BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of T2 relaxation time measurements of the sacroiliac joints. SUBJECTS AND METHODS:The sacroiliac joints of 40 patients were imaged by 3-T MRI using an oblique axial multislice multiecho spin-echo T2-weighted sequence. Manual plotting and automatic subdivision of ROIs allowed us to obtain T2 values for up to 48 different areas per patient (posterior and anterior parts, sacral, intermediate, and iliac parts). Intraand interobserver reproducibility of T2 values were calculated after independent assessment by two musculoskeletal radiologists. RESULTS:A total of 1656 measurement sites could be analyzed. Mean (± SD) T2 values were 40.6 ± 6.7 ms and 41.2 ± 6.3 ms for observer 1 and 39.9 ± 6.6 ms for observer 2. The intraobserver intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.72 (95% CI, 0.70-0.74), and the interobserver intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.71 (95% CI, 0.68-0.72). CONCLUSION:Our study shows the feasibility of T2 relaxation time measurements at the sacroiliac joints.

背景与目标： 目的：本研究的目的是评估measurements关节T2弛豫时间测量的可行性。
研究对象和方法：采用斜向轴向多层多层多回波自旋回波T2加权序列通过3-T MRI对40例患者的image关节进行成像。手动绘制和自动细分ROIs使我们能够获得每位患者多达48个不同区域（前后部分、,、中间和部分）的T2值。由两名肌肉骨骼放射科医生独立评估后，计算出观察者内部和观察者之间的T2值可重复性。
结果：总共可以分析1656个测量部位。观察者1的平均（±SD）T2值分别为40.6±6.7 ms和41.2±6.3 ms，观察者2的平均T3值为39.9±6.6 ms。相关系数为0.71（95％CI，0.68-0.72）。
结论：我们的研究表明measurements关节T2弛豫时间测量的可行性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study provides insights in patterns of distribution of abiotic and biotic stress resilience across Vigna gene pools to enhance the use and conservation of these genetic resources for legume breeding. Vigna is a pantropical genus with more than 88 taxa including important crops such as V. radiata (mung bean) and V. unguiculata (cowpea). Our results show that sources of pest and disease resistance occur in at least 75 percent of the Vigna taxa, which were part of screening assessments, while sources of abiotic stress resilience occur in less than 30 percent of screened taxa. This difference in levels of resilience suggests that Vigna taxa co-evolve with pests and diseases while taxa are more conservative to adapt to climatic changes and salinization. Twenty-two Vigna taxa are poorly conserved in genebanks or not at all. This germplasm is not available for legume breeding and requires urgent germplasm collecting before these taxa extirpate on farm and in the wild. Vigna taxa, which tolerate heat and drought stress are rare compared with taxa, which escape these stresses because of short growing seasons or with taxa, which tolerate salinity. We recommend prioritizing these rare Vigna taxa for conservation and screening for combined abiotic and biotic stress resilience resulting from stacked or multifunctional traits. The high presence of salinity tolerance compared with drought stress tolerance, suggests that Vigna taxa are good at developing salt-tolerant traits. Vigna taxa are therefore of high value for legume production in areas that will suffer from salinization under global climate change.

背景与目标： ：这项研究提供了关于跨Vigna基因库的非生物和生物逆境适应力分布模式的见解，以增强对豆类育种的这些遗传资源的利用和保护。 Vigna是一种泛热带属，有超过88个分类单元，包括重要的农作物，例如辐射绿豆（V. radiata）（绿豆）和V. unguiculata（co豆）。我们的结果表明，至少有75％的the豆类生物发生病虫害和抗病性，这是筛选评估的一部分，而非生物逆境恢复力的来源中则只有不到30％的经过筛选的生物种。复原力水平的这种差异表明，gna豆类群与病虫害共同进化，而分类群则更为保守以适应气候变化和盐碱化。在基因库中，有22个Vigna分类群保存得很差，或者根本没有保存。该种质无法用于豆科植物育种，需要在农场和野外消灭这些类群之前紧急收集种质。耐高温和干旱胁迫的豆类生物很少见，而由于生长季节短或可耐受盐分的类群则可以避开这些压力。我们建议优先考虑这些稀有的gna豆类群，以保护和筛选因堆叠或多功能性状而导致的非生物和生物复合胁迫适应性。与干旱胁迫耐受性相比，盐分耐受性的高存在表明Vigna分类群擅长发展耐盐性状。因此，在全球气候变化导致盐碱化的地区，豆科植物对豆类生产具有很高的价值。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The human superior parietal cortex (SPC; Brodmann areas [BA] 5 and 7) comprises the superior parietal lobule and medial wall of the intraparietal sulcus (mIPS) laterally and the posterior paracentral lobule and precuneus medially. Receptor autoradiographic and functional studies indicate more complex segregations in the SPC than suggested by Brodmann (1909). Differences to other historical maps may be due to anatomical variability between brains and different definition criteria for areas. To provide a reliable anatomical reference of the SPC, we performed an observer-independent cytoarchitectonic mapping of this region in 10 human postmortem brains. Cytoarchitecture was analyzed in cell-body-stained brain sections using gray-level index profiles. Multivariate statistical analysis of profile shape allowed the exact localization of cytoarchitectonic borders and quantification of interareal differences. We identified 3 areas in BA 5 (5L, 5M, and 5Ci), 4 in BA 7 (7PC, 7A, 7P, and 7M), and 1 in the anterior mIPS (hIP3). Locations of their borders relative to macroanatomical landmarks varied considerably between brains and hemispheres. Cytoarchitectonic profiles of areas 5Ci and hIP3 differed most from those of the remaining areas, and differences between subareas were stronger in BA 5 than in BA 7. These areas are possible structural correlates of functional segregations within the SPC.

背景与目标： ：人上顶叶皮层（SPC； Brodmann区域[BA] 5和7）包括上顶叶小叶和顶壁沟内侧壁（mIPS），以及后顶中央小叶和前突神经。受体放射自显影和功能研究表明，SPC中的分离现象比Brodmann（1909）所建议的更为复杂。与其他历史地图的差异可能是由于大脑之间的解剖变异以及针对区域的不同定义标准所致。为了提供SPC的可靠解剖学参考，我们在10个人类死后大脑中对该区域进行了独立于观察者的细胞建筑师测绘。使用灰度索引配置文件分析了细胞体染色的脑组织中的细胞结构。轮廓形状的多变量统计分析允许细胞结构边界的精确定位和区域间差异的量化。我们在BA 5中确定了3个区域（5L，5M和5Ci），在BA 7中确定了4个区域（7PC，7A，7P和7M），在前mIPS（hIP3）中确定了1个区域。相对于宏观解剖学界标，其边界的位置在大脑和半球之间差异很大。区域5Ci和hIP3的细胞结构特征与其余区域的差异最大，BA 5中的子区域之间的差异比BA 7中的强。这些区域可能是SPC中功能隔离的结构关联。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :RNA secondary structure is critical to RNA regulation and function. We report a new N3-kethoxal reagent that allows fast and reversible labeling of single-stranded guanine bases in live cells. This N3-kethoxal-based chemistry allows efficient RNA labeling under mild conditions and transcriptome-wide RNA secondary structure mapping.

背景与目标： RNA的二级结构对于RNA调节和功能至关重要。我们报告了一种新的N3-乙氧基乙醛试剂，该试剂可以在活细胞中快速且可逆地标记单链鸟嘌呤碱基。这种基于N3-乙二醛的化学方法可在温和条件下进行有效的RNA标记，并在转录组范围内进行RNA二级结构定位。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Drought seriously curtails growth, physiology and productivity in rapeseed (Brassica napus). Although drought tolerance is a complex trait, efficient phenotyping and genotyping has led to the identification of novel marker-trait associations underlying drought tolerance. A diverse panel of 228 Brassica accessions was phenotyped under normal (without stress) and water-stress conditions, simulated by polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) (15% PEG stress) at the seedling stage; stress tolerance index (STI) and stress susceptibility index (SSI) values were acquired. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using 201 817 high quality SNPs identified 314 marker-trait associations strongly linked with drought indices and distributed across all nineteen chromosomes in both the A and C genomes. None of these quantitative trait loci (QTL) had been previously identified by other studies. We identified 85 genes underlying these QTL (most within 100 kb of associated SNPs) which were orthologous to Arabidopsis genes known to be associated with drought tolerance. Our study provides a novel resource for breeding drought-tolerant Brassica crops.

背景与目标： ：干旱严重抑制了油菜（甘蓝型油菜）的生长，生理和生产力。尽管耐旱性是一个复杂的特征，有效的表型和基因分型已导致鉴定出抗旱性的新型标记-性状关联。在正常（无胁迫）和水分胁迫条件下，对不同种类的228个甘蓝型油菜进行表型分析，并在苗期用聚乙二醇（PEG-6000）（15％PEG胁迫）模拟。获得应力耐受指数（STI）和应力敏感性指数（SSI）值。使用201 817个高质量SNP进行的全基因组关联研究（GWAS）确定了314个与干旱指数密切相关的标记-性状关联，并分布在A和C基因组的所有19个染色体上。这些定量性状基因座（QTL）以前都没有被其他研究鉴定出来。我们确定了这些QTL的85个基因（大多数位于相关SNP的100 kb之内），这些基因与已知与干旱耐受性有关的拟南芥基因同源。我们的研究为育种抗旱的芸苔属植物提供了一种新颖的资源。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Identification of novel breast cancer susceptibility and resistance genes in genetically diverse human populations is challenging, and so inbred rats have been used to identify novel mammary cancer susceptibility quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with conventional mapping approaches. An alternative approach for QTL mapping is to use chromosome substitution (consomic) rat strains, which has the advantage of rapid generation of congenic from consomic animals. Using a novel rat strain pair, SS and BN, we identified rat mammary cancer QTLs in one of two consomic rat strains tested. Female rats of inbred parental (SS and BN) and two consomic (SS-10 BN and SS-12 BN) strains were treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene orally. The phenotypes of tumor incidence, latency, and multiplicity were evaluated. SS rats were highly susceptible to mammary adenocarcinoma development, whereas BN rats were completely resistant. Statistical comparison of the phenotypes between the susceptible parental and the two consomic strains identified QTLs residing within chromosome 10 controlling mammary tumor latency and multiplicity. The study shows that SS-BN consomic rat strains can be used to map mammary tumor QTLs. This novel approach should accelerate positional cloning of mammary cancer susceptibility and resistant genes in the rat and the identification of homologous genes in humans.

背景与目标： ：在遗传多样的人群中鉴定新型乳腺癌易感性和耐药基因具有挑战性，因此近交大鼠已被用于通过常规作图方法鉴定新型乳腺癌易感性定量特征基因座（QTL）。 QTL作图的另一种方法是使用染色体替代（共生）大鼠品系，其优势在于可以从自体动物中快速产生同基因。使用一对新的大鼠品系SS和BN，我们在测试的两个纯合大鼠品系之一中鉴定了大鼠乳腺癌QTL。用7,12-二甲基苯并[a]蒽对雌性近交亲本（SS和BN）和两种交代（SS-10 BN和SS-12 BN）品系的雌性大鼠进行口服治疗。评价肿瘤发生率，潜伏期和多重性的表型。 SS大鼠对乳腺腺癌的发展高度敏感，而BN大鼠则完全耐药。易感的亲本和两个清毒株之间的表型的统计比较确定了驻留在染色体10中的QTL，这些QTL控制着乳腺肿瘤的潜伏期和多重性。研究表明，SS-BN清醒大鼠品系可用于绘制乳腺肿瘤QTL。这种新颖的方法应加快大鼠中乳腺癌的易感性和抗性基因的位置克隆，并加快人类同源基因的鉴定。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :High-throughput X-ray diffraction (XRD) is one of the most indispensable techniques to accelerate materials research. However, the conventional XRD analysis with a large beam spot size may not best appropriate in a case for characterizing organic materials thin film libraries, in which various films prepared under different process conditions are integrated on a single substrate. Here, we demonstrate that high-resolution grazing incident XRD mapping analysis is useful for this purpose: A 2-dimensional organic combinatorial thin film library with the composition and growth temperature varied along the two orthogonal axes was successfully analyzed by using synchrotron microbeam X-ray. Moreover, we show that the time-consuming mapping process is accelerated with the aid of a machine learning technique termed as Bayesian optimization based on Gaussian process regression.

背景与目标： 高通量X射线衍射（XRD）是加速材料研究的必不可少的技术之一。然而，在表征有机材料薄膜库的情况下，具有大束斑尺寸的常规XRD分析可能不是最合适的，在这种情况下，将在不同工艺条件下制备的各种薄膜集成在单个基板上。在这里，我们证明了高分辨率掠入射XRD映射分析可用于此目的：通过使用同步加速器X射线X射线成功分析了成分和生长温度沿两个正交轴变化的二维有机组合薄膜库。 。此外，我们表明，借助基于高斯过程回归的贝叶斯优化（Bayesian Optimization）的机器学习技术，加速了耗时的映射过程。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Short-interval scanning of patients offers a detailed understanding of the natural progression of tumor tissue, as revealed through imaging markers such as contrast enhancement and edema, prior to therapy. Following treatment, short-interval scanning can also provide evidence of attenuation of growth rates. We present a longitudinal imaging study of a patient with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) scanned 15 times in 104 days on a 3 T MR scanner. Images were analyzed independently by two automated algorithms capable of creating detailed maps of tumor changes as well as volumetric analysis. The algorithms, a nearest-neighbor-based tissue segmentation and a surface-modeling algorithm, tracked the patient's response to temozolomide, showing an attenuation of growth. The need for surrogate imaging end-points, of which growth rates are an example, is discussed. Further, the strengths of these algorithms, the insight gained by short-interval scanning, and the need for a better understanding of imaging markers are also described.

背景与目标： ：对患者的短间隔扫描可提供对肿瘤组织自然进展的详细了解，如在治疗前通过影像学标记（如造影剂增强和水肿）所揭示的。治疗后，短间隔扫描还可提供生长速率减弱的证据。我们目前在3 T MR扫描仪上对104天内扫描了15次的多形性胶质母细胞瘤（GBM）患者进行了纵向成像研究。通过两种能够创建详细的肿瘤变化图以及体积分析的自动化算法对图像进行独立分析。该算法，基于最近邻居的组织分割和表面建模算法跟踪了患者对替莫唑胺的反应，显示出生长的减弱。讨论了对替代成像端点的需求，其中以增长率为例。此外，还描述了这些算法的优势，通过短间隔扫描获得的见识以及对成像标记更好理解的需求。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The IDDM8 region on chromosome 6q27, first identified as a susceptibility locus for type 1 diabetes, has previously been linked and associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The region contains a number of potential candidate genes, including programmed cell death 2 (PDCD2), the proteosome subunit beta type 1 (PSMB1), delta-like ligand 1 (DLL-1) and TATA box-binding protein (TBP) amongst others. The aim of this study was to fine map the IDDM8 region on chromosome 6q27, focusing on the genes in the region, to identify polymorphisms that may contribute to susceptibility to RA and potentially to other autoimmune diseases. Validated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; n = 65) were selected from public databases from the 330 kb region of IDDM8. These were genotyped using Sequenom MassArray genotyping technology in two datasets; the test dataset comprised 180 RA cases and 180 controls. We tested 50 SNPs for association with RA and any significant associations were genotyped in a second dataset of 174 RA cases and 192 controls, and the datasets were combined before analysis. Association analysis was performed by chi-square test implemented in Stata software and linkage disequilibrium and haplotype analysis was performed using Helix tree version 4.1. There was initial weak evidence of association, with RA, of a number of SNPs around the loc154449 putative gene and within the KIAA1838 gene; however, these associations were not significant in the combined dataset. Our study has failed to detect evidence of association with any of the known genes mapping to the IDDM8 locus with RA.

背景与目标： ：染色体6q27上的IDDM8区最初被确定为1型糖尿病的易感基因座，先前已与类风湿关节炎（RA）相关联并与之相关。该区域包含许多潜在的候选基因，包括程序性细胞死亡2（PDCD2），蛋白体亚基beta 1型（PSMB1），类δ配体1（DLL-1）和TATA盒结合蛋白（TBP）等。 。这项研究的目的是对6q27号染色体上的IDDM8区进行精细定位，重点关注该区中的基因，以鉴定可能导致RA易感性以及其他自身免疫性疾病易感性的多态性。从IDDM8的330 kb区域的公共数据库中选择经过验证的单核苷酸多态性（SNP； n = 65）。使用Sequenom MassArray基因分型技术在两个数据集中对它们进行基因分型。测试数据集包括180个RA病例和180个对照。我们测试了50个SNP与RA的关联，并在174个RA病例和192个对照的第二个数据集中对任何重要的关联进行了基因分型，并在分析前将这些数据集进行了合并。通过在Stata软件中实施的卡方检验进行关联分析，并使用Helix树版本4.1进行连锁不平衡和单倍型分析。最初很少有证据证明loc154449推定基因周围和KIAA1838基因内有许多SNP与RA相关。但是，这些关联在组合数据集中并不重要。我们的研究未能发现与RA映射到IDDM8基因座的任何已知基因相关的证据。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Single nucleotide alterations were introduced into an infectious clone of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to create a series of missense mutants in the tat coding region. Although mutations in a proline-rich region and a basic lysine-arginine-rich region resulted in wild-type phenotypes, five of six mutations in a cysteine-rich domain completely abolished tat activity and virus replication. One cysteine mutant retained tat activity but was negative for virus expression. Surprisingly, this mutant could not be complemented by tat, and virus expression was restored only by cotransfection with a plasmid expressing the rev gene. Another mutant with an alteration toward the C-terminal region showed significantly reduced tat activity and required complementation by a combination of tat and rev for virus replication. Further analysis revealed that a previously unrecognized splice acceptor site within this region, apparently used to generate the rev mRNA, had been altered. We provide evidence suggesting that tat and rev proteins are encoded by distinct mRNA species.

背景与目标： 将单核苷酸改变引入人免疫缺陷病毒1型感染性克隆中，以在tat编码区产生一系列错义突变。尽管富含脯氨酸的区域和富含赖氨酸的精氨酸的区域中的突变导致了野生型的表型，但是富含半胱氨酸的域中的六个突变中的五个完全消除了tat活性和病毒复制。一个半胱氨酸突变体保留tat活性，但对病毒表达呈阴性。出乎意料的是，该突变体不能与tat互补，并且仅通过与表达rev基因的质粒共转染来恢复病毒表达。另一个向C端区域改变的突变体显示tat活性显着降低，并且需要tat和rev的组合才能互补以复制病毒。进一步的分析表明，该区域内以前无法识别的剪接受体位点，显然用于产生rev mRNA，已被改变。我们提供的证据表明，tat和rev蛋白是由不同的mRNA种类编码的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat in the world. Genetic resistance is the best strategy for control of the disease. Spring wheat landrace PI 181410 has shown high level resistance to stripe rust. The present study characterized the landrace to have both race-specific all-stage resistance and nonrace-specific high-temperature adult-plant (HTAP) resistance. To map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for the resistance in PI 181410, it was crossed with Avocet S (AvS), from which a recombinant inbred line population was developed. The F5-F8 populations were consecutively phenotyped for stripe rust response in multiple field environments under natural Pst infection, and the F7 population was phenotyped in seedlings at low temperature and in adult-plant stage with selected Pst races in the greenhouse. The F7 population was genotyped using the 90K wheat SNP chip. Three QTL, QYrPI181410.wgp-4AS, QYrPI181410.wgp-4BL, and QYrPI181410.wgp-5BL.1, from PI 181410 for all-stage resistance, were mapped on chromosome arms 4AS, 4BL, and 5BL, respectively. Four QTL, QYrPI181410.wgp-1BL, QYrPI181410.wgp-4BL, QYrPI181410.wgp-5AS, and QYrPI181410.wgp-5BL.2, were identified from PI 181410 for HTAP resistance and mapped to 1BL, 4BL, 5AS, and 5BL, respectively. Two QTL with minor effects on stripe rust response were identified from AvS and mapped to 2BS and 2BL. Four of the QTL from PI 181410 and one from AvS were potentially new. As the 4BL QTL was most effective and likely a new gene for stripe rust resistance, three kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP) markers were developed for incorporating this gene into new wheat cultivars.

背景与目标： ：条锈病，由条锈菌引起。 sp。小麦（Pst）是世界上最具破坏力的小麦疾病之一。遗传抗性是控制该疾病的最佳策略。春季小麦地方品种PI 181410对条纹锈病表现出较高的抵抗力。本研究的特征是长白猪同时具有种族特有的全阶段抗性和非种族特有的高温成年植物（HTAP）抗性。为了绘制PI 181410中抗药性的数量性状基因座（QTL），将其与Avocet S（AvS）杂交，从中开发了重组自交系种群。在自然Pst感染下的多个田间环境中，对F5-F8种群进行表型锈锈反应的连续表型分析，并在温室中选定Pst种族的低温和成年植物苗期对F7种群进行表型分析。使用90K小麦SNP芯片对F7种群进行基因分型。来自PI 181410的三个QTL QYrPI181410.wgp-4AS，QYrPI181410.wgp-4BL和QYrPI181410.wgp-5BL.1分别针对染色体4AS，4BL和5BL进行了全阶段抗性分析。从PI 181410中识别出四个具有HTAP抗性的QTL，QYrPI181410.wgp-1BL，QYrPI181410.wgp-4BL，QYrPI181410.wgp-5AS和QYrPI181410.wgp-5BL.2，并映射到1BL，4BL，5AS和5BL，分别。从AvS中识别出两个对条锈反应有轻微影响的QTL，并将其映射到2BS和2BL。 PI 181410中的四个QTL和AvS中的一个QTL可能是新的。由于4BL QTL最有效，并且可能是抗条纹锈病的新基因，因此开发了三种竞争性等位基因特异性PCR（KASP）标记，将该基因整合到新的小麦品种中。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We constructed a restriction site associated DNA (RAD) marker microarray to facilitate rapid genetic mapping of zebrafish mutations. Using these microarrays with a bulk segregant approach, we localized previously unmapped mutations to genomic regions just a few centiMorgans in length. Furthermore, we developed an approach to assay individual RAD markers in pooled populations and refined one region. The RAD approach is highly effective for genetic mapping in zebrafish and is an attractive option for mapping in other organisms.

背景与目标： ：我们构建了一个与限制性位点相关的DNA（RAD）标记微阵列，以促进斑马鱼突变的快速遗传作图。通过将这些微阵列与大量分离子方法结合使用，我们将以前未映射的突变定位到基因组区域，长度仅为几厘摩。此外，我们开发了一种在合并的人群中测定单个RAD标记的方法，并完善了一个区域。 RAD方法对于斑马鱼的遗传作图非常有效，并且是在其他生物中作图的一种有吸引力的选择。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIM:Despite the substantial progress that has been achieved in interventional cardiology and cardiac electrophysiology, endovascular intervention for the diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disorders such as stroke, epilepsy and CNS malignancy is still limited, particularly due to highly tortuous nature of the cerebral arterial and venous system. Existing interventional devices and techniques enable only limited and complicated access especially into intra-cerebral vessels. The aim of this study was to develop a micro-catheter magnetically-guided technology specifically designed for endovascular intervention and mapping in deep CNS vascular structures. METHODS:Mapping of electrical brain activity was performed via the venous system on an animal dog model with the support of the NIOBE II system. RESULTS:A novel micro-catheter specially designed for endovascular interventions in the CNS, with the support of the NIOBE II technology, was able to reach safely deep intra-cerebral venous structures and map the electrical activity there. Such structures are not currently accessible using standard catheters. CONCLUSION:This is the first study demonstrating successful use of a new micro-catheter in combination with NIOBE II technology for endovascular intervention in the brain.

背景与目标： 目的：尽管在介入心脏病学和心脏电生理方面取得了重大进展，但用于中风，癫痫和中枢神经系统恶性肿瘤等中枢神经系统疾病（CNS）疾病的诊断和治疗的血管内干预仍然受到限制，特别是由于高度曲折性脑动脉和静脉系统。现有的介入设备和技术仅允许有限且复杂的通路，尤其是进入脑内血管的通路。这项研究的目的是开发一种微导管磁导技术，专门用于深层中枢神经系统血管结构的血管内介入和标测。
方法：在NIOBE II系统的支持下，通过静脉系统对动物狗模型进行脑电活动测绘。
结果：在NIOBE II技术的支持下，专为中枢神经系统血管内干预而设计的新型微型导管能够安全到达深部脑内静脉结构并绘制那里的电活动图。此类结构目前无法使用标准导管访问。
结论：这是第一项证明新型微导管结合NIOBE II技术成功用于脑血管内干预的研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The human nuclear co-repressor 2 (N-CoR2) gene (NCOR2, previously called silencing mediator for retinoid and thyroid hormone receptor SMRT) is recruited to nuclear and non-nuclear receptors in a large repressing complex containing also N-CoR1, mSin3 and HDACs. This large complex represses transcription in absence of ligand. Herein we report the high- resolution and refined mapping of NCOR2 at the boundary of sub-bands 12q24.23 and 12q24.31, and its intron/exon structure. The gene contains 45 exons. This information should allow further study of potential NCOR2 genomic alteration in some subsets of malignancies.

背景与目标： ：人类核共抑制子2（N-CoR2）基因（NCOR2，以前称为类维生素A和甲状腺激素受体SMRT的沉默介体）被募集到含有N-CoR1，mSin3的大型抑制复合物中的核和非核受体和HDAC。在没有配体的情况下，这种大的复合物抑制了转录。在此，我们报告了NCOR2在子带12q24.23和12q24.31的边界上的高分辨率和精细映射及其内含子/外显子结构。该基因包含45个外显子。该信息应允许进一步研究某些恶性肿瘤亚组中潜在的NCOR2基因组改变。