• 【划定亲和力区域,作为欧洲空气污染制图的基础。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.envint.2012.10.012 复制DOI
    作者列表:Vienneau D,Briggs DJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Affinity zones are defined as areas within which air quality displays consistent behaviour over space and time. Constructed using multivariate statistical techniques and physiographic and landscape variables reflecting underlying sources and spatial patterns of air pollution, affinity zones provide a spatial structure suited to exploring the representativity of monitoring networks and as a basis for air pollution mapping and exposure assessment. The affinity zone method is demonstrated using European air pollution monitoring sites, and environmental data compiled within a 1 km GIS. Organised into three main stages, this method involves: (i) indicator selection, using principal components analysis, (ii) zonation by cluster analysis to classify areas into distinct types, and (iii) site allocation, to confirm similarity within affinity zones in terms of monitored air pollution concentrations. Ten interpretable and coherent air pollution affinity zones were constructed for Europe, including two rural zones and eight related to different types of densely populated and built up environments. Concentrations between affinity zones differed significantly for NO(2) background and traffic sites and for PM(10) traffic sites only. Not all zones, however, were found to be sufficiently represented by monitoring sites, illustrating the importance of affinity zones in identifying deficiencies in monitoring networks. Spatial modelling within affinity zones is also demonstrated, showing that simple kriging of background NO(2) concentrations within zones (compared to kriging ignoring zones) produced a ca. 22% reduction in errors and increased R(2) by 0.25 at reserved validation monitoring sites. The affinity zone method developed here is a robust, statistical approach that can be used for evaluating the representativity of routine monitoring networks often used in continental level environmental and health risk assessments.
    背景与目标: :亲和区域定义为空气质量在空间和时间上表现出一致行为的区域。使用多元统计技术以及反映空气污染的潜在来源和空间模式的自然和景观变量构建的亲和力区域提供了一种适合探索监测网络代表性的空间结构,并作为空气污染测绘和暴露评估的基础。使用欧洲空气污染监测站点和在1 km GIS中汇总的环境数据演示了亲和区方法。该方法分为三个主要阶段:(i)使用主成分分析进行指标选择;(ii)通过聚类分析将区域划分为不同类型;以及(iii)站点分配,以确认亲和力区域内的相似性监测的空气污染浓度。欧洲共建立了10个可解释且连贯的空气污染亲和区,其中包括2个农村区和8个与不同类型的人口稠密和密集环境相关的区域。对于NO(2)背景和交通站点以及仅PM(10)交通站点,亲和区之间的浓度差异显着。但是,并不是所有区域都能被监视站点充分代表,这说明了亲和力区域在识别监视网络缺陷中的重要性。还演示了亲和区内的空间建模,表明简单的克里格背景NO(2)浓度在区域内(与忽略区域的克里格法相比)产生了一个ca。在保留的验证监视站点上,错误减少了22%,R(2)增加了0.25。这里开发的亲和区方法是一种强大的统计方法,可用于评估经常在大陆级环境和健康风险评估中使用的常规监测网络的代表性。
  • 【为原住民卫生人员确定适合文化的多层次戒烟策略:一种概念图方法。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1093/her/cys111 复制DOI
    作者列表:Dawson AP,Cargo M,Stewart H,Chong A,Daniel M
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Aboriginal Australians, including Aboriginal Health Workers (AHWs), smoke at rates double the non-Aboriginal population. This study utilized concept mapping methodology to identify and prioritize culturally relevant strategies to promote smoking cessation in AHWs. Stakeholder participants included AHWs, other health service employees and tobacco control personnel. Smoking cessation strategies (n = 74) were brainstormed using 34 interviews, 3 focus groups and a stakeholder workshop. Stakeholders sorted strategies into meaningful groups and rated them on perceived importance and feasibility. A concept map was developed using multi-dimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analyses. Ten unique clusters of smoking cessation strategies were depicted that targeted individuals, family and peers, community, workplace and public policy. Smoking cessation resources and services were represented in addition to broader strategies addressing social and environmental stressors that perpetuate smoking and make quitting difficult. The perceived importance and feasibility of clusters were rated differently by participants working in health services that were government-coordinated compared with community-controlled. For health service workers within vulnerable populations, these findings clearly implicate a need for contextualized strategies that mitigate social and environmental stressors in addition to conventional strategies for tobacco control. The concept map is being applied in knowledge translation to guide development of smoking cessation programs for AHWs.
    背景与目标: :包括澳大利亚原住民卫生工作者(AHWs)在内的澳大利亚原住民吸烟率是非原住民人口的两倍。这项研究利用概念图方法论来确定和优先考虑与文化相关的策略,以促进AHW中的戒烟。利益相关者的参与者包括AHW,其他卫生服务员工和烟草控制人员。通过34次访谈,3个焦点小组和一个利益相关者研讨会,集体讨论了戒烟策略(n = 74)。利益相关者将策略分为有意义的组,并根据感知到的重要性和可行性对它们进行评级。使用多维缩放和层次聚类分析开发了概念图。描绘了十个独特的戒烟策略组,这些策略针对个人,家庭和同龄人,社区,工作场所和公共政策。除更广泛的策略解决了使吸烟永久化和使戒烟困难的社会和环境压力外,还代表了戒烟资源和服务。在政府协调的卫生服务机构与社区控制的卫生服务机构中,参与者对集群的重要性和可行性的看法有所不同。对于脆弱人群中的卫生服务工作者,这些发现显然暗示着除了传统的烟草控制策略外,还需要有针对性的策略来减轻社会和环境压力。概念图已应用于知识翻译中,以指导针对AHW的戒烟计划的开发。
  • 【绘制苹果红色果肉和叶子颜色的候选基因(MdMYB10)。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1186/1471-2164-8-212 复制DOI
    作者列表:Chagné D,Carlisle CM,Blond C,Volz RK,Whitworth CJ,Oraguzie NC,Crowhurst RN,Allan AC,Espley RV,Hellens RP,Gardiner SE
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Integrating plant genomics and classical breeding is a challenge for both plant breeders and molecular biologists. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) is a tool that can be used to accelerate the development of novel apple varieties such as cultivars that have fruit with anthocyanin through to the core. In addition, determining the inheritance of novel alleles, such as the one responsible for red flesh, adds to our understanding of allelic variation. Our goal was to map candidate anthocyanin biosynthetic and regulatory genes in a population segregating for the red flesh phenotypes. RESULTS:We have identified the Rni locus, a major genetic determinant of the red foliage and red colour in the core of apple fruit. In a population segregating for the red flesh and foliage phenotype we have determined the inheritance of the Rni locus and DNA polymorphisms of candidate anthocyanin biosynthetic and regulatory genes. Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in the candidate genes were also located on an apple genetic map. We have shown that the MdMYB10 gene co-segregates with the Rni locus and is on Linkage Group (LG) 09 of the apple genome. CONCLUSION:We have performed candidate gene mapping in a fruit tree crop and have provided genetic evidence that red colouration in the fruit core as well as red foliage are both controlled by a single locus named Rni. We have shown that the transcription factor MdMYB10 may be the gene underlying Rni as there were no recombinants between the marker for this gene and the red phenotype in a population of 516 individuals. Associating markers derived from candidate genes with a desirable phenotypic trait has demonstrated the application of genomic tools in a breeding programme of a horticultural crop species.
    背景与目标: 背景:将植物基因组学与经典育种相结合对植物育种者和分子生物学家都是一个挑战。标记辅助选择(MAS)是一种可用于加速开发新苹果品种的工具,例如具有将花青素带到核心的果实的品种。另外,确定新等位基因的遗传,例如负责红色肉体的等位基因,可以增加我们对等位基因变异的理解。我们的目标是在分离出红色果肉表型的种群中定位候选花色苷的生物合成和调控基因。
    结果:我们确定了Rni基因座,Rni基因座是苹果果实核心红色叶子和红色的主要遗传决定因素。在针对红色果肉和叶子表型进行隔离的种群中,我们确定了Rni基因座的遗传以及候选花色苷生物合成和调控基因的DNA多态性。候选基因中的简单序列重复(SSR)和单核苷酸多态性(SNP)也位于苹果遗传图谱上。我们已经显示,MdMYB10基因与Rni基因座共聚,并且位于苹果基因组的Linkage Group(LG)09上。
    结论:我们在果树作物中进行了候选基因定位,并提供了遗传学证据,表明果核中的红色和红色的叶子都受一个名为Rni的基因座控制。我们已经表明,转录因子MdMYB10可能是Rni的基因,因为在516个个体中,该基因的标记与红色表型之间没有重组体。将候选基因衍生的标记与理想的表型性状相关联已证明了基因组工具在园艺作物物种育种程序中的应用。
  • 【猪生殖和呼吸综合征病毒衣壳蛋白核定位信号及其致病关联的功能图谱。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.virusres.2008.02.012 复制DOI
    作者列表:Pei Y,Hodgins DC,Lee C,Calvert JG,Welch SK,Jolie R,Keith M,Yoo D
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :PRRSV (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus) nucleocapsid (N) protein is the most abundant structural protein of the virus. During infection, the N protein is specifically localized to the nucleus and nucleolus in addition to its normal cytoplasmic distribution. Previously, a nuclear localization signal (NLS, 41-PGKK(N/S)KKKN)-null mutant virus (41-PGGGNKKKN) showed reduced viremia and increased production of neutralizing antibodies in infected pigs. However, the mutagenized NLS underwent strong selection pressure in the pig that resulted in partial or complete reversion and reacquisition of NLS function, and thus the biological effect of the NLS-null mutation needed further investigation. In the present study, a total of 9 "reversion resistant" mutants were generated by amino acid deletions and substitutions using an infectious cDNA clone. Two mutant clones (PG--SKKKS and PG--S-KKS) that produced progeny viruses were genetically stable for at least 20 passages in cell culture. Infection of pigs with those mutants induced neutralizing antibodies to higher titers than with wild-type virus. Both mutant viruses induced viremia of lower titer and of shorter duration than wild-type virus. RT-PCR from tonsils showed that both mutants persisted at a reduced level. Virus transmission to contact pigs was also lower in the mutant virus infected groups. No reversion to functional NLS was detected in either mutant from any pig. These data demonstrate that N protein nuclear localization is indeed associated with viral pathogenesis and host response to PRRS.
    背景与目标: :PRRSV(猪生殖和呼吸综合征病毒)核衣壳(N)蛋白是该病毒中最丰富的结构蛋白。在感染过程中,N蛋白除了其正常的细胞质分布外,还特异地位于细胞核和核仁中。以前,核定位信号(NLS,41-PGKK(N / S)KKKN)-无效突变病毒(41-PGGGNKKKN)显示出降低的病毒血症,并增加了感染猪中和抗体的产生。但是,诱变的NLS在猪中受到强大的选择压力,导致部分或完全恢复和重新获得NLS功能,因此,需要进一步研究NLS-null突变的生物学效应。在本研究中,使用感染性cDNA克隆通过氨基酸缺失和置换产生了总共9个“抗逆转”突变体。产生后代病毒的两个突变体克隆(PG--SKKKS和PG--S-KKS)在细胞培养中至少20代具有遗传稳定性。用那些突变体感染猪所诱导的中和抗体的滴度要高于野生型病毒。与野生型病毒相比,两种突变病毒均能引起较低的滴度和持续时间较短的病毒血症。扁桃体的RT-PCR显示两个突变体均以降低的水平持续存在。在突变病毒感染组中,接触猪的病毒传播率也较低。在任何猪的任一突变体中均未检测到功能性NLS的逆转。这些数据表明,N蛋白核定位确实与病毒发病机制和宿主对PRRS的反应有关。
  • 【在蛋白质交联剂的间隔物中适当定位的叠氮基团,用于轻松地紧密映射赖氨酸。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1002/cbic.200700150 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kasper PT,Back JW,Vitale M,Hartog AF,Roseboom W,de Koning LJ,van Maarseveen JH,Muijsers AO,de Koster CG,de Jong L
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cross-links between amino acid residues in close proximity can provide distance constraints for the validation of models of the 3D structure proteins. The mapping of cross-links by the identification of linked peptides in proteolytic digests is facilitated by cleavable cross-linkers that enable isolation of the cleavage products while preserving information about the linkage. We present an amine-specific cross-linker, bis(succinimidyl)-3-azidomethyl glutarate (BAMG), that fulfils these requirements. Two parallel reaction pathways are induced by tris(carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) in cross-linked peptides from BAMG-treated cytochrome c. One pathway leads to cleavage of the cross-linked species, while in the other the azido group of BAMG is reduced to an amino group without cleavage. Cross-linked peptides and peptides modified by partially hydrolysed BAMG yield distinct sets of TCEP-induced reaction products. These can be isolated by reversed-phase diagonal chromatography and identified by mass spectrometry to reveal the identity of the parent compounds. The ease with which cross-link-derived reaction products can be isolated and identified indicates that the mapping of cross-links in complex biological assemblies and mixtures of protein complexes might become feasible in the near future.
    背景与目标: :非常接近的氨基酸残基之间的交联可为3D结构蛋白模型的验证提供距离限制。通过可裂解的交联剂促进了通过蛋白水解酶消化物中的连接肽的鉴定来进行交联的作图,所述可裂解的交联剂能够分离裂解产物,同时保留有关连锁的信息。我们提出了满足这些要求的特定于胺的交联剂,双(琥珀酰亚胺基)-3-叠氮基甲基戊二酸酯(BAMG)。三(羧乙基)膦(TCEP)在来自BAMG处理的细胞色素c的交联肽中诱导出两个平行的反应途径。一个途径导致交联物种的裂解,而在另一途径中,BAMG的叠氮基还原为氨基而不裂解。交联的肽和经部分水解的BAMG修饰的肽可产生不同组的TCEP诱导的反应产物。这些可以通过反相对角色谱法分离,并通过质谱鉴定以揭示母体化合物的身份。易于分离和鉴定交联衍生的反应产物表明,在不久的将来,复杂生物组装体和蛋白质复合物混合物中交联的作图可能变得可行。
  • 【统计参数映射:评估在儿童中的应用。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1006/nimg.2000.0651 复制DOI
    作者列表:Muzik O,Chugani DC,Juhász C,Shen C,Chugani HT
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :SPM is a powerful technique for the comparison of functional imaging data sets among groups of patients. While this technique has been widely applied in studies of adults, it has rarely been applied to studies of children, due in part to the lack of validation of the spatial normalization procedure in children of different ages. In order to determine if spatial normalization of FDG PET images using SPM96 to an adult template can be successfully applied in children, we applied PET-derived transformation parameters to coregistered MRI images. We then compared contours of spatially normalized MRI images obtained from 13 children with epilepsy (ages 2-14 years, mean 7.6 +/- 3.9 years) with those derived from 17 adult controls (mean age 27.6 +/- 4.5 years). Contours of spatially normalized MRI image volumes derived from the pediatric group were more variable than those obtained from adult controls. The average deviation from the mean adult contour was age-dependent and decreased with age (average deviation (mm) = 2.22 (mm) - 0.021 (mm/year) x years, r = 0.70, P < 0.001). Separate SPM analyses were performed for children less than 6 years (N1 = 6) and for children between 6 and 14 years of age (N2 = 7). SPM analyses performed in both pediatric groups showed significant regions of hypometabolism in locations consistent with their epileptic foci. SPM analyses in the younger group also showed significant artifacts. Therefore, the error associated with spatial normalization of pediatric brains to an adult template in children less than 6 years of age precludes the application of statistical parametric mapping in this age group. Although the error in the spatial normalization procedure for children ages 6 to 14 years is higher than in adults, it appears that this error does not result in artifacts in the SPM analysis. Furthermore, in contrast our previous studies showing large age-related changes in the absolute glucose metabolic rate at puberty, the SPM analysis showed children over 6 years of age appear to display the same pattern of glucose utilization as adults. However, small differences in the pattern of glucose utilization which might occur during late childhood and adolescence may not have been detected due to the sample size.
    背景与目标: :SPM是一项功能强大的技术,可用于比较患者组之间的功能成像数据集。尽管该技术已广泛用于成人研究,但很少用于儿童研究,部分原因是缺乏对不同年龄儿童的空间归一化程序的验证。为了确定使用SPM96到成人模板的FDG PET图像的空间归一化是否可以成功应用于儿童,我们将PET衍生的转换参数应用于共配准的MRI图像。然后,我们比较了从13例癫痫患儿(2-14岁,平均7.6 /-3.9岁)获得的空间归一化MRI图像的轮廓与从17位成人对照(平均年龄27.6 /-4.5岁)获得的轮廓进行了比较。与从成人对照组获得的图像相比,从儿科组获得的空间归一化MRI图像体积的轮廓变化更大。与成人平均轮廓的平均偏差与年龄有关,并且随着年龄的增长而降低(平均偏差(mm)= 2.22(mm)-0.021(mm /年)x年,r = 0.70,P <0.001)。对6岁以下的儿童(N1 = 6)和6至14岁的儿童(N2 = 7)进行了单独的SPM分析。在两个儿科组中进行的SPM分析显示,在与其癫痫灶一致的位置存在明显的低代谢区域。年轻组中的SPM分析也显示出明显的伪影。因此,在6岁以下的儿童中,与小儿大脑对成人模板进行空间标准化相关的错误,排除了在该年龄组中应用统计参数映射的可能性。尽管6至14岁儿童的空间归一化程序中的误差高于成人,但似乎该误差不会在SPM分析中导致伪像。此外,相比之下,我们以前的研究显示青春期绝对葡萄糖代谢率的年龄相关变化很大,SPM分析显示,超过6岁的儿童似乎表现出与成年人相同的葡萄糖利用方式。然而,由于样本量的原因,可能未检测到儿童后期和青春期可能发生的葡萄糖利用模​​式的细微差异。
  • 【在石竹中定位与双花表型相关的基因DcAP2L。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1093/jxb/erz558 复制DOI
    作者列表:Wang Q,Zhang X,Lin S,Yang S,Yan X,Bendahmane M,Bao M,Fu X
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The double flower is a highly important breeding trait that affects the ornamental value in many flowering plants. To get a better understanding of the genetic mechanism of double flower formation in Dianthus chinensis, we have constructed a high-density genetic map using 140 F2 progenies derived from a cross between a single flower genotype and a double flower genotype. The linkage map was constructed using double-digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD-seq) with 2353 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping analysis was conducted for 12 horticultural traits, and major QTLs were identified for nine of the 12 traits. Among them, two major QTLs accounted for 20.7% and 78.1% of the total petal number variation, respectively. Bulked segregant RNA-seq (BSR-seq) was performed to search accurately for candidate genes associated with the double flower trait. Integrative analysis of QTL mapping and BSR-seq analysis using the reference genome of Dianthus caryophyllus suggested that an SNP mutation in the miR172 cleavage site of the A-class flower organ identity gene APETALA2 (DcAP2L) is responsible for double flower formation in Dianthus through regulating the expression of DcAG genes.
    背景与目标: :双花是非常重要的育种性状,会影响许多开花植物的观赏价值。为了更好地了解石竹双花形成的遗传机制,我们使用140个F2子代构建了一个高密度遗传图谱,该子代来自单花基因型和双花基因型之间的杂交。使用具有2353个单核苷酸多态性(SNP)的双消化限制性位点相关的DNA测序(ddRAD-seq)构建连锁图。对12个园艺性状进行了数量性状基因座(QTL)定位分析,并为12个性状中的9个确定了主要QTL。其中,两个主要的QTL分别占花瓣总数变化的20.7%和78.1%。进行散装分离子RNA-seq(BSR-seq)以准确搜索与双花性状相关的候选基因。利用石竹参考基因组的QTL定位分析和BSR-seq分析的综合分析表明,A类花器官同一性基因APETALA2(DcAP2L)的miR172切割位点的SNP突变是通过调节石竹的双花形成的原因DcAG基因的表达。
  • 【3-T MRI Sa关节的T2映射:初步研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.2214/AJR.16.17244 复制DOI
    作者列表:Lefebvre G,Bergère A,Rafei ME,Duhamel A,Teixeira P,Cotten A
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of T2 relaxation time measurements of the sacroiliac joints. SUBJECTS AND METHODS:The sacroiliac joints of 40 patients were imaged by 3-T MRI using an oblique axial multislice multiecho spin-echo T2-weighted sequence. Manual plotting and automatic subdivision of ROIs allowed us to obtain T2 values for up to 48 different areas per patient (posterior and anterior parts, sacral, intermediate, and iliac parts). Intraand interobserver reproducibility of T2 values were calculated after independent assessment by two musculoskeletal radiologists. RESULTS:A total of 1656 measurement sites could be analyzed. Mean (± SD) T2 values were 40.6 ± 6.7 ms and 41.2 ± 6.3 ms for observer 1 and 39.9 ± 6.6 ms for observer 2. The intraobserver intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.72 (95% CI, 0.70-0.74), and the interobserver intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.71 (95% CI, 0.68-0.72). CONCLUSION:Our study shows the feasibility of T2 relaxation time measurements at the sacroiliac joints.
    背景与目标: 目的:本研究的目的是评估measurements关节T2弛豫时间测量的可行性。
    研究对象和方法:采用斜向轴向多层多层多回波自旋回波T2加权序列通过3-T MRI对40例患者的image关节进行成像。手动绘制和自动细分ROIs使我们能够获得每位患者多达48个不同区域(前后部分、,、中间和部分)的T2值。由两名肌肉骨骼放射科医生独立评估后,计算出观察者内部和观察者之间的T2值可重复性。
    结果:总共可以分析1656个测量部位。观察者1的平均(±SD)T2值分别为40.6±6.7 ms和41.2±6.3 ms,观察者2的平均T3值为39.9±6.6 ms。相关系数为0.71(95%CI,0.68-0.72)。
    结论:我们的研究表明measurements关节T2弛豫时间测量的可行性。
  • 【非生物和生物逆境适应力的作图模式揭示了维尼亚野生近缘种的保护缺口和繁殖潜力。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1038/s41598-020-58646-8 复制DOI
    作者列表:van Zonneveld M,Rakha M,Tan SY,Chou YY,Chang CH,Yen JY,Schafleitner R,Nair R,Naito K,Solberg SØ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study provides insights in patterns of distribution of abiotic and biotic stress resilience across Vigna gene pools to enhance the use and conservation of these genetic resources for legume breeding. Vigna is a pantropical genus with more than 88 taxa including important crops such as V. radiata (mung bean) and V. unguiculata (cowpea). Our results show that sources of pest and disease resistance occur in at least 75 percent of the Vigna taxa, which were part of screening assessments, while sources of abiotic stress resilience occur in less than 30 percent of screened taxa. This difference in levels of resilience suggests that Vigna taxa co-evolve with pests and diseases while taxa are more conservative to adapt to climatic changes and salinization. Twenty-two Vigna taxa are poorly conserved in genebanks or not at all. This germplasm is not available for legume breeding and requires urgent germplasm collecting before these taxa extirpate on farm and in the wild. Vigna taxa, which tolerate heat and drought stress are rare compared with taxa, which escape these stresses because of short growing seasons or with taxa, which tolerate salinity. We recommend prioritizing these rare Vigna taxa for conservation and screening for combined abiotic and biotic stress resilience resulting from stacked or multifunctional traits. The high presence of salinity tolerance compared with drought stress tolerance, suggests that Vigna taxa are good at developing salt-tolerant traits. Vigna taxa are therefore of high value for legume production in areas that will suffer from salinization under global climate change.
    背景与目标: :这项研究提供了关于跨Vigna基因库的非生物和生物逆境适应力分布模式的见解,以增强对豆类育种的这些遗传资源的利用和保护。 Vigna是一种泛热带属,有超过88个分类单元,包括重要的农作物,例如辐射绿豆(V. radiata)(绿豆)和V. unguiculata(co豆)。我们的结果表明,至少有75%的the豆类生物发生病虫害和抗病性,这是筛选评估的一部分,而非生物逆境恢复力的来源中则只有不到30%的经过筛选的生物种。复原力水平的这种差异表明,gna豆类群与病虫害共同进化,而分类群则更为保守以适应气候变化和盐碱化。在基因库中,有22个Vigna分类群保存得很差,或者根本没有保存。该种质无法用于豆科植物育种,需要在农场和野外消灭这些类群之前紧急收集种质。耐高温和干旱胁迫的豆类生物很少见,而由于生长季节短或可耐受盐分的类群则可以避开这些压力。我们建议优先考虑这些稀有的gna豆类群,以保护和筛选因堆叠或多功能性状而导致的非生物和生物复合胁迫适应性。与干旱胁迫耐受性相比,盐分耐受性的高存在表明Vigna分类群擅长发展耐盐性状。因此,在全球气候变化导致盐碱化的地区,豆科植物对豆类生产具有很高的价值。
  • 【人类上顶叶皮层的独立于观察者的细胞结构作图。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1093/cercor/bhm116 复制DOI
    作者列表:Scheperjans F,Hermann K,Eickhoff SB,Amunts K,Schleicher A,Zilles K
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The human superior parietal cortex (SPC; Brodmann areas [BA] 5 and 7) comprises the superior parietal lobule and medial wall of the intraparietal sulcus (mIPS) laterally and the posterior paracentral lobule and precuneus medially. Receptor autoradiographic and functional studies indicate more complex segregations in the SPC than suggested by Brodmann (1909). Differences to other historical maps may be due to anatomical variability between brains and different definition criteria for areas. To provide a reliable anatomical reference of the SPC, we performed an observer-independent cytoarchitectonic mapping of this region in 10 human postmortem brains. Cytoarchitecture was analyzed in cell-body-stained brain sections using gray-level index profiles. Multivariate statistical analysis of profile shape allowed the exact localization of cytoarchitectonic borders and quantification of interareal differences. We identified 3 areas in BA 5 (5L, 5M, and 5Ci), 4 in BA 7 (7PC, 7A, 7P, and 7M), and 1 in the anterior mIPS (hIP3). Locations of their borders relative to macroanatomical landmarks varied considerably between brains and hemispheres. Cytoarchitectonic profiles of areas 5Ci and hIP3 differed most from those of the remaining areas, and differences between subareas were stronger in BA 5 than in BA 7. These areas are possible structural correlates of functional segregations within the SPC.
    背景与目标: :人上顶叶皮层(SPC; Brodmann区域[BA] 5和7)包括上顶叶小叶和顶壁沟内侧壁(mIPS),以及后顶中央小叶和前突神经。受体放射自显影和功能研究表明,SPC中的分离现象比Brodmann(1909)所建议的更为复杂。与其他历史地图的差异可能是由于大脑之间的解剖变异以及针对区域的不同定义标准所致。为了提供SPC的可靠解剖学参考,我们在10个人类死后大脑中对该区域进行了独立于观察者的细胞建筑师测绘。使用灰度索引配置文件分析了细胞体染色的脑组织中的细胞结构。轮廓形状的多变量统计分析允许细胞结构边界的精确定位和区域间差异的量化。我们在BA 5中确定了3个区域(5L,5M和5Ci),在BA 7中确定了4个区域(7PC,7A,7P和7M),在前mIPS(hIP3)中确定了1个区域。相对于宏观解剖学界标,其边界的位置在大脑和半球之间差异很大。区域5Ci和hIP3的细胞结构特征与其余区域的差异最大,BA 5中的子区域之间的差异比BA 7中的强。这些区域可能是SPC中功能隔离的结构关联。
  • 【Keth-seq用于转录组范围的RNA结构定位。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1038/s41589-019-0459-3 复制DOI
    作者列表:Weng X,Gong J,Chen Y,Wu T,Wang F,Yang S,Yuan Y,Luo G,Chen K,Hu L,Ma H,Wang P,Zhang QC,Zhou X,He C
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :RNA secondary structure is critical to RNA regulation and function. We report a new N3-kethoxal reagent that allows fast and reversible labeling of single-stranded guanine bases in live cells. This N3-kethoxal-based chemistry allows efficient RNA labeling under mild conditions and transcriptome-wide RNA secondary structure mapping.
    背景与目标: RNA的二级结构对于RNA调节和功能至关重要。我们报告了一种新的N3-乙氧基乙醛试剂,该试剂可以在活细胞中快速且可逆地标记单链鸟嘌呤碱基。这种基于N3-乙二醛的化学方法可在温和条件下进行有效的RNA标记,并在转录组范围内进行RNA二级结构定位。
  • 【通过全基因组关联映射,差异进化的干旱胁迫指数确定了甘蓝型油菜幼苗性状的遗传变异。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.jare.2020.05.019 复制DOI
    作者列表:Khanzada H,Wassan GM,He H,Mason AS,Keerio AA,Khanzada S,Faheem M,Solangi AM,Zhou Q,Fu D,Huang Y,Rasheed A
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Drought seriously curtails growth, physiology and productivity in rapeseed (Brassica napus). Although drought tolerance is a complex trait, efficient phenotyping and genotyping has led to the identification of novel marker-trait associations underlying drought tolerance. A diverse panel of 228 Brassica accessions was phenotyped under normal (without stress) and water-stress conditions, simulated by polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) (15% PEG stress) at the seedling stage; stress tolerance index (STI) and stress susceptibility index (SSI) values were acquired. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using 201 817 high quality SNPs identified 314 marker-trait associations strongly linked with drought indices and distributed across all nineteen chromosomes in both the A and C genomes. None of these quantitative trait loci (QTL) had been previously identified by other studies. We identified 85 genes underlying these QTL (most within 100 kb of associated SNPs) which were orthologous to Arabidopsis genes known to be associated with drought tolerance. Our study provides a novel resource for breeding drought-tolerant Brassica crops.
    背景与目标: :干旱严重抑制了油菜(甘蓝型油菜)的生长,生理和生产力。尽管耐旱性是一个复杂的特征,有效的表型和基因分型已导致鉴定出抗旱性的新型标记-性状关联。在正常(无胁迫)和水分胁迫条件下,对不同种类的228个甘蓝型油菜进行表型分析,并在苗期用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)(15%PEG胁迫)模拟。获得应力耐受指数(STI)和应力敏感性指数(SSI)值。使用201 817个高质量SNP进行的全基因组关联研究(GWAS)确定了314个与干旱指数密切相关的标记-性状关联,并分布在A和C基因组的所有19个染色体上。这些定量性状基因座(QTL)以前都没有被其他研究鉴定出来。我们确定了这些QTL的85个基因(大多数位于相关SNP的100 kb之内),这些基因与已知与干旱耐受性有关的拟南芥基因同源。我们的研究为育种抗旱的芸苔属植物提供了一种新颖的资源。
  • 【使用一组新型的清醒大鼠将乳腺肿瘤性状遗传映射到大鼠10号染色体。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2008.05.014 复制DOI
    作者列表:Adamovic T,McAllister D,Rowe JJ,Wang T,Jacob HJ,Sugg SL
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Identification of novel breast cancer susceptibility and resistance genes in genetically diverse human populations is challenging, and so inbred rats have been used to identify novel mammary cancer susceptibility quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with conventional mapping approaches. An alternative approach for QTL mapping is to use chromosome substitution (consomic) rat strains, which has the advantage of rapid generation of congenic from consomic animals. Using a novel rat strain pair, SS and BN, we identified rat mammary cancer QTLs in one of two consomic rat strains tested. Female rats of inbred parental (SS and BN) and two consomic (SS-10 BN and SS-12 BN) strains were treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene orally. The phenotypes of tumor incidence, latency, and multiplicity were evaluated. SS rats were highly susceptible to mammary adenocarcinoma development, whereas BN rats were completely resistant. Statistical comparison of the phenotypes between the susceptible parental and the two consomic strains identified QTLs residing within chromosome 10 controlling mammary tumor latency and multiplicity. The study shows that SS-BN consomic rat strains can be used to map mammary tumor QTLs. This novel approach should accelerate positional cloning of mammary cancer susceptibility and resistant genes in the rat and the identification of homologous genes in humans.
    背景与目标: :在遗传多样的人群中鉴定新型乳腺癌易感性和耐药基因具有挑战性,因此近交大鼠已被用于通过常规作图方法鉴定新型乳腺癌易感性定量特征基因座(QTL)。 QTL作图的另一种方法是使用染色体替代(共生)大鼠品系,其优势在于可以从自体动物中快速产生同基因。使用一对新的大鼠品系SS和BN,我们在测试的两个纯合大鼠品系之一中鉴定了大鼠乳腺癌QTL。用7,12-二甲基苯并[a]蒽对雌性近交亲本(SS和BN)和两种交代(SS-10 BN和SS-12 BN)品系的雌性大鼠进行口服治疗。评价肿瘤发生率,潜伏期和多重性的表型。 SS大鼠对乳腺腺癌的发展高度敏感,而BN大鼠则完全耐药。易感的亲本和两个清毒株之间的表型的统计比较确定了驻留在染色体10中的QTL,这些QTL控制着乳腺肿瘤的潜伏期和多重性。研究表明,SS-BN清醒大鼠品系可用于绘制乳腺肿瘤QTL。这种新颖的方法应加快大鼠中乳腺癌的易感性和抗性基因的位置克隆,并加快人类同源基因的鉴定。
  • 【机器学习驱动的有机组合薄膜库的高通量和自主掠入射X射线衍射图。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1021/acscombsci.0c00037 复制DOI
    作者列表:Maruyama S,Ouchi K,Koganezawa T,Matsumoto Y
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :High-throughput X-ray diffraction (XRD) is one of the most indispensable techniques to accelerate materials research. However, the conventional XRD analysis with a large beam spot size may not best appropriate in a case for characterizing organic materials thin film libraries, in which various films prepared under different process conditions are integrated on a single substrate. Here, we demonstrate that high-resolution grazing incident XRD mapping analysis is useful for this purpose: A 2-dimensional organic combinatorial thin film library with the composition and growth temperature varied along the two orthogonal axes was successfully analyzed by using synchrotron microbeam X-ray. Moreover, we show that the time-consuming mapping process is accelerated with the aid of a machine learning technique termed as Bayesian optimization based on Gaussian process regression.
    背景与目标: 高通量X射线衍射(XRD)是加速材料研究的必不可少的技术之一。然而,在表征有机材料薄膜库的情况下,具有大束斑尺寸的常规XRD分析可能不是最合适的,在这种情况下,将在不同工艺条件下制备的各种薄膜集成在单个基板上。在这里,我们证明了高分辨率掠入射XRD映射分析可用于此目的:通过使用同步加速器X射线X射线成功分析了成分和生长温度沿两个正交轴变化的二维有机组合薄膜库。 。此外,我们表明,借助基于高斯过程回归的贝叶斯优化(Bayesian Optimization)的机器学习技术,加速了耗时的映射过程。
  • 【绘制恶性神经胶质瘤患者的治疗反应图。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/00004728-200107000-00004 复制DOI
    作者列表:Haney SM,Thompson PM,Cloughesy TF,Alger JR,Frew AJ,Torres-Trejo A,Mazziotta JC,Toga AW
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Short-interval scanning of patients offers a detailed understanding of the natural progression of tumor tissue, as revealed through imaging markers such as contrast enhancement and edema, prior to therapy. Following treatment, short-interval scanning can also provide evidence of attenuation of growth rates. We present a longitudinal imaging study of a patient with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) scanned 15 times in 104 days on a 3 T MR scanner. Images were analyzed independently by two automated algorithms capable of creating detailed maps of tumor changes as well as volumetric analysis. The algorithms, a nearest-neighbor-based tissue segmentation and a surface-modeling algorithm, tracked the patient's response to temozolomide, showing an attenuation of growth. The need for surrogate imaging end-points, of which growth rates are an example, is discussed. Further, the strengths of these algorithms, the insight gained by short-interval scanning, and the need for a better understanding of imaging markers are also described.
    背景与目标: :对患者的短间隔扫描可提供对肿瘤组织自然进展的详细了解,如在治疗前通过影像学标记(如造影剂增强和水肿)所揭示的。治疗后,短间隔扫描还可提供生长速率减弱的证据。我们目前在3 T MR扫描仪上对104天内扫描了15次的多形性胶质母细胞瘤(GBM)患者进行了纵向成像研究。通过两种能够创建详细的肿瘤变化图以及体积分析的自动化算法对图像进行独立分析。该算法,基于最近邻居的组织分割和表面建模算法跟踪了患者对替莫唑胺的反应,显示出生长的减弱。讨论了对替代成像端点的需求,其中以增长率为例。此外,还描述了这些算法的优势,通过短间隔扫描获得的见识以及对成像标记更好理解的需求。

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