BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The health issues of young adulthood have received relatively little attention compared with those of adolescence, although the critical issues in young adulthood parallel those of adolescence. Young adults often fare worse than adolescents on health indicators, with many measures of negative outcomes--including rates of injury, homicide, and substance use--peaking during the young adult years. The contextual factors shaping health status and access to care in young adulthood differ significantly from the context of adolescence. This article synthesizes national data to present a health profile of young adults, reviewing social indicators that describe the context of young adulthood and presenting measures of health status. We examine mortality, morbidity, risky behaviors, and health care access and utilization, identifying the most significant gender and racial/ethnic disparities. The article also identifies limitations of existing data and offers suggestions for future research and health monitoring in this area. We conclude with a discussion of current efforts to address the health and well-being of young adults and argue for creating a national health agenda for young adults that includes research, programs and policies to address health issues during this period of the lifespan.

背景与目标： ：与青春期相比，青年期的健康问题受到的关注相对较少，尽管青年期的关键问题与青春期的问题平行。在健康指标上，年轻人通常比青少年情况更糟，在年轻人成年时期，有很多负面结果的衡量指标，包括伤害率，杀人率和药物使用率。决定健康状况和成年后获得医疗服务的情境因素与青春期有很大不同。本文综合了国家数据，以介绍年轻人的健康状况，回顾了描述年轻人成年背景的社会指标，并提出了健康状况的衡量指标。我们检查了死亡率，发病率，危险行为以及医疗保健的获取和利用，确定了最重要的性别和种族/族裔差异。本文还指出了现有数据的局限性，并为该领域的未来研究和健康监测提供了建议。最后，我们讨论了当前为解决年轻人的健康和福祉所做的努力，并争辩了制定一项针对年轻人的国家健康议程，其中包括研究，计划和政策，以解决这一时期的健康问题。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of local labor market conditions and the availability of employer-sponsored health insurance on exits from the Medicaid program. DATA SOURCE:Data for this project come from a unique administrative database containing a 2 percent sample of all cases on California's Medicaid program in 1987 and a 2 percent sample of all new cases starting each year between 1987 and 1995. STUDY DESIGN:The results are estimated using a discrete duration model where the monthly exit probability is a function of demographic characteristics, local labor market variables, the probability of having employer-sponsored insurance, and fixed year and county effects. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:Improvements in labor market opportunities (i.e., employment growth, wage growth, and increases in the availability of employer-sponsored health insurance) promote exits off the Medicaid program. A 2.5 percentage point increase in the availability of employer-sponsored insurance leads to a 6 percent increase in the probability that a completed spell lasts no more than 2 years. It would take a 2 percentage point decrease in unemployment rates or a 10 percent increase in average quarterly earnings to yield an equivalent increase in the likelihood of exiting Medicaid within 2 years. These effects are robust to the inclusion of county-level fixed effects and time effects. CONCLUSIONS:Medicaid expenditures and caseloads are sensitive to local economic fluctuations and secular trends in the availability of health insurance. Continued decreases in employer-based health insurance coverage will greatly increase the demand for public insurance coverage and the financial pressures on state governments.

背景与目标： 目的：调查当地劳动力市场状况以及雇主赞助的医疗保险对医疗补助计划退出的影响。
数据来源：该项目的数据来自一个独特的管理数据库，该数据库包含1987年加利福尼亚州医疗补助计划所有病例的2％样本，以及从1987年至1995年每年开始的所有新病例的2％样本。
研究设计：使用离散持续时间模型估算结果，其中每月退出概率是人口统计学特征，当地劳动力市场变量，拥有雇主赞助的保险的概率以及固定的年度和县级影响的函数。
主要发现：劳动力市场机会的增加（即就业增长，工资增长以及雇主赞助的健康保险的增加）促使人们退出了医疗补助计划。雇主赞助的保险的可用性增加2.5个百分点，则完整的持续时间不超过2年的概率将增加6％。失业率降低2个百分点或平均季度收入提高10％，才能在2年内退出医疗补助计划。这些效应对于将县级固定效应和时间效应包括在内是有力的。
结论：医疗补助支出和病案量对当地经济波动和健康保险可及性的长期趋势很敏感。基于雇主的健康保险覆盖率的持续下降将大大增加对公共保险覆盖率的需求以及州政府的财务压力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Since 2003, Iraq has struggled to build a single national health system administered by the Iraqi Ministry of Health, but politics, lack of leadership, and a cultural bias against treating soldiers in civilian hospitals have hindered access to care for members of Iraq's armed forces who are wounded in combat. METHODS:U.S. surgeons are providing trauma care for Iraqi soldiers in American field hospitals, with more than 80% of hospital bed days occupied by Iraqis. At the same time, Iraqi hospitals have been treating the many civilian casualties of violence, and the Ministry of Health has greatly improved its emergency response and management capabilities over the past year. RESULTS:Ministry of Health hospitals have adequate surgical capabilities and bed capacity to care for both civilian and security forces casualties. Faltering attempts to develop a national health policy that provides comprehensive care for Iraqi Security Forces will jeopardize Iraq's ability to assume responsibilities for the country's national defense, and could delay the withdrawal of Coalition military forces from Iraq. CONCLUSIONS:It is imperative that leadership of the new government of Iraq and the international surgical community strongly endorse the implementation of a single health care system for all Iraqis.

背景与目标： 简介：自2003年以来，伊拉克一直在努力建立由伊拉克卫生部管理的单一国家卫生系统，但是政治，缺乏领导力以及在民用医院中对待士兵的文化偏见阻碍了伊拉克武装部队获得医疗服务在战斗中受伤的部队。
方法：美国外科医生正在美国野战医院为伊拉克士兵提供创伤护理，其中80％以上的病床天都由伊拉克人占用。同时，伊拉克医院一直在治疗许多平民的暴力伤亡，而卫生部在过去一年中大大提高了其应急响应和管理能力。
结果：卫生部的医院具有足够的手术能力和床位能力，可以照顾平民和安全部队的伤亡。制定一项为伊拉克安全部队提供全面护理的国家卫生政策的步履蹒跚的尝试将危及伊拉克承担起负责该国国防的责任的能力，并可能延迟联军从伊拉克撤军。
结论：伊拉克新政府和国际外科界的领导层必须坚决支持为所有伊拉克人实施单一的卫生保健系统。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Surveys of the population are commonly used to obtain information on health status. Increasingly, researchers are linking self-reported health status information to primary care consultation data. However, it is not known how participating in a health-related survey affects consultation behaviour. The objective of this study was to assess whether completion of a health-related questionnaire changes primary care consultation behaviour. METHODS:Participants were 3402 adults aged 50 and over from the general population in North Staffordshire, UK, who completed a health-related postal survey received in April 2003. The survey was predominantly about occurrence and severity of knee pain in the last year. Primary care attendance for the three months following response was compared to three control periods: i) the three months prior to the survey, ii) the same time period in the previous year and iii) the same time period in the following year. Comparisons were made on consultations for any problem, consultations for musculoskeletal disorders and consultations for knee problems. RESULTS:The percentage of subjects consulting for any condition was marginally higher for the three months directly after receipt of the questionnaire but the difference was only statistically significant in comparison to the three months before the survey (64% v. 62%, p = 0.05). There was little difference in consultation prevalence for musculoskeletal problems immediately after the survey compared to the three control periods. There was an increase of 37% in knee disorder consultations for the three months after the survey compared to the three months directly before the survey (p = 0.02). However, consultation prevalence for knee problems was identical for the three months after the survey to the same time periods in the years prior to and following the survey (both p = 0.94). CONCLUSION:The results from this study suggests that questionnaires related to physical health do not affect the standard consulting behaviour of patients, even for the symptom under investigation. This should reassure researchers who wish to link self-reported health status and medical care utilisation and clinicians whose patients are involved in such research.

背景与目标： 背景：人口调查通常用于获取有关健康状况的信息。研究人员越来越多地将自我报告的健康状况信息与初级保健咨询数据联系起来。但是，尚不清楚参与健康相关调查如何影响咨询行为。这项研究的目的是评估完成与健康有关的问卷是否会改变初级保健咨询的行为。
方法：参与者为英国北部斯塔福德郡（North Staffordshire）英国普通人群的3402名年龄在50岁及以上的成年人，他们于2003年4月完成了一项与健康相关的邮政调查。该调查主要是关于去年膝盖疼痛的发生和严重程度。将响应后三个月的基层医疗出勤率与三个对照期进行比较：i）调查前三个月，ii）上一年的相同时间段，iii）下一年的相同时间段。对任何问题的咨询，肌肉骨骼疾病的咨询和膝盖问题的咨询进行了比较。
结果：在收到问卷后的三个月中，针对任何情况进行咨询的受试者的百分比略高，但与调查前的三个月相比，差异仅在统计上具有统计学意义（64％对62％，p = 0.05 ）。与三个对照期相比，调查后立即就骨骼肌肉问题进行咨询的患病率差异不大。与调查前三个月相比，调查后三个月的膝关节疾病咨询增加了37％（p = 0.02）。但是，在调查后的三个月中，膝盖问题的咨询患病率与调查前后几年中的相同时间段相同（均为p = 0.94）。
结论：这项研究的结果表明，与身体健康相关的问卷不会影响患者的标准咨询行为，即使对于所调查的症状也是如此。这应该使希望将自我报告的健康状况和医疗利用联系起来的研究人员以及患者参与此类研究的临床医生得到保证。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The causes of racial and ethnic inequalities in health and the most appropriate categories to use to address health inequality have been the subject of heated debate in recent years. At the same time, genetic explanations for racial disparities have figured prominently in the scientific and popular press since the announcement of the sequencing of the human genome. To understand how such explanations assumed prominence, this essay analyzes the circulation of ideas about race and genetics and the rhetorical strategies used by authors of key texts to shape the debate. The authority of genetic accounts for racial and ethnic difference in disease, the author argues, is rooted in a broad cultural faith in the promise of genetics to solve problems of human disease and the inner truth of human beings that is intertwined with historical meanings attached to race. Such accounts are problematic for a variety of reasons. Importantly, they produce, reify, and naturalize notions of racial difference, provide a scientific rationale for racially targeted medical care, and distract attention from research that probes the complex ways in which political, economic, social, and biological factors, especially those of inequality and racism, cause health disparities.

背景与目标： 近年来，种族和族裔健康不平等的原因以及最适合用来解决健康不平等的类别一直是人们争论的焦点。与此同时，自从人类基因组测序宣布以来，有关种族差异的遗传解释在科学和大众媒体中占有重要地位。为了理解这种解释是如何引起人们注意的，本文分析了有关种族和遗传学的思想的传播以及关键文本作者用来形成辩论的修辞策略。作者认为，遗传权能解释疾病的种族和族裔差异，这源于一种广泛的文化信仰，即人们信奉遗传学来解决人类疾病和人类内在真理的诺言，而这种真理与人类的内在真理交织在一起。种族。由于多种原因，这样的帐户是有问题的。重要的是，它们产生，证实和归纳了种族差异的概念，为针对种族的医疗保健提供了科学依据，并使人们的注意力从研究政治，经济，社会和生物学因素（尤其是不平等因素）的复杂方式的研究中转移了注意力和种族主义，造成健康差异。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The Management Academy for Public Health is a team-based training program jointly offered by the School of Public Health and the Kenan-Flagler Business School at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. This 9-month program teaches public health managers how to better manage people, information, and finances. Participants learn how to work in teams with community partners, and how to think and behave as social entrepreneurs. To practice and blend their new skills, teams develop a business plan that addresses a local public health issue. This article describes the program and explains the findings of the process evaluation, which has examined how best to structure and deploy a team-based method to create more effective, more entrepreneurial public health managers. Findings indicate that recruitment and retention are strong, program elements are relevant to learners' needs, and learners are satisfied with and value the program. Several specific benefits of the program model are identified, as well as several elements that support business plan success and skills' application on the job. On the basis of these findings, four success factors critical for developing similar programs are identified.

背景与目标： ：公共卫生管理学院是一项基于团队的培训计划，由北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校的公共卫生学院和Kenan-Flagler商学院联合提供。这个为期9个月的课程向公共卫生经理讲授如何更好地管理人员，信息和财务。参与者学习如何与社区合作伙伴一起工作，以及如何思考和表现为社会企业家。为了练习和融合他们的新技能，团队制定了解决当地公共卫生问题的商业计划。本文介绍了该程序，并说明了过程评估的结果，该过程评估了如何最好地构建和部署基于团队的方法来创建更有效，更具创业精神的公共卫生经理。调查结果表明，招聘和留住人才的能力很强，计划要素与学习者的需求相关，学习者对计划感到满意和重视。确定了计划模型的几个特定优点，以及支持业务计划成功和技能在工作中应用的几个要素。根据这些发现，确定了开发类似程序的四个成功因素。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Telephone surveys have been used widely in public health research internationally and are being increasingly used in Ireland and the U.K. METHODS:This study compared three telephone surveys conducted on the island of Ireland from 2000 to 2004, examining study methodology, outcome measures and the per unit cost of each completed survey. We critically examined these population-based surveys which all explored health related attitudes and behaviours. RESULTS:Over the period from 2000 to 2005 the percentage of calls which succeeded in contacting an eligible member of the public fell, from 52.9% to 31.8%. There was a drop in response rates to the surveys (once contact was established) from 58.6% to 17.7%. Costs per completed interview rose from 4.48 euro to 15.65 euro. Respondents were prepared to spend 10-15 minutes being surveyed, but longer surveys yielded poorer completion rates. Respondents were willing to discuss issues of a sensitive nature. Interviews after 9 pm were less successful, with complaints about the lateness of the call. Randomisation from electronic residential telephone directory databases excluded all ex-directory numbers and thus was not as representative of the general population as number generation by the hundred-bank method. However the directory database was more efficient in excluding business and fax numbers. CONCLUSION:Researchers should take cognisance of under-representativeness of land-line telephone surveys, of the increasing difficulties in contacting the public and of mounting personnel costs. We conclude that telephone surveying now requires additional strategies such as a multimode approach, or incentivisation, to be a useful, cost-effective means of acquiring data on public health matters in Ireland and the U.K.

背景与目标： 背景：电话调查已在国际上广泛用于公共卫生研究，并且在爱尔兰和英国越来越多地使用。
方法：本研究比较了2000年至2004年在爱尔兰岛进行的三项电话调查，检查了研究方法，结果测量和每项完成的调查的单位成本。我们批判性地检查了这些基于人群的调查，这些调查都探讨了与健康相关的态度和行为。
结果：在2000年至2005年期间，成功联系到符合条件的公众电话的比例从52.9％下降到31.8％。对调查的答复率（一旦建立联系）从58.6％下降到17.7％。每完成一次采访的费用从4.48欧元上升至15.65欧元。受访者准备花10到15分钟的时间进行调查，但较长的调查得出的完成率较差。受访者愿意讨论敏感问题。晚上9点以后的采访不太成功，有人抱怨通话时间太晚。电子住宅电话号码簿数据库的随机化排除了所有号码簿外的号码，因此不像百位银行法产生号码那样代表一般人口。但是，目录数据库在排除业务和传真号码方面效率更高。
结论：研究人员应认识到陆线电话调查的代表性不足，与公众联系日益增加的困难以及不断增加的人员费用。我们得出的结论是，电话调查现在需要多种策略，例如多模式方法或激励措施，才能成为获取爱尔兰和英国公共卫生事务数据的有用且具有成本效益的手段。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The European Conference, Health, Society and Alcohol held in Paris, 12-14 December 1995, was a meeting point between science and policy. Science informed the policy process. As a tool for policy implementation, the Conference adopted the European Charter on Alcohol, a set of ethical principles and strategies for action. Of a number of important issues that frame policy, three deserve mention. First, market forces, as opposed to health and social policy decisions are increasingly influencing the policy debate. Second, existing policy options to reduce alcohol-related harm are unlikely to lead to an increased risk of coronary heart disease among older age groups. And third, policy developments and changes in drinking patterns in countries of southern Europe are an important driving force in European policy on alcohol.

背景与目标： 1995年12月12日至14日在巴黎举行的欧洲会议，健康，社会与酒精大会是科学与政策的交汇点。科学为政策制定过程提供了信息。作为执行政策的工具，会议通过了《欧洲酒精约章》，这是一套道德原则和行动战略。在制定政策的许多重要问题中，有三个值得一提。首先，与健康和社会政策决定相反，市场力量正在越来越多地影响政策辩论。第二，现有减少酒精相关伤害的政策方案不太可能导致老年人群罹患冠心病的风险增加。第三，南欧国家的政策发展和饮酒方式的变化是欧洲酒精政策的重要推动力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Parents play an important role in the sexual health of their adolescent children. Based on previous research, formative research, and theories of behavioral change, we developed Talking Parents, Healthy Teens, an intervention designed to help parents improve communication with their adolescent children, promote healthy adolescent sexual development, and reduce adolescent sexual risk behaviors. We conduct the parenting program at worksites to facilitate recruitment and retention of participants. The program consists of 8 weekly 1-hour sessions during the lunch hour. In this article, we review the literature that identifies parental influences on adolescent sexual behavior, summarize our formative research, present the theoretical framework we used to develop Talking Parents, Healthy Teens, describe the program's components and intervention strategies, and offer recommendations based on our experiences developing the program. By targeting parents at their worksites, this program represents an innovative approach to promoting adolescent sexual health. This article is intended to be helpful to health educators and clinicians designing programs for parents, employers implementing health-related programs, and researchers who may consider designing and evaluating such worksite-based programs.

背景与目标： ：父母在青春期儿童的性健康中起着重要作用。基于以前的研究，形成性研究和行为改变的理论，我们开发了“会说话的父母，健康的青少年”，旨在帮助父母改善与青春期孩子的沟通，促进健康的青少年性发育并减少青少年性风险行为的干预措施。我们在工作场所实施育儿计划，以促进参与者的招募和保留。该计划在午餐时间包括8个每周的1小时课程。在本文中，我们回顾了确定父母对青少年性行为的影响的文献，总结了我们的形成性研究，介绍了我们用于发展会说话的父母，健康的青少年的理论框架，描述了该计划的组成部分和干预策略，并根据我们的建议提供了建议开发该程序的经验。通过针对父母的工作场所，该计划代表了一种促进青少年性健康的创新方法。本文旨在为健康教育者和临床医生为父母设计程序，实施与健康相关的程序的雇主以及可能考虑设计和评估基于工作场所的程序的研究人员提供帮助。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:In a recently published article, it was suggested that governance was the significant structural factor affecting the epidemiology of HIV. This suggestion was made notwithstanding the observed weak correlation between governance and HIV prevalence (r = .2). Unfortunately, the paper raised but left unexamined the potentially more important questions about the relationship between the broader health of populations and structural factors such as the national economy and physical infrastructure. METHODS:Utilizing substantially the same data sources as the original article, the relationship between population health (healthy life expectancy) and three structural factors (access to improved water, GDP per capita, and governance) were examined in each of 176 countries. RESULTS:Governance was found to be significantly correlated with population health, as were GDP per capita, and access to improved water. They were also found to be significantly correlated with each other. CONCLUSION:The findings are discussed with reference to the growing interest in structural factors as an explanation for population health outcomes, and the relatively weak relationship between governance and HIV prevalence.

背景与目标： 背景：在最近发表的一篇文章中，有人建议治理是影响艾滋病毒流行病学的重要结构性因素。尽管观察到治理与HIV患病率之间的相关性较弱，但还是提出了这一建议（r = .2）。不幸的是，该论文提出了但并未审查关于更广泛的人口健康与国民经济和物质基础设施等结构性因素之间关系的潜在更重要的问题。
方法：利用与原始文章基本相同的数据源，在176个国家中的每个国家中研究了人口健康（健康预期寿命）与三个结构性因素（获得改善的水，人均GDP和治理）之间的关系。
结果：治理与人口健康，人均国内生产总值以及获得改善的水质都显着相关。还发现它们彼此之间显着相关。
结论：讨论结果时参考了对结构性因素的日益增长的兴趣，这些因素可以解释人口健康状况，并且治理与艾滋病毒感染率之间的关系相对较弱。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Before the 2017 election of the Director-General of WHO, and given the importance of human rights to global health governance through WHO, Health and Human Rights asked the three final candidates for their views on human rights, WHO's human rights mandate, and the role of human rights in WHO programming. These questions were developed by the author in collaboration with Audrey Chapman, Lisa Forman, Paul Hunt, Dainius Pūras, Javier Vasquez and Carmel Williams. Based on responses to these questions from each of the three candidates, this Perspective was originally published online on April 26, 2017. On May 23, 2017, Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus was elected Director-General and will begin his five-year term on July 1, 2017.

背景与目标： ：在2017年世界卫生组织总干事选举之前，考虑到人权对通过世界卫生组织进行全球卫生治理的重要性，卫生与人权要求三位最终候选人对人权，世卫组织的人权任务以及对人权的看法人权在世卫组织规划中的作用。这些问题是由作者与Audrey Chapman，Lisa Forman，Paul Hunt，DainiusPūras，Javier Vasquez和Carmel Williams合作开发的。根据从各三名候选人的回答这些问题，这种观点最初是在线发表于2017年4月26日，2017年5月23日，Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus博士当选总干事，并将于七月他的五年任期2017年1月1日。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The band alignment at an Al2O3/SrTiO3 heterointerface forming a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) was investigated using scanning photocurrent microscopy (SPCM) in an electrolyte-gated environment. We used a focused UV laser source for above-the-bandgap illumination on the SrTiO3 layer, creating electron-hole pairs that contributed to the photocurrent through migration towards the metal electrodes. The polarity of the SPCM signals of a bare SrTiO3 device shows typical p-type behavior at zero gate bias, in which the photogenerated electrons are collected by the electrodes. In contrast, the SPCM polarity of 2DEG device indicates that the hole carriers were collected by the metal electrodes. Careful transport measurements revealed that the gate-dependent conductance of the 2DEG devices exhibits n-type switching behavior. More importantly, the SPCM signals in 2DEG devices demonstrated very unique gate-responses that cannot be found in conventional semiconducting devices, based on which we were able to perform detailed investigation into the electronic band alignment of the 2DEG devices and obtain the valence band offset at the heterointerface.

背景与目标： ：使用扫描光电流显微镜（SPCM）在电解质门控环境中研究了形成二维电子气（2DEG）的Al2O3 / SrTiO3异质界面处的能带排列。我们使用聚焦的UV激光源在SrTiO3层上进行带隙以上照明，从而创建电子-空穴对，这些电子-空穴对通过向金属电极的迁移而有助于光电流。裸露的SrTiO3器件的SPCM信号的极性在零栅极偏置下显示出典型的p型行为，其中光生电子被电极收集。相反，2DEG器件的SPCM极性表明空穴载流子被金属电极收集。仔细的传输测量表明，2DEG器件的依赖于栅极的电导表现出n型开关行为。更重要的是，2DEG器件中的SPCM信号表现出非常独特的门响应，这是常规半导体器件中找不到的，基于此，我们能够对2DEG器件的电子能带对准进行详细研究，并获得价带偏移。异类接口。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:The aim of this article is to report, from their own perspective, the attitudes and believes towards vaccination, with special emphasis on the influence of sources of information to make the decision to get vaccinated, of health care workers (HCWs), considered as a specific risk group for immunization strategy against A (H1N1) influenza. METHODS:Cross-sectional observational study focused on active health workers in the province of Alicante. Made by face to face questionnaires to a stratified random sample based on occupational categories in hospitals and health care centres. RESULTS:The sources of information differ between subgroups; physicians used journals and/or conferences, nurses obtained information through the Ministry of Health and other nurses, and the remaining workers opted for television and/or the family physician. Of the three studied groups, physicians felt minor concern about the influenza A (H1N1) pandemic (59.4%), had the most confidence in the vaccine (42.3%), were the ones who recommended the vaccine the most (44.4%), who best followed the recommendations to avoid infection (93%), and were the most vaccinated (18.3%). Around three-quarters (75.5%) of the HCWs assessed the provided information as fair, poor or very poor. All HCWs admitted that a social alarm was created. DISCUSSION:The success of future immunization campaigns against influenza in HCWs could increase if information activities were designed to focus on each subgroup of HCWs, by adapting the strategy and improving the quality of information.

背景与目标： 简介：本文的目的是从他们自己的角度报告对疫苗接种的态度和信念，并特别强调信息来源对决定是否接种疫苗的医护人员（HCW）的影响作为针对A（H1N1）流感的免疫策略的特定风险人群。
方法：横断面观察研究的重点是阿利坎特省的在职卫生工作者。通过面对面的问卷调查，根据医院和保健中心的职业类别对分层的随机样本进行抽样。
结果：亚组之间的信息来源不同；医生使用期刊和/或会议，护士通过卫生部和其他护士获得信息，其余工人选择电视和/或家庭医生。在这三个研究组中，医生对甲型流感（H1N1）大流行的担忧不大（59.4％），对疫苗最有信心（42.3％），是推荐疫苗最多的人（44.4％），最好遵循建议避免感染的建议（93％），并且接种疫苗最多（18.3％）。大约四分之三（75.5％）的医护工作者认为所提供的信息是公平的，差的或非常差的。所有医护人员都承认创建了社交警报。
讨论：如果旨在通过调整策略和提高信息质量而将信息活动设计为专注于医护人员的每个亚组，那么将来针对医护人员的流感免疫运动的成功率可能会增加。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:This study assessed social and behavioural predictors for sexual risk taking and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV among adolescent female sex workers (FSWs) from Kunming, China. Additionally, health services needs and use were assessed. METHODS:A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2010. Using snowball and convenience sampling, self-identified FSWs were recruited from four urban areas in Kunming. Women consenting to participate were administered a semi-structured questionnaire by trained interviewers identified from local peer-support organisations. Following interview, a gynaecological examination and biological sampling to identify potential STIs were undertaken. Descriptive and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS:Adolescent FSWs had a mean age of 18.2 years and reported numerous non-paying sexual partners with very low rate of consistent condom use (22.2%). Half (50.3%) the respondents had sex while feeling drunk at least once in the past week, of whom 56.4% did not use condom protection. STI prevalence was high overall (30.4%) among this group. Younger age, early sexual debut, being isolated from schools and family, short duration in sex work, and use of illicit drugs were found to be strong predictors for unprotected sex and presence of an STI. Conversely, having access to condom promotion, free HIV counselling and testing, and peer education were associated with less unprotected sex. The majority reported a need for health knowledge, free condoms and low-cost STI diagnosis and treatment. CONCLUSIONS:There is an urgent need to improve coverage, accessibility and efficiency of existing interventions targeting adolescent FSWs.

背景与目标： 目的：本研究评估了来自中国昆明市的青春期女性性工作者（FSW）的性行为冒险和性传播感染（STI）（包括HIV）的社会和行为预测因素。此外，还评估了卫生服务的需求和使用。
方法：2010年进行了横断面调查。通过滚雪球和便利抽样，从昆明的四个市区招募了自我识别的FSW。从当地同支持组织确定的训练有素的访调员对同意参加的妇女进行半结构化问卷调查。采访之后，进行了妇科检查和生物采样以识别潜在的性传播感染。进行了描述性和多变量logistic回归分析。
结果：青少年FSW的平均年龄为18.2岁，并报告了许多无偿性伴侣，一致使用避孕套的比例很低（22.2％）。在过去的一周中，有一半（50.3％）的被调查者曾发生过性行为，而至少一次醉酒，其中56.4％的人未使用安全套保护。在这一组中，性传播感染的患病率总体较高（30.4％）。人们发现，年龄较小，性行为初次出现，与学校和家庭隔离，性工作时间短以及使用非法药物是无保护性行为和性传播感染的有力预测因素。相反，获得安全套宣传，免费的艾滋病毒咨询和检测以及同伴教育的机会与较少受到保护的性行为有关。大多数人报告需要健康知识，免费避孕套和低成本的STI诊断和治疗。
结论：迫切需要提高针对青少年FSW的现有干预措施的覆盖面，可及性和效率。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To describe the prevalence of oral diseases and their impact on oral-health-related quality of life in people with severe mental illness undertaking community-based psychiatric care. METHODS:A survey was conducted at eight outpatient psychiatric care clinics in Tower Hamlets, London, UK. One hundred and twelve consecutive patients with mental illness were invited to participate in this study. They were clinically examined and asked to complete the oral health impact profile (OHIP) questionnaire. RESULTS:The response rate was 79% (n = 89); 57 (64%) males and 58 persons over 45 years of age (65%) participated in this survey. Overall OHIP score was 25.4 (95% CI 23.3, 27.4), 70 (78%) were smokers and 45 (51%) had been to the dentist in the last two years. Forty-seven (53%) respondents had caries in at least one tooth, 60 (67%) had 21 teeth and more, and 14 (16%) used dentures. Advanced periodontal treatment was indicated in 42 (55%) of patients and 52.8% (n = 47) patients reported current pain. CONCLUSION:Overall, this survey found that oral health has a great impact on patients with severe mental illness being treated in the community setting and their oral health is poorer than the national adult general population. Future research should consider the causes that relate to the poorer oral health in this population and potential health promotion mechanisms in this population to encourage an upstream approach to health.

背景与目标： 目的：描述在进行基于社区的精神病治疗的重度精神疾病患者中口腔疾病的流行及其对口腔健康相关生活质量的影响。
方法：在英国伦敦塔哈姆雷特市的八家门诊精神病诊所进行了一项调查。连续邀请112名精神疾病患者参加这项研究。对他们进行了临床检查，并要求他们填写口腔健康影响概况（OHIP）问卷。
结果：回应率为79％（n = 89）；男性（57％）（64％）和58岁以上的58人（65％）参加了这项调查。 OHIP总体得分为25.4（95％CI 23.3、27.4），吸烟者70（78％）和最近两年去牙医的45（51％）。 47名（53％）的被调查者的至少一颗牙齿上有龋齿； 60（67％）的人有21颗及以上的牙齿，以及14颗（16％）的假牙。 42名（55％）患者表示接受牙周治疗，目前有疼痛的患者占52.8％（n = 47）。
结论：总体而言，该调查发现，口腔健康对在社区环境中接受治疗的严重精神疾病患者有很大影响，并且其口腔健康状况比全国成年人口人群差。未来的研究应考虑与该人群口腔健康较差的原因以及该人群中潜在的健康促进机制，以鼓励采用上游健康方法。