BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The sensorimotor cortical system undergoes structural and functional changes across its lifespan. Some of these changes are physiological and parallel the normal aging process, while others might represent pathophysiological mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative disorders. In the last years, the study of possible age-related modifications in brain sensorimotor functional characteristics has been the focus of several research projects. Here we have used the transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-electroencephalography (EEG) navigated co-registration to investigate the influence of physiological aging on the excitability and connectivity of the human sensorimotor cortical system. To this end, we compared the TMS-evoked EEG potentials (TEPs) collected after stimulating the dominant primary motor cortex (M1) in healthy young subjects (mean age 24.5years) with those collected in healthy older adults (mean age 67.6years). We have shown that, after stimulation of the left motor cortex, TEPs are significantly affected by physiological aging. This phenomenon has a clear spatio-temporal specificity and we speculate that normal aging per se leads to some changes in the excitability of specific cortical neural assemblies whereas other alterations could reflect compensatory mechanisms to such changes.

背景与目标： ：感觉运动皮质系统在其整个生命周期中都会发生结构和功能的变化。这些变化中的一些是生理上的并且与正常衰老过程平行，而其他一些则可能代表了神经退行性疾病的病理生理机制。近年来，对大脑感觉运动功能特征可能与年龄有关的修饰的研究一直是数个研究项目的重点。在这里，我们已经使用了经颅磁刺激（TMS）-脑电图（EEG）导航的共同注册，以研究生理老化对人类感觉运动皮层系统的兴奋性和连通性的影响。为此，我们比较了健康年轻受试者（平均年龄24.5岁）和健康老年人（平均年龄67.6岁）在刺激主要运动皮层（M1）后收集的TMS诱发的脑电势（TEP）。我们已经表明，刺激左运动皮层后，TEP受生理老化的影响很大。这种现象具有明确的时空特异性，我们推测正常衰老本身会导致特定皮层神经组件兴奋性发生某些变化，而其他变化可能反映出这种变化的补偿机制。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Regarding the evoked potential (EP) as a superposition of evoked EEG rhythms in several frequency ranges, we investigated the following issue: Are distinct evoked rhythms, in particular the alpha (8-15 Hz) response, related to separable physiological processes? Frequency domain analysis of EPs was used to evaluate results of cross-modality experiments, i.e.: responses to auditory stimuli were simultaneously recorded from the auditory cortex (adequate stimulation) and from the visual cortex (inadequate stimulation). Responses to visual stimuli were recorded from the same sites. The results of these experiments and further measurements (EEG and MEG responses in humans, among them multiple sclerosis patients) are consistent in the following respect: The amplitudes of alpha responses are dependent on whether or not a stimulus applied is adequate. Alpha responses may thus be related mostly to primary sensory processing. In contrast, theta responses (4-7 Hz) were observed for adequate as well as inadequate stimuli. They may be related rather to associative and cognitive processing than to primary sensory processing. Thus frequency responses, in particular the alpha response, are not artificial results of digital filtering, but functionally significant brain responses.

背景与目标： ：关于诱发电位（EP）在几个频率范围内的诱发脑电节律的叠加，我们研究了以下问题：明显的诱发节律，特别是alpha（8-15 Hz）反应与可分离的生理过程有关吗？ EP的频域分析用于评估交叉模态实验的结果，即：同时记录听觉皮层（充分刺激）和视觉皮层（不充分刺激）对听觉刺激的反应。从相同部位记录对视觉刺激的反应。这些实验的结果和进一步的测量结果（人类的EEG和MEG反应，其中包括多发性硬化症患者）在以下方面是一致的：α反应的幅度取决于所施加的刺激是否足够。因此，阿尔法响应可能主要与主要的感觉处理有关。相反，对于适当的和不充分的刺激观察到θ响应（4-7Hz）。它们可能与联想和认知处理有关，而不是与主要的感觉处理有关。因此，频率响应，尤其是alpha响应，不是数字滤波的人工结果，而是功能上重要的大脑响应。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In the field of epilepsy, the analysis of stereoelectroencephalographic (SEEG, intra-cerebral recording) signals with signal processing methods can help to better identify the epileptogenic zone, the area of the brain responsible for triggering seizures, and to better understand its organization. In order to evaluate these methods and to physiologically interpret the results they provide, we developed a model able to produce EEG signals from "organized" networks of neural populations. Starting from a neurophysiologically relevant model initially proposed by Lopes Da Silva et al. [Lopes da Silva FH, Hoek A, Smith H, Zetterberg LH (1974) Kybernetic 15: 27-37] and recently re-designed by Jansen et al. [Jansen BH, Zouridakis G, Brandt ME (1993) Biol Cybern 68: 275 283] the present study demonstrates that this model can be extended to generate spontaneous EEG signals from multiple coupled neural populations. Model parameters related to excitation, inhibition and coupling are then altered to produce epileptiform EEG signals. Results show that the qualitative behavior of the model is realistic; simulated signals resemble those recorded from different brain structures for both interictal and ictal activities. Possible exploitation of simulations in signal processing is illustrated through one example; statistical couplings between both simulated signals and real SEEG signals are estimated using nonlinear regression. Results are compared and show that, through the model, real SEEG signals can be interpreted with the aid of signal processing methods.

背景与目标： ：在癫痫领域，使用信号处理方法分析立体脑电图（SEEG，脑内记录）信号可以帮助更好地识别癫痫发生区，负责触发癫痫发作的大脑区域，并更好地了解其组织。为了评估这些方法并从生理上解释它们提供的结果，我们开发了一种能够从“有组织的”神经种群网络中产生脑电信号的模型。从Lopes Da Silva等人最初提出的神经生理学相关模型开始。 [Lopes da Silva FH，Hoek A，Smith H，Zetterberg LH（1974）Kybernetic 15：27-37]，最近由Jansen等人重新设计。 [Jansen BH，Zouridakis G，Brandt ME（1993）Biol Cyber​​n 68：275 283]该研究表明，该模型可以扩展以从多个耦合的神经群体中产生自发性EEG信号。然后改变与激发，抑制和偶联有关的模型参数，以产生癫痫样脑电信号。结果表明，该模型的定性行为是现实的。模拟的信号类似于从不同的大脑结构记录的有关发作和发作活动的信号。通过一个示例说明了信号处理中对仿真的可能利用。使用非线性回归估计模拟信号和实际SEEG信号之间的统计耦合。比较结果表明，通过该模型，可以借助信号处理方法来解释实际的SEEG信号。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In this article, we have discussed recent progress in quantifying the genetically determined component of the resting EEG. This progress has been made possible in particular by the application of advanced information processing techniques such as "supervised learning," and the development of a problem-oriented "similarity" concept. Our work aimed at modeling previous findings regarding the distinct individuality of human brain-wave patterns, the high similarity between the EEGs of monozygotic twins, and the average within-pair similarity of dizygotic twins. Thus, we had three objectives: First, we wanted to improve the quantification of EEG characteristics with respect to reproducibility and specificity by means of adaptive procedures and repeated measurements. Second, we wanted to compare the "typical" within-subject EEG similarity with the "typical" within-pair EEG similarity of monozygotic and dizygotic twins brought up together. Finally, we were interested in the degree to which environmental factors affect the characteristics of human brain-wave patterns. Our investigations were based on the empirical data derived from five different populations: (1) 81 healthy subjects, (2) 24 pairs of monozygotic twins brought up together, (3) 25 pairs of dizygotic twins brought up together, (4) 28 pairs of monozygotic twins reared apart, and (5) 21 pairs of dizygotic twins reared apart. Following our similarity conception, repeated measurements on the set of 81 individuals were used as design samples, and new registrations from the same individuals taken 14 days later were referred to as test samples in order to develop the appropriate method and to determine all required calibration parameters. This specific approach allowed us to construct EEG spectral patterns which, with a specificity and reproducibility of greater than 90% each, largely met the requirements of genetic EEG studies. Hence, we were able systematically to investigate the within-pair EEG similarity of our twin samples.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

背景与目标： ：在本文中，我们讨论了量化静息EEG的遗传确定成分的最新进展。特别是通过应用高级信息处理技术（例如“监督学习”）和面向问题的“相似性”概念的发展，使这一进步成为可能。我们的工作旨在对先前的发现进行建模，这些发现涉及人类脑电波模式的独特个性，单卵双胞胎的EEG之间的高度相似性以及双卵双胞胎的平均对内相似性。因此，我们有三个目标：首先，我们想通过适应性程序和重复测量来改善关于可重复性和特异性的脑电图特征的量化。其次，我们想比较单卵双胎和双卵双胎的“典型”个体内脑电图相似性与“典型”个体对内脑电图相似性。最后，我们对环境因素在多大程度上影响人类脑电波模式特征感兴趣。我们的调查基于来自五个不同人群的经验数据：（1）81位健康受试者，（2）24对单卵双生在一起，（3）25对双卵双生在一起，（4）28对的单卵双胞胎成双胞胎分开，和（5）21对的双卵双胞胎成双胞胎分开。遵循我们的相似性概念，将对81位个体进行的重复测量用作设计样本，并将14天后从同一个体获得的新注册信息称为测试样本，以开发适当的方法并确定所有必需的校准参数。这种特定的方法使我们能够构建脑电图谱模式，每个模式的特异性和可重复性均大于90％，在很大程度上满足了遗传性脑电图研究的要求。因此，我们能够系统地研究我们双胞胎样本的配对内脑电图相似性。（摘要截短为400字）

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit deficits in executive function. Since there are no clear biomarkers for the disorder, this study aimed to investigate the neurophysiological biomarkers for deficits in executive function in children with ADHD using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and electroencephalography. METHODS:Twenty patients diagnosed with ADHD and 19 typically developing children (TDC; 8-11 years old) were included. Event related potentials (ERPs) were recorded using an electroencephalogram (EEG) and oxygenated hemoglobin concentrations (Oxy-Hb) were recorded using fNIRS during a colored Go/NoGo task, simultaneously. Latencies and amplitudes of NoGo-N2 and NoGo/Go-P3 tasks were measured using EEG. RESULTS:Children with ADHD showed significantly decreased Oxy-Hb in the right frontal cortex as well as longer NoGo-P3 latencies and a decreased NoGo/Go-P3 amplitude. There was a significant positive correlation between the Oxy-Hb and NoGo/Go-P3 amplitude. CONCLUSIONS:These results suggest that children with ADHD experience executive dysfunction. Hemodynamic and electrophysiological findings during the Go/NoGo task might be useful as a biomarker of executive function. SIGNIFICANCE:These findings have key implications for understanding the pathophysiology of deficits in executive function in ADHD.

背景与目标： 目的：患有注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）的儿童表现出执行功能缺陷。由于尚无针对该疾病的明确生物标志物，因此本研究旨在使用功能性近红外光谱（fNIRS）和脑电图研究ADHD儿童执行功能缺陷的神经生理学生物标志物。
方法：包括20位被诊断患有ADHD的患者和19名典型的发育中儿童（TDC; 8-11岁）。在彩色Go / NoGo任务期间，使用脑电图（EEG）记录事件相关电位（ERP），并使用fNIRS记录氧合血红蛋白浓度（Oxy-Hb）。使用EEG测量了NoGo-N2和NoGo / Go-P3任务的延迟和幅度。
结果：患有多动症的儿童表现出右额皮质的Oxy-Hb明显降低，NoGo-P3潜伏期更长，NoGo / Go-P3振幅降低。 Oxy-Hb和NoGo / Go-P3振幅之间存在显着的正相关。
结论：这些结果表明患有多动症的儿童经历了执行功能障碍。在执行Go / NoGo任务期间的血流动力学和电生理结果可能是执行功能的生物标志物。
意义：这些发现对理解ADHD执行功能缺陷的病理生理学具有关键意义。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Changes in EEG patterns during stroke are almost immediate; however, a full EEG test takes time and requires highly qualified staff. In this study, we examined whether a short recording using a portable EEG device can differentiate between a stroke and control group. METHODS:EEG samples were collected from patients with an acute ischemic stroke event. The control group comprised healthy volunteers. EEG recordings were recorded using a portable brain wave sensor device. The Revised Brain Symmetry Index (rsBSI) was used to quantify the symmetry of spectral power between the two hemispheres. RESULTS:The investigation group included 33 patients (ages 46-96, mean age 72 years, 66% male) who were diagnosed with ischemic stroke. The control group included 25 healthy individuals. Scores for the rsBSI of non-stroke patients (M=0.1686, SD=0.10) differed significantly from those of ischemic stroke patients (P<0.05, M=0.363, SD=0.25). CONCLUSIONS:A statistically significant difference was observed between a group of stroke patients and a matched group of healthy controls with a short recording using a portable EEG device.

背景与目标： 目的：卒中期间脑电图模式的变化几乎是立即发生的。但是，完整的EEG测试需要时间，并且需要高素质的员工。在这项研究中，我们检查了使用便携式EEG设备进行的短记录是否可以区分中风组和对照组。
方法：从急性缺血性中风事件的患者中收集脑电图样本。对照组包括健康志愿者。使用便携式脑波传感器设备记录脑电图记录。经修订的大脑对称性指数（rsBSI）用于量化两个半球之间频谱功率的对称性。
结果：研究组包括33名被诊断为缺血性中风的患者（46-96岁，平均年龄72岁，男性66％）。对照组包括25名健康个体。非卒中患者的rsBSI评分（M = 0.1686，SD = 0.10）与缺血性卒中患者的rsBSI评分显着不同（P <0.05，M = 0.363，SD = 0.25）。
结论：使用便携式脑电图设备进行短时记录的一组中风患者与健康对照组的配对组之间存在统计学上的显着差异。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The ability to cope with distracting information is a major requirement for goal-directed behavior. It is particularly challenged when distracting information is either potentially relevant or temporally close to goal-directed responses, resulting in so-called distractor-response bindings. According to the theory of event coding (TEC), distractor-response bindings should be reflected by processes in the event file, but not in object file (which stores stimulus features) or the action file (which stores response features). But even though the predictions of this theory are quite elaborated, their electrophysiological underpinnings and the associated functional neuroanatomical structures have remained largely elusive. To examine this, we used a distractor-response binding paradigm in combination with temporal EEG signal decomposition (RIDE) and source localization techniques. We showed that distractor-response binding effects are exclusively evident in the N450 time window of the central C-cluster. Source reconstructions revealed that distractor-response binding effects were associated with brain regions involved in updating internal representations by using task-relevant information to decide on response execution (temporo-parietal junction, BA40), alongside with brain regions involved in conflict resolution processes (right middle frontal gyrus, BA8). Our results suggest that RIDE can be used to dissociate binding processes from stimulus- and response-related processes. On top of this, the results of EEG decomposition match the key assumption of the TEC, that distractor-response bindings occur in event files, but not in object files or action files. The results show how cognitive-theoretical frameworks, such as the TEC, can directly be mapped onto the underlying neurophysiological processes using EEG signal decomposition.

背景与目标： ：应付分散注意力的信息的能力是目标导向行为的主要要求。当分散注意力的信息可能潜在相关或在时间上接近于目标导向的响应时，尤其会受到挑战，从而导致所谓的分散注意力-响应约束。根据事件编码（TEC）的理论，干扰项-响应绑定应由事件文件中的进程反映，而不是在目标文件（存储刺激特征）或动作文件（存储响应特征）中反映。但是，即使对该理论的预测进行了详尽的阐述，但它们的电生理基础和相关的功能神经解剖结构仍然难以捉摸。为了检查这一点，我们结合了临时性脑电信号分解（RIDE）和源定位技术，使用了干扰项-响应绑定范式。我们表明，干扰素反应的结合作用在中央C团簇的N450时间窗口中是唯一明显的。来源重构显示，干扰物-反应结合作用与大脑区域有关，该区域通过使用任务相关信息来决定响应执行（颞上顶交界处，BA40），从而与更新内部表征有关，大脑区域与冲突解决过程中涉及的大脑区域（右）中额回，BA8）。我们的结果表明，RIDE可用于将结合过程从刺激和反应相关过程中分离出来。最重要的是，EEG分解的结果与TEC的关键假设相符，即干扰事件响应绑定发生在事件文件中，而不是在目标文件或动作文件中。结果表明，如何使用EEG信号分解将认知理论框架（例如TEC）直接映射到潜在的神经生理过程。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Despite decades of research, the features of an input audio stimulus that are encoded in an electroencephalogram (EEG) are still not clearly identified. We wish to investigate whether a frequency-band coupling model that estimates the cortical neural activity from EEGs can capture the important features of an input audio stimulus. To do so, EEG recordings were acquired from 8 subjects during a listening task where the vowels a, i and u were randomly presented. The neural activity was estimated from the EEG using a frequency-band coupling model that combined the EEG's phase in the delta band (2 Hz-4 Hz) and its amplitude in the gamma band (30 Hz-100 Hz). To investigate if the estimated neural activity could capture relevant features of an input audio stimulus, we fitted a generalized linear model (GLM) to the estimated neural activity and applied a statistical relative deviance metric to evaluate how important is the input audio stimulus in the estimated neural activity. We demonstrate that the input audio stimulus is the main component explaining the estimated neural activity and that other aspects such as the contribution of the surrounding network dynamics do not contribute significantly to the estimated neural activity. These results confirm that the features of the EEG used in the coupling model, namely the phase of the delta band and the power of the gamma band, do encode relevant aspects of an input audio signal. This non-invasive approach could be used, for example, to study how the presence of spectro-temporal features in the estimated neural activity is modified depending on different listening conditions or types of input sounds.

背景与目标： ：尽管进行了数十年的研究，但仍无法清楚地识别出脑电图（EEG）中编码的输入音频刺激的功能。我们希望调查一个从脑电图估计皮层神经活动的频带耦合模型是否可以捕获输入音频刺激的重要特征。为此，在聆听任务期间从8个对象中获取了EEG录音，其中随机出现了元音a，i和u。使用频带耦合模型从脑电图估计神经活动，该模型结合了脑电图在三角带（2Hz-4Hz）中的相位和其在伽马频带（30Hz-100Hz）中的振幅。为了调查估计的神经活动是否可以捕获输入音频刺激的相关特征，我们对估计的神经活动拟合了广义线性模型（GLM），并应用了统计相对偏差度量来评估输入音频刺激在估计的神经活动中有多重要神经活动。我们证明输入音频刺激是解释估计的神经活动的主要组成部分，其他方面（例如周围网络动力学的贡献）对估计的神经活动的贡献不大。这些结果证实，在耦合模型中使用的EEG的特征，即增量频带的相位和伽马频带的功率，确实对输入音频信号的相关方面进行了编码。例如，可以使用这种非侵入性方法来研究如何根据不同的聆听条件或输入声音的类型来修改估计的神经活动中的频谱时间特征的存在。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Orexin A and orexin B are neuropeptides produced by a group of neurons located in the lateral hypothalamus which send widespread projections virtually to the whole neuraxis. Several studies indicated that orexins play a crucial role in the sleep-wake regulation and in the pathomechanism of the sleep disorder narcolepsy. As no data are available related to the EEG effects of orexin A in healthy, freely moving rats, the aim of the present experiments was to analyze EEG power changes in the generally used frequency bands after intracerebroventricular orexin A administration.Orexin A administration (0.84 and 2.8 nM/rat) differently affected fronto-occipital EEG waves in the different frequency bands recorded for 24 hours. Delta (1-4 Hz) and alpha (10-16 Hz) power decreased, while theta (4-10 Hz) and beta (16-48 Hz) power increased. Decrease of the delta power was followed by a rebound in case of the higher orexin A dose. This complex picture might be explained by the activation of several systems by the orexin A administration. Among these systems, cortical and thalamic circuits as well as the role of the neurons containing corticotrophin-releasing factor might be of significant importance.

背景与目标： ：Orexin A和orexin B是由位于下丘脑外侧的一组神经元产生的神经肽，这些神经元实际上向整个神经轴发送了广泛的预测。几项研究表明，食欲肽在睡眠觉醒调节和睡眠障碍性发作性睡病的发病机理中起着至关重要的作用。由于尚无与食欲素A对健康自由活动大鼠的脑电图影响相关的数据，因此本实验的目的是分析脑室内食欲素A给药后通常使用的频带内的脑电图功率变化。 2.8 nM /大鼠）在24小时记录的不同频带中受不同影响的额枕脑电波。 Delta（1-4 Hz）和alpha（10-16 Hz）功率降低，而theta（4-10 Hz）和beta（16-48 Hz）功率提高。如果增加orexin A剂量，则三角肌力下降，然后反弹。可以通过orexin A主管部门激活多个系统来解释这种复杂的情况。在这些系统中，皮层和丘脑回路以及含有促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子的神经元的作用可能非常重要。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: STUDY OBJECTIVE:To assess the performance of automatic sleep scoring software (ASEEGA) based on a single EEG channel comparatively with manual scoring (2 experts) of conventional full polysomnograms. DESIGN:Polysomnograms from 15 healthy individuals were scored by 2 independent experts using conventional R&K rules. The results were compared to those of ASEEGA scoring on an epoch-by-epoch basis. SETTING:Sleep laboratory in the physiology department of a teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS:Fifteen healthy volunteers. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS:The epoch-by-epoch comparison was based on classifying into 2 states (wake/sleep), 3 states (wake/REM/ NREM), 4 states (wake/REM/stages 1-2/SWS), or 5 states (wake/REM/ stage 1/stage 2/SWS). The obtained overall agreements, as quantified by the kappa coefficient, were 0.82, 0.81, 0.75, and 0.72, respectively. Furthermore, obtained agreements between ASEEGA and the expert consensual scoring were 96.0%, 92.1%, 84.9%, and 82.9%, respectively. Finally, when classifying into 5 states, the sensitivity and positive predictive value of ASEEGA regarding wakefulness were 82.5% and 89.7%, respectively. Similarly, sensitivity and positive predictive value regarding REM state were 83.0% and 89.1%. CONCLUSIONS:Our results establish the face validity and convergent validity of ASEEGA for single-channel sleep analysis in healthy individuals. ASEEGA appears as a good candidate for diagnostic aid and automatic ambulant scoring.

背景与目标： 目的：评估基于单个EEG通道的自动睡眠评分软件（ASEEGA）的性能，并与传统的完整多导睡眠图的手动评分（2位专家）进行比较。
设计：由15位健康个体的多导睡眠图由2位独立专家使用常规R＆K规则评分。将结果与ASEEGA得分进行逐时比较。
地点：教学医院生理科的睡眠实验室。
参加者：十五名健康志愿者。
测量和结果：每个时期的比较基于分类为2个状态（唤醒/睡眠），3个状态（唤醒/ REM / NREM），4个状态（唤醒/ REM / 1-2级/ SWS）或5种状态（唤醒/ REM /阶段1 /阶段2 / SWS）。通过卡伯系数量化，所获得的总体一致性分别为0.82、0.81、0.75和0.72。此外，ASEEGA与专家共识得分之间达成的协议分别为96.0％，92.1％，84.9％和82.9％。最后，当分为五个状态时，ASEEGA的清醒敏感性和阳性预测值分别为82.5％和89.7％。同样，关于REM状态的敏感性和阳性预测值分别为83.0％和89.1％。
结论：我们的结果建立了ASEEGA在健康个体单通道睡眠分析中的脸部有效性和收敛性。 ASEEGA似乎是诊断辅助和自动救护车评分的理想选择。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To analyze the clinical and EEG findings of patients with multifocal periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLEDs). METHODS:EEGs containing multifocal PLEDs (3 or more foci of PLEDs) were reviewed. Thirty-five patients (15 males and 20 females), from 2.5 months to 91 years old, met the criteria for multifocal PLEDs. RESULTS:The disease processes identified in the patients included vascular lesions in 9, central nervous system infections in 7, metabolic/toxic disorders in 6, exacerbation of a chronic seizure disorder in 6, hypoxic ischemic insults in 3, and fat embolism, paraneoplastic encephalitis, cerebral metastasis, and multiple sclerosis in one each. Twenty patients died. Detection of the spatiotemporal distribution of multifocal PLEDs was facilitated by the use of Laplacian montages. CONCLUSIONS:Multifocal PLEDs were recorded in 35 patients and were associated with processes resulting in diffuse or multifocal cerebral dysfunction. Multifocal PLEDs indicate a significant disturbance of cerebral function and are associated with a mortality rate of 57%.

背景与目标： 目的：分析多灶性周期性癫痫样放电（PLEDs）患者的临床和脑电图表现。
方法：审查了包含多焦点PLED（3个或更多PLED焦点）的EEG。 2.5个月至91岁的35例患者（男15例，女20例）符合多焦点PLED的标准。
结果：在患者中确定的疾病过程包括血管病变9例，中枢神经系统感染7例，代谢/毒性障碍6例，慢性癫痫发作的加剧6例缺氧缺血性损伤3例，脂肪栓塞，副肿瘤性脑炎，脑转移和多发性硬化症各一项。 20例患者死亡。拉普拉斯蒙太奇的使用有助于检测多焦点PLED的时空分布。
结论：35例患者记录了多灶性PLED，与导致弥漫性或多灶性脑功能障碍的过程有关。多焦点PLED提示脑功能严重紊乱，死亡率为57％。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Spinal nociceptive neurons are well known to undergo a process of long-term potentiation (LTP) following conditioning by high-frequency sciatic nerve stimulation (HFS) at intensities recruiting C-fibers. However, little if any information exists as to whether such HFS conditioning that produces spinal LTP affects sensory transmission at supraspinal levels. The present study explored this possibility. Conventional extracellular recording methods were used to examine the consequences of HFS versus sham HFS conditioning on individual wide-dynamic range thalamic neurons located in the ventro-postero-lateral (VPL) nucleus in isoflurane-anesthetized rats. Following HFS, the ongoing firing rate and stimulus-evoked (brush, pinch, sciatic nerve) responses were markedly enhanced as were responses to juxtacellular, microiontophoretic applications of glutamate. These HFS-induced enhancements lasted throughout the recording period. Sham stimuli had no effect on VPL neuron excitability. Cortical electroencephalographic (EEG) wave activities were also measured around HFS in conjunction with VPL neuron recordings. The cortical EEG pattern under baseline conditions consisted of recurring short duration bursts of high-amplitude slow waves followed by longer periods of flat EEG. Following HFS, the EEG shifted to a continuous large-amplitude, slow-wave pattern within the 0.5-8.0 Hz bandwidth lasting throughout the recording period. Sham HFS did not alter EEG activity. Sciatic nerve conditioning at A-δ fiber strength, known to reverse spinal LTP, did not alter enhanced neuronal excitability or the EEG slow-wave pattern induced by HFS. These data support the concept that HFS conditioning of the sciatic nerve, which leads to spinal LTP, is associated with distinct, long-lasting changes in the excitability of neurons comprising thalamocortical networks.

背景与目标： 众所周知，脊髓伤害感受神经元经过高频坐骨神经刺激（HFS）调节C纤维强度后会经历长期增强（LTP）过程。但是，关于这种产生脊柱LTP的HFS调理是否会影响脊髓上水平的感觉传递，几乎没有任何信息。本研究探讨了这种可能性。常规的细胞外记录方法用于检查HFS与假HFS调节对异氟烷麻醉大鼠腹侧后外侧（VPL）核中单个宽动态范围丘脑神经元的影响。 HFS后，持续的射击频率和刺激诱发的（刷，捏，坐骨神经）反应显着增强，对谷氨酸的近细胞，微离子电渗疗法的反应也明显增强。这些由HFS引起的增强在整个记录期间一直持续。假刺激对VPL神经元兴奋性没有影响。还测量了HFS周围的皮质脑电图（EEG）波活动以及VPL神经元记录。基线条件下的皮质脑电图模式由高振幅慢波的反复短时突发和随后较长时间的平坦脑电图组成。在进行HFS之后，EEG在整个记录周期内转移到0.5-8.0 Hz带宽内的连续大振幅慢波模式。 Sham HFS并未改变脑电图活动。已知可以逆转脊柱LTP的A-δ纤维强度的坐骨神经调节不会改变增强的神经元兴奋性或HFS诱发的EEG慢波模式。这些数据支持这样的概念，即坐骨神经的HFS调节导致脊柱LTP，与包括丘脑皮质网络的神经元的兴奋性发生明显且持久的变化有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The self is a multifaceted phenomenon that integrates information and experience across multiple time scales. How temporal integration on the psychological level of the self is related to temporal integration on the neuronal level remains unclear. To investigate temporal integration on the psychological level, we modified a well-established self-matching paradigm by inserting temporal delays. On the neuronal level, we indexed temporal integration in resting-state EEG by two related measures of scale-free dynamics, the power law exponent and autocorrelation window. We hypothesized that the previously established self-prioritization effect, measured as decreased response times or increased accuracy for self-related stimuli, would change with the insertion of different temporal delays between the paired stimuli, and that these changes would be related to temporal integration on the neuronal level. We found a significant self-prioritization effect on accuracy in all conditions with delays, indicating stronger temporal integration of self-related stimuli. Further, we observed a relationship between temporal integration on psychological and neuronal levels: higher degrees of neuronal integration, that is, higher power-law exponent and longer autocorrelation window, during resting-state EEG were related to a stronger increase in the self-prioritization effect across longer temporal delays. We conclude that temporal integration on the neuronal level serves as a template for temporal integration of the self on the psychological level. Temporal integration can thus be conceived as the "common currency" of neuronal and psychological levels of self.

背景与目标： ：自我是一个多方面的现象，它将跨多个时间尺度的信息和经验整合在一起。尚不清楚自我心理水平上的时间整合与神经元水平上的时间整合如何相关。为了研究心理上的时间整合，我们通过插入时间延迟来修改完善的自我匹配范式。在神经元水平上，我们通过无标度动力学的两个相关度量，幂律指数和自相关窗口来索引静止状态脑电图中的时间积分。我们假设先前建立的自我优先化效果（以减少响应时间或增加自我相关刺激的准确性来衡量）将随着配对刺激之间插入不同的时间延迟而发生变化，并且这些变化将与时间上的整合有关神经元水平。我们发现在所有条件下都有明显的自我优先级影响，存在延迟，这表明自我相关刺激的时间整合性更强。此外，我们观察到在心理和神经元水平上的时间整合之间的关系：在静息状态的脑电图期间，较高的神经元整合程度，即较高的幂律指数和较长的自相关窗口，与自我优先级的增强有关在较长的时间延迟中产生影响。我们得出的结论是，神经元水平的时间整合可作为心理水平上自我的时间整合的模板。因此，时间整合可以被认为是自我神经元和心理水平的“共同货币”。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:Based on the observation that epileptic seizures can occur at specific times of the day, we looked for daily variation in an intracranial electrographic feature used by a responsive neurostimulator system to detect seizures. METHODS:A computationally efficient measure of intracranial EEG energy or complexity, the line length baseline, was calculated and reported by an external responsive neurostimulator during a clinical trial of device safety. Data were obtained from 24 consecutive patients with medically intractable epilepsy undergoing intracranial monitoring over 2 to 54 days to localize the seizure onset zone. Measurements from individual subjects made at different times of day over many days were displayed on a single 24-h cycle and fit with a cosine function to characterize the time of the maximum value. The timing of epileptic seizures was also noted. RESULTS:The time of the maximum line length baseline value had a bimodal distribution with relative peaks at 05:30 and 15:00 hours. The time of the maximum value did not associate with specific brain regions, except that a nocturnal peak was not measured from temporal neocortex. The temporal distribution of maximum values was similar to the timing of epileptic seizures. CONCLUSION:The line length baseline feature of the intracranial EEG shows daily variation with location specific characteristics within individual subjects.

背景与目标： 目的：基于观察到癫痫性癫痫发作可能在一天的特定时间发生，我们寻找了反应性神经刺激系统用来检测癫痫发作的颅内电描记图特征的每日变化。
方法：在设备安全性临床试验期间，由外部响应神经刺激器计算并报告了颅内脑电图能量或复杂度的有效计算方法，即线长基线。从连续2到54天内接受颅内监测以定位癫痫发作区的连续24例医学上难治的癫痫患者获得数据。在单个一天的24小时周期内显示在一天中的不同时间进行的对单个对象的测量，并具有余弦函数以表征最大值的时间。还注意到了癫痫发作的时间。
结果：最大线长基线值的时间呈双峰分布，相对峰出现在05:30和15:00小时。最大值的时间与特定的大脑区域无关，只是没有从颞新皮层测量到夜间的峰值。最大值的时间分布类似于癫痫发作的时间。
结论：颅内脑电图的线长基线特征显示个体受试者中具有特定位置特征的每日变化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:Although rare, neurological manifestations in SARS-CoV-2 infection are increasingly being reported. We conducted a retrospective systematic study to describe the electroencephalography (EEG) characteristics in this disease, looking for specific patterns. METHODS:EEGs performed in patients with positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2 between 25/03/2020 and 06/05/2020 in the University Hospital of Bicêtre were independently reviewed by two experienced neurologists. We used the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society's terminology for the description of abnormal patterns. EEGs were classified into five categories, from normal to critically altered. Interobserver reliability was calculated using Cohen's kappa coefficient. Medical records were reviewed to extract demographics, clinical, imaging and biological data. RESULTS:Forty EEGs were reviewed in 36 COVID-19 patients, 18 in intensive care units (ICU) and 22 in medicine units. The main indications were confusion or fluctuating alertness for 23 (57.5%) and delayed awakening after stopping sedation in ICU in six (15%). EEGs were normal to mildly altered in 23 (57.5%) contrary to the 42.5% where EEG alterations were moderate in four (10%), severe in eight (20%) and critical in five (12.5%). Generalized periodic discharges (GPDs), multifocal periodic discharges (MPDs) or rhythmic delta activity (RDA) were found in 13 recordings (32.5%). EEG alterations were not stereotyped or specific. They could be related to an underlying morbid status, except for three ICU patients with unexplained encephalopathic features. CONCLUSION:In this first systematic analysis of COVID-19 patients who underwent EEG, over half of them presented a normal recording pattern. EEG alterations were not different from those encountered in other pathological conditions.

背景与目标： 目的：尽管越来越少地报道了SARS-CoV-2感染的神经系统表现。我们进行了一项回顾性系统研究，以描述这种疾病的脑电图（EEG）特征，寻找特定的模式。
方法：由两名经验丰富的神经科医生独立审查在比塞特尔大学医院于25/03/2020至06/05/2020之间对SARS-CoV-2 PCR阳性的患者进行的EEG。我们使用美国临床神经生理学会的术语来描述异常模式。脑电图从正常到严重改变分为五类。使用Cohen的kappa系数计算观察者之间的可靠性。审查病历以提取人口统计，临床，影像和生物学数据。
结果：对36例COVID-19患者，40例重症监护病房（ICU）和22例医学病房的40例脑电图进行了检查。主要适应症为23例（57.5％）的意识混乱或波动，在6例（15％）的ICU中停止镇静后延迟觉醒。脑电图正常至轻度变化的有23（57.5％），而42.5％的脑电图变化为中度的4个（10％），重度的8个（20％）和重度的5个（12.5％）。在13张唱片（32.5％）中发现了广义周期性放电（GPD），多焦点周期性放电（MPD）或节律性三角肌活动（RDA）。脑电图改变没有刻板印象或特定的。它们可能与潜在的病态有关，但三名患有无法解释的脑病特征的ICU患者除外。
结论：在对接受脑电图检查的COVID-19患者的首次系统分析中，超过一半的患者表现出正常的记录模式。脑电图的变化与其他病理条件下的变化没有什么不同。