DLTs (grade 4 thrombocytopenia and grade 3 hyperglycemia) occurred in two out of three patients receiving everolimus 10 mg. The overall objective response rate was 28%. CONCLUSION:Everolimus showed an acceptable safety profile and preliminary antitumour activity at the dose of 5 mg once daily when combined with 3-weekly paclitaxel 175 mg m(-2) in patients with SCLC.

背景与目标： 背景：雷帕霉素（mTOR）途径的哺乳动物靶标在小细胞肺癌（SCLC）中失调，依维莫司是口服mTOR抑制剂。
方法：这项1b期研究评估了先前治疗的SCLC患者中每3周一次与紫杉醇（175 mg m（-2））联合使用的依维莫司安全性水平，每日一次为2.5、5或10 mg。主要终点是确定依维莫司的最大耐受剂量。
结果：21例患者中，常见的药物相关不良事件为贫血，中性粒细胞减少，血小板减少，疼痛，高血糖和口腔炎。在11名5 mg依维莫司治疗的可评估患者中，有1名患者出现了4级发热性中性粒细胞减少症和3级血小板减少症的剂量限制性毒性（DLT）。在接受依维莫司10 mg的三分之二的患者中，另外两个发生了DLT（4级血小板减少和3级高血糖）。总体客观回应率为28％。
结论：在SCLC患者中，当与3周一次的紫杉醇175 mg m（-2）联合使用时，依维莫司在每天一次5 mg的剂量下显示出可接受的安全性和初步的抗肿瘤活性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The elderly in our society are required to make many social and psychologic adjustments. In addition, they have to cope with the inevitable physiologic changes associated with the aging process. These alterations in lifestyle and in body functioning call for modified dietary patterns during this phase of life. In particular, older persons should reduce caloric intake while maintaining a highly nourishing diet. Other recommended dietary modifications include a shift toward smaller meals eaten more frequently, and the use of generous amounts of fiber and liquid to avoid constipation. As a result of growing community awareness, some programs have been started to assist the elderly in overcoming problems that may cause poor nourishment.

背景与目标： 我们社会中的老年人需要做出许多社会和心理上的调整。此外，他们还必须应对与衰老过程相关的不可避免的生理变化。这些生活方式和身体机能的改变要求在这一阶段改变饮食结构。特别是，老年人应在保持高营养饮食的同时减少热量摄入。其他建议的饮食调整包括转向少吃多餐，并使用大量的纤维和液体以避免便秘。由于社区意识的增强，已经启动了一些计划来帮助老年人克服可能导致营养不良的问题。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We tried to evaluate the relative feasibility, surgical duration and complications of total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) versus coagulation of uterine arteries at their origin (CUA) plus total laparoscopic hysterectomy for the management of myoma and adenomyosis, and to compare the estimated blood loss for both procedures. A total of 123 patients underwent TLH or CUA plus TLH for the treatment of symptomatic myoma and adenomyosis. Sixty-four women underwent TLH, whilst 68 women underwent coagulation of uterine arteries at their origin plus TLH. The mean weight and volume of the uterus as determined following TLH was 288.1+/-102.4 gm (range 182.1 approximately 396.2 gm.) and 451+/-340.6 cm(3) (range 107.4 approximately 792), respectively. The mean weight of the uterus following CUA plus TLH was 269.1+/-151.7 gm (range 215.8 approximately 430.1) whilst the mean uterine volume was 472.7+/-377.8 cm(3) (range 93.7 approximately 851.2). No significant differences with respect to surgical duration (95 vs. 96.5 minutes TLH vs. CUA + TLH; p>0.05), blood loss (177.2+/-80.1 ml for TLH and 154.9+/-30.21 ml for CUA+TLH; p>0.05) and mean+/-SD preoperative (12.05+/-1.70 gm/dl for TLH and 12.14+/-1.38 gm/dl for CUA+TLH; p>0.05) and post-operative hemoglobin level (11+/-1.03 for TLH and 11+/-1.49 for CUA + TLH; p>0.05) were observed between the two study groups. The blood loss for TLH is comparable to that for the CUA plus TLH procedure.

背景与目标： ：我们试图评估全腹腔镜子宫切除术（TLH）相对于起源于子宫动脉凝结（CUA）加全腹腔镜子宫切除术治疗肌瘤和子宫腺肌病的相对可行性，手术时间和并发症，并比较估计的失血量对于这两个过程。共有123例患者接受了TLH或CUA加TLH来治疗症状性肌瘤和子宫腺肌病。 64名妇女接受了TLH，而68名妇女接受了原发性子宫动脉加TLH的凝结。根据TLH确定的子宫平均重量和体积分别为288.1 /-102.4 gm（范围182.1约396.2 gm。）和451 /-340.6 cm（3）（范围107.4约792）。 CUA加TLH后子宫的平均重量为269.1 /-151.7 gm（范围215.8约430.1），而子宫平均体积为472.7 /-377.8 cm（3）（范围93.7约851.2）。手术时间（TLH vs CUA TLH为95 vs 96.5分钟; CUA TLH为p> 0.05），失血量（TLH为177.2 /-80.1 ml和CUA TLH为154.9 /-30.21 ml; p> 0.05）无显着差异。术前平均-SD（TLH为12.05 /-1.70 gm / dl，CUA TLH为12.14 /-1.38 gm / dl; p> 0.05）和术后血红蛋白水平（TLH为11 /-1.03,TLA为11 /-1.49在两个研究组之间观察到CUA TLH； p> 0.05）。 TLH的失血量与CUA加TLH程序的失血量相当。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Background:  Chinese Hypertension Intervention Efficacy (CHIEF) study is a large-scale randomised clinical trial across China, which compares the efficacy of two combination regimens in reducing cardiovascular events associated with hypertension. Methods:  We reported the 48-week efficacy and tolerability of the two antihypertensive regimens in participants from Shandong Province, China. Eligible patients aged 50-79 years were randomised to receive amlodipine plus amiloride/hydrochlorothiazide (Group A) or amlodipine plus telmisartan (Group B). The doses of both regimens were titrated and other antihypertensive agents were added subsequently to achieve a blood pressure (BP) goal (<140/90 mmHg for general population, <130/80 mmHg for diabetics and <150/90 mmHg for elderly). Efficacy variables included the changes of BP, control rates (the proportion of patients achieving a BP goal), and response rates (the proportion of patients achieving a BP goal or a reduction of BP ≥20/10 mmHg). Safety was assessed by monitoring the incidence of adverse events (AEs). Results:  Of the 349 patients enrolled, 314 were randomised and 291 completed the study (141 in Group A and 150 in Group B). At week 48, the BP was reduced by 28.77/15.55 mmHg in Group A and by 31.38/16.07 mmHg in Group B (p > 0.05 for comparisons between Group A and Group B). The control rates (71.79% vs. 77.22%; p = 0.270) and response rates (79.49% vs. 84.81%; p = 0.218) were also similar. For both regimens, the control rates in diabetic patients were relatively lower (31.91% and 32.50%), while those in elderly patients were pretty higher (90.74% and 97.62%). AEs were mild to moderate in severity (17.95% vs. 12.66%, p = 0.193). Conclusion:  Both combination regimens, amlodipine plus amiloride/hydrochlorothiazide and amlodipine plus telmisartan, were effective and safe for the high-risk hypertensive patients.

背景与目标： ：背景：中国高血压干预功效（CHIEF）研究是一项在中国进行的大规模随机临床试验，比较了两种联合用药方案在减少与高血压有关的心血管事件中的功效。方法：我们报道了来自中国山东省的两种降压方案的48周疗效和耐受性。年龄在50-79岁的符合条件的患者被随机分配接受氨氯地平加阿米洛利/氢氯噻嗪（A组）或氨氯地平加替米沙坦（B组）。两种治疗方案的剂量均需滴定，并随后添加其他降压药以达到血压（BP）目标（一般人群<140/90 mmHg，糖尿病患者<130/80 mmHg，老年人<150/90 mmHg）。疗效变量包括血压变化，控制率（达到血压目标的患者比例）和缓解率（达到血压目标或血压降低≥20/ 10mmHg的患者比例）。通过监测不良事件（AE）的发生率来评估安全性。结果：the在349名患者中，有314名被随机分组​​，其中291名完成了研究（A组141名，B组150名）。在第48周，A组的血压降低了28.77 / 15.55mmHg，B组的血压降低了31.38 / 16.07mmHg（A组和B组之间的比较，p> 0.05）。对照率（71.79％vs. 77.22％； p = 0.270）和缓解率（79.49％vs. 84.81％； p = 0.218）相似。对于这两种方案，糖尿病患者的控制率相对较低（31.91％和32.50％），而老年患者的控制率相对较高（90.74％和97.62％）。不良事件的严重程度为轻度至中度（17.95％对12.66％，p = 0.193）。结论：a氨氯地平加阿米洛利/氢氯噻嗪和氨氯地平加替米沙坦两种联合治疗方案对高危高血压患者均有效且安全。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:Obesity has emerged as one of the biggest health crisis and is the leading cause of death and disabilities around the world. BMI trends suggest that majority of the increase in T2D is resulting from the increased prevalence of obesity. In fact, 85.2% of people with T2D are overweight or obese. The highest prevalence for obesity is seen in non-Hispanic, African American women (56.6%). T2D is classified as an inflammatory disease because of elevated, circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute-phase inflammatory proteins. This study was designed to determine how high HbA1c and serum glucose correlate with circulatory cytokine levels in obese, African American women. METHODS:We investigated cytokine/chemokine serum levels using a multiplex assay. Then we used Pairwise Pearson Correlation Test to determine the relationship between clinical metabolic parameters and cytokine/chemokine serum levels. RESULTS:The results indicated that participants with elevated HbA1c exhibited an up regulation of IL-3, IL-4, IL-7, TNF-α, IFN-α2 and CX3CL1 serum levels compared to participants with normal HbA1c. These cytokines were also correlated with several clinical metabolic parameters. CONCLUSIONS:The results suggest that IL-3, IL-4, IL-7, TNF-α, IFN-α2 and CX3CL1 serum levels may contribute to the development and onset of type 2 diabetes.

背景与目标： 目的：肥胖已经成为最大的健康危机之一，并且是导致世界范围内死亡和残疾的主要原因。 BMI趋势表明，T2D的增加大部分是由肥胖症患病率增加引起的。实际上，患有T2D的人中有85.2％是超重或肥胖。在非西班牙裔非裔美国女性中，肥胖发生率最高（56.6％）。由于升高的循环中的促炎细胞因子和急性期炎性蛋白，T2D被归类为炎性疾病。这项研究的目的是确定肥胖的非洲裔美国女性中高水平的HbA1c和血清葡萄糖与循环细胞因子水平的相关性。
方法：我们使用多重分析研究了细胞因子/趋化因子的血清水平。然后，我们使用成对皮尔逊相关检验确定临床代谢参数与细胞因子/趋化因子血清水平之间的关系。
结果：与正常HbA1c参与者相比，HbA1c升高的参与者表现出IL-3，IL-4，IL-7，TNF-α，IFN-α2和CX3CL1血清水平的上调。这些细胞因子也与几种临床代谢参数相关。
结论：结果提示IL-3，IL-4，IL-7，TNF-α，IFN-α2和CX3CL1血清水平可能与2型糖尿病的发生和发作有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Classically, it has been thought that high-affinity nicotinic receptors-containing beta2 subunits are the most important receptor subtypes for nicotinic involvement in cognitive function and nicotine self-administration, while low affinity alpha7-containing nicotinic receptors have not been thought to be important. In the current study, we found that knockout of either beta2 or alpha7 subunits caused significant deficits in spatial discrimination in mice. The character of the impairment in the two knockouts was different. The beta2 knockout preferentially impaired cognition in males while the alpha7 caused impairment regardless of sex. Both beta2- and alpha7-containing nicotinic receptors also are important for nicotine self-administration, also in different ways. Most animal model studies of nicotine self-administration are relatively short-term whereas the problem of tobacco addiction is considerably longer-term. To better model the impact of nicotinic receptor subtypes on nicotine self-administration over the long-term, we studied the impact of genetic knockout of low affinity alpha7 receptors vs. high-affinity beta2-containing nicotinic receptors. Mice with knockouts of either of these receptors and their wildtype counter parts were given free access to a choice of nicotine-containing and nicotine-free solution in their home cages on a continuous basis over a period of 5 months. During the first few weeks, the beta2-containing nicotinic receptor knockout mice showed a significant decrease in nicotine consumption relative to wildtype mice, whereas the alpha7 knockout mice did not significantly differ from wildtype controls at the beginning of their access to nicotine. Interestingly, in the longer-term after the first few weeks of nicotine access, the beta2 knockout mice returned to wildtype mouse levels of nicotine consumption, whereas the alpha7 knockout mice developed an emergent decrease in nicotine consumption. The alpha7 receptor knockout-induced decrease in nicotine consumption persisted for the 5-month period of the study. Both alpha7- and beta2-containing nicotinic receptors play critical roles in cognitive function and nicotine self-administration. Regarding cognitive function, beta2-containing receptors are important for maintaining normal sex differences in spatial learning and memory, whereas alpha7 receptors are important for cognitive function regardless of sex. Regarding nicotine self-administration high-affinity beta2-containing nicotinic receptors are important for consumption during the initial phase of nicotine access, but it is the alpha7 nicotinic receptors that are important for the longer-term regulation of nicotine consumption.

背景与目标： ：通常，人们一直认为，含有高亲和力烟碱受体的β2亚基是烟碱参与认知功能和尼古丁自我给药的最重要的受体亚型，而低亲和力的含α7烟碱受体尚未被认为是重要的。在当前的研究中，我们发现敲除beta2或alpha7亚基会导致小鼠的空间分辨力明显不足。两种基因敲除的损伤特征是不同的。 beta2基因敲除优先削弱男性的认知能力，而alpha7则不论性别如何均引起损害。含β2和α7的烟碱样受体对于尼古丁的自我给药也很重要，也有不同的用法。尼古丁自我管理的大多数动物模型研究都是相对短期的，而烟草成瘾的问题则是相当长期的。为了更好地模拟烟碱样受体亚型对尼古丁自我给药的长期影响，我们研究了基因敲除低亲和力α7受体与高亲和力的含β2烟碱样受体的影响。敲除这些受体及其野生型对应部分中的任一个的小鼠可在其笼子中连续5个月自由接触选择的含尼古丁和不含尼古丁的溶液。在最初的几周内，相对于野生型小鼠，含β2的烟碱样受体敲除小鼠的尼古丁消耗量显着减少，而α7敲除小鼠在接触尼古丁的初期与野生型对照无显着差异。有趣的是，在进入尼古丁的最初几周后，长期而言，β2敲除小鼠恢复了野生型小鼠的尼古丁消耗水平，而alpha7敲除小鼠出现了尼古丁消耗的突然下降。在研究的5个月中，α7受体基因敲除引起的尼古丁消耗减少一直持续。含α7和β2的烟碱样受体在认知功能和尼古丁自我给药中都起着关键作用。关于认知功能，含β2受体对于维持空间学习和记忆中的正常性别差异很重要，而alpha7受体对于无论性别如何的认知功能都很重要。关于尼古丁的自我给药，含高亲和力的含β2的尼古丁受体对于尼古丁进入初期的消耗很重要，但是α7尼古丁受体对于长期调节尼古丁的消耗很重要。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The objective of this study was to evaluate patients with classic CAH before and after treatment with glucocorticoids/mineralocorticoid and compare the metabolic profile of the well controlled (WC) and poorly controlled (PC) group. SUBJECTS AND METHODS:We selected newly diagnosed patients and patients monitored for CAH, classical form, regularly using or not glucocorticoids/mineralocorticoid in the Genetics Service Hupes-UFBA, seen from March/2004 to May/2006. All patients underwent detailed clinical evaluation and laboratory tests (glucose, sodium and potassium; total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides and uric acid; leptin, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, total testosterone, C peptide, and insulin). Patients with normal androgens were classified as well controlled (WC), and those with high levels of androgens either using or not glucocorticoids/mineralocorticoids were classified as poorly controlled (PC). RESULTS:We studied 41 patients with CAH: 11 in the WC group and 30 in PC group. Leptin and LDL cholesterol levels were higher in WC than in the PC group (p < 0.05). Uric acid values were lower in WC compared with the PC group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION:Adequate control of CAH with steroids seems safe, as it is associated with only mild changes in lipid profile and leptin values. No other metabolic abnormality was associated with glucocorticoid use. The reason for lower uric acid levels found in WC CAH patients is unknown and should be further studied.

背景与目标： 目的：本研究的目的是评估糖皮质激素/盐皮质激素治疗前后的经典CAH患者，并比较控制良好（WC）和控制不良（PC）组的代谢特征。
研究对象和方法：从2004年3月/ 2006年5月至2006年5月，我们选择了遗传学服务部门Hupes-UFBA中定期使用或不使用糖皮质激素/矿物质皮质激素的新诊断患者和常规形式的CAH监测患者。所有患者均接受了详细的临床评估和实验室测试（葡萄糖，钠和钾；总胆固醇，HDL，LDL，甘油三酸酯和尿酸；瘦素，17-羟基孕酮，总睾丸激素，C肽和胰岛素）。具有正常雄激素的患者被分类为控制良好（WC），而那些使用或不使用糖皮质激素/矿物质皮质激素的雄激素水平高的患者被分类为控制不良（PC）。
结果：我们研究了41例CAH患者：WC组11例，PC组30例。 WC中的瘦素和LDL胆固醇水平高于PC组（p <0.05）。与PC组相比，WC中的尿酸值较低（p <0.05）。
结论：用类固醇充分控制CAH似乎是安全的，因为它仅与脂质分布和瘦素值的轻度变化有关。没有其他代谢异常与糖皮质激素的使用有关。在WC CAH患者中发现尿酸水平降低的原因尚不清楚，应进一步研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We evaluated whether donor computed tomography (CT) with a combined technique of lower tube voltage and iterative reconstruction (IR) can provide sufficient preoperative information for liver transplantation.We retrospectively reviewed CT of 113 liver donor candidates. Dynamic contrast-enhanced CT of the liver was performed on the following protocol: protocol A (n = 70), 120-kVp with filtered back projection (FBP); protocol B (n = 43), 100-kVp with IR. To equalize the background covariates, one-to-one propensity-matched analysis was used. We visually compared the score of the hepatic artery (A-score), portal vein (P-score), and hepatic vein (V-score) of the 2 protocols and quantitatively correlated the graft volume obtained by CT volumetry (graft-CTv) under the 2 protocols with the actual graft weight.In total, 39 protocol-A and protocol-B candidates showed comparable preoperative clinical characteristics with propensity matching. For protocols A and B, the A-score was 3.87 ± 0.73 and 4.51 ± 0.56 (P < .01), the P-score was 4.92 ± 0.27 and 5.0 ± 0.0 (P = .07), and the V-score was 4.23 ± 0.78 and 4.82 ± 0.39 (P < .01), respectively. Correlations between the actual graft weight and graft-CTv of protocols A and B were 0.97 and 0.96, respectively.Liver-donor CT imaging under 100-kVp plus IR protocol provides better visualization for vascular structures than that under 120-kVp plus FBP protocol with comparable accuracy for graft-CTv, while lowering radiation exposure by more than 40% and reducing contrast-medium dose by 20%.

背景与目标： ：我们评估了结合较低管电压和迭代重建（IR）技术的供体计算机断层扫描（CT）是否可以为肝移植提供足够的术前信息。我们回顾性回顾了113名肝供体候选者的CT。按照以下方案进行肝脏动态对比增强CT：方案A（n = 70），120 kVp，滤过背投影（FBP）；协议B（n = 43），具有IR的100-kVp。为了均衡背景协变量，使用了一对一的倾向匹配分析。我们在视觉上比较了2种方案的肝动脉（A评分），门静脉（P评分）和肝静脉（V评分）的评分，并定量关联了通过CT容量法（graft-CTv）获得的移植物体积在两种方案中均具有实际的移植物重量。总共有39名方案A和方案B的患者表现出可比的术前临床特征，并且倾向匹配。对于协议A和B，A得分是3.87±0.73和4.51±0.56（P <0.1.01），P分数是4.92±0.27和5.0±0.0（P = 0.77），V分数是分别为4.23±0.78和4.82±0.39（P ＜0.01）。方案A和B的实际移植物重量与移植物CTv之间的相关性分别为0.97和0.96.100kVp加IR方案下的肝-供体CT成像比120kVp加FBP方案下提供更好的可视化的血管结构。移植CTv具有相当的精度，同时将辐射暴露降低了40％以上，而造影剂的剂量降低了20％。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Intralesional triamcinolone is an established therapy for cysts of acne. However, intralesional antibacterials have not been used earlier. AIM:To compare the efficacy of intralesional triamcinolone with that of a combination of intralesional lincomycin and intralesional triamcinolone in nodulocystic acne. MATERIAL AND METHODS:Ten patients of nodulocystic were injected with intralesional triamcinolone acetonide (2.5 mg/ml), while nine patients were given lincomycin hydrochloride (75 mg/ml) in addition to the intralesional triamcinolone. They were followed up 48 hrs, one week and one month later. RESULTS:At one week, 7 patients (70%) treated with injection triamcinolone showed 66% improvement, whereas all 9 (100%) patients treated with lincomycin and triamcinolone showed 100% improvement which was stable at one month. CONCLUSION:A combination of intralesional triamcinolone and lincomycin is superior to intralesional triamcinolone alone in the treatment of nodulocystic lesions of acne.

背景与目标： 背景：曲安奈德是一种治疗痤疮囊肿的既定疗法。但是，病灶内的抗菌剂尚未被较早使用。
目的：比较病灶内曲安奈德与病灶内林可霉素和病灶内曲安奈德联合治疗结节性囊性痤疮的疗效。
材料与方法：十例结节性囊肿患者均注射了病灶内曲安奈德（2.5 mg / ml），而9名患者除病灶内曲安奈德外还注射了盐酸林可霉素（75 mg / ml）。一星期零一个月后，他们接受了48小时的随访。
结果：在一周内，注射曲安奈德治疗的7例患者（70％）表现出66％的改善，而用林可霉素和曲安奈德治疗的9例患者（100％）表现出100％的改善，在一个月内稳定。
结论：病灶内曲安奈德和林可霉素联合治疗在痤疮结节性囊性病变中优于单独病灶内曲安奈德。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To prospectively relate C-reactive protein (CRP), a systemic marker of inflammation, to cognitive change over a 1-year follow-up period. DESIGN:Prospective 1-year follow-up. SETTING:Outpatient university medical setting. PARTICIPANTS:Seventy-eight adults (aged 56-84; 39% female) with cardiovascular disease. MEASUREMENTS:CRP levels were measured using a high-sensitivity assay, and participants completed a neuropsychological battery at study entry. Neuropsychological assessment was repeated 1 year later. RESULTS:The association between CRP and change in cognition over the 1-year follow-up was examined using hierarchical linear regression modeling for five cognitive domains (global cognition, language, memory, visuospatial abilities, and attention-executive-psychomotor). High CRP levels were associated with subtle declines in attention-executive-psychomotor performance (CRP beta=-0.22, P=.04) after adjusting for the effects of age and cognitive performance at study entry. CRP was not significantly associated with change in language, memory, or visuospatial performance. CONCLUSION:These data provide preliminary evidence that inflammation, potentially contributing to atherosclerotic processes, may underlie the association between high CRP and changes in attention-executive-psychomotor performance.

背景与目标： 目的：前瞻性地将炎症反应的系统性标志物C反应蛋白（CRP）与1年随访期的认知变化联系起来。
设计：预期的1年随访。
单位：门诊大学医疗环境。
参与者：七十八名患有心血管疾病的成年人（56-84岁；女性39％）。
测量：使用高灵敏度测定法测量CRP水平，参加者在研究入场时完成了神经心理测验。一年后重复进行神经心理学评估。
结果：使用分层线性回归模型，针对五个认知领域（全局认知，语言，记忆，视觉空间能力和注意力执行心理运动），研究了CRP与1年随访中认知变化之间的关联。在调整年龄和研究开始时的认知表现的影响后，高CRP水平与注意力执行精神运动表现的细微下降相关（CRP beta = -0.22，P = .04）。 CRP与语言，记忆或视觉空间性能的变化没有显着相关。
结论：这些数据提供了初步的证据，表明炎症可能会导致动脉粥样硬化进程，可能是高CRP与注意力-执行-精神运动表现改变之间的关联的基础。