• 【从大肠杆菌转移到秀丽隐杆线虫的银纳米颗粒的生态毒性的见解。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1038/srep36465 复制DOI
    作者列表:Luo X,Xu S,Yang Y,Li L,Chen S,Xu A,Wu L
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Previous studies have indicated that engineered nanomaterials can be transferred through the food chain. However, their potential ecotoxicity to the environment is not fully understood. Here, we systematically evaluated the physiological behavior and toxicity of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-coated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using a food chain model from Escherichia coli (E. coli) to Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Our results demonstrated that AgNPs accumulated in E. coli could be transferred to the C. elegans, and AgNPs were clearly distributed in the gut lumen, subcutaneous tissue and gonad. After being transferred to C. elegans through the food chain, the accumulated AgNPs caused serious toxicity to the higher trophic level (C. elegans), including effects on germ cell death, reproductive integrity and life span. Relative to larger particles (75 nm), small AgNPs (25 nm) more easily accumulated in the food chain and exhibited a stronger toxicity to the higher trophic level. More importantly, both the AgNPs that had accumulated in C. elegans through the food chain and the resulting impairment of germ cells could be transferred to the next generation, indicating that AgNP can cause genetic damage across generations. Our findings highlight that nanomaterials pose potential ecotoxicity to ecosystems via transport through the food chain.
    背景与目标: :以前的研究表明,工程纳米材料可以通过食物链转移。但是,尚未完全了解它们对环境的潜在生态毒性。在这里,我们使用大肠杆菌(E. coli)到秀丽隐杆线虫(C. elegans)的食物链模型系统地评估了聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)涂层的银纳米颗粒(AgNPs)的生理行为和毒性。我们的结果表明,在大肠杆菌中积累的AgNPs可以转移到秀丽隐杆线虫中,并且AgNPs清楚地分布在肠腔,皮下组织和性腺中。通过食物链转移到秀丽隐杆线虫后,积累的AgNPs对较高营养级(秀丽隐杆线虫)产生了严重的毒性,包括对生殖细胞死亡,生殖完整性和寿命的影响。相对于较大的颗粒(75 nm),较小的AgNPs(25 nm)更容易在食物链中积累,并且对较高的营养水平表现出较强的毒性。更重要的是,通过食物链在秀丽隐杆线虫中积累的AgNPs和由此引起的生殖细胞损伤都可以转移到下一代,这表明AgNP可以在几代人之间造成遗传损害。我们的发现突出表明,纳米材料通过食物链的运输对生态系统具有潜在的生态毒性。
  • 【检查一系列丙二醇醚的物理性质,命运,生态毒性和潜在的环境风险。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00176-5 复制DOI
    作者列表:Staples CA,Davis JW
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Propylene glycol ethers (PGEs) are comprised of mono-, di- and tri-PGEs and several of their acetate esters. The nature of the range of applications that use PGEs suggests that there is a potential for both intentional and unintentional entry of the materials into the environment. Selected physical/chemical properties, fate characteristics, aquatic toxicity data and calculated environmental concentrations were used to assess potential risks from the manufacture, handling, use, and disposal of PGEs. In general, the PGEs are low to moderately volatile, have high aqueous solubilities, low octanol-water partition coefficients (Kow), and bioconcentration factor values of <10, which indicate they are unlikely to accumulate in aquatic food chains. Both abiotic and biological degradation processes reduce environmental concentrations of PGEs. In air, vapor-phase PGEs react with photo-chemically produced hydroxyl radicals and have half-lives ranging from 5.5 to 34.4 h. A variety of ready and inherent biodegradation test methods, as well as tests that simulate biodegradation in wastewater treatment plants, surface water and soil have been conducted on PGEs. Significant aerobic biodegradation was generally observed, with a range of biodegradation half-lives on the order of 5-25 d. Acute aquatic toxicity studies with PGEs resulted in LC50 values ranging from approximately >100 to >20,000 mg/l for freshwater fish, the pelagic invertebrate Daphnia magna, green algae Selenastrum capricornutum (now called Pseudokirchneriella capricornutum) and bacteria. Level 3 multi-media modeling (EQC model of Mackay) was used to simulate regional-scale concentrations of PGEs in air, soil, water, and sediment. Toxicity thresholds were then compared with regional-scale water, soil and sediment concentrations to determine hazard quotients. Based upon this analysis, concentrations of PGEs are unlikely to pose adverse risks to the environment.

    背景与目标: 丙二醇醚(PGE)由单,二和三PGE及其几种乙酸酯组成。使用PGE的应用范围的性质表明,材料可能有意或无意地进入环境。使用选定的理化特性,命运特征,水生毒性数据和计算出的环境浓度来评估PGEs生产,处理,使用和处置的潜在风险。通常,PGE的挥发度低至中等,具有较高的水溶解度,较低的辛醇-水分配系数(Kow)和<10的生物浓缩系数,这表明它们不太可能在水生食物链中积累。非生物和生物降解过程均会降低PGEs的环境浓度。在空气中,气相PGE与光化学产生的羟基发生反应,半衰期为5.5至34.4 h。在PGE上进行了各种现成的和固有的生物降解测试方法,以及模拟废水处理厂,地表水和土壤中生物降解的测试。通常观察到重要的好氧生物降解,其生物降解半衰期范围为5-25 d。用PGE进行的急性水生毒性研究得出的淡水鱼,中上无脊椎动物Daphnia magna,绿藻Selenastrum capricornutum(现在称为Pseudokirchneriella capricornutum)和细菌的LC50值在大约> 100至> 20,000 mg / l的范围内。使用3级多媒体建模(Mackay的EQC模型)来模拟空气,土壤,水和沉积物中PGE的区域范围浓度。然后将毒性阈值与区域规模的水,土壤和沉积物浓度进行比较,以确定危险系数。根据此分析,PGEs的浓度不太可能对环境造成不利影响。

  • 【氯三嗪在斯海尔德河口(B-N1)中的分布和生态毒性。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2006.09.016 复制DOI
    作者列表:Noppe H,Ghekiere A,Verslycke T,Wulf ED,Verheyden K,Monteyne E,Polfliet K,Caeter Pv,Janssen CR,De Brabander HF
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :As part of the Endis-Risks project, the current study describes the occurrence of the chlorotriazine pesticides atrazine, simazine and terbutylazine in water, sediment and suspended matter in the Scheldt estuary (B-Nl) from 2002 to 2005 (3 samplings a year, 8 sampling points). Atrazine was found at the highest concentrations, varying from 10 to 736 ng/l in water and from 5 up to 10 ng/g in suspended matter. Simazine and terbutylazine were detected at lower concentrations. Traces of the targeted pesticides were also detected in sediments, but these were below the limit of quantification. As part of an ecotoxicological assessment, we studied the potential effect of atrazine on molting of Neomysis integer (Crustacea:Mysidacea), a resident invertebrate of the Scheldt Estuary and a proposed test organism for the evaluation of endocrine disruption. Following chronic exposure ( approximately 3 weeks), atrazine did not significantly affect mysid molting at environmentally relevant concentrations (up to 1 microg/l).
    背景与目标: :作为Endis-Risks项目的一部分,当前的研究描述了2002年至2005年Scheldt河口(B-Nl)中水,沉积物和悬浮物中氯三嗪农药阿特拉津,西玛津和叔丁嗪的发生情况(每年3个采样) ,8个采样点)。发现去津的最高浓度,在水中的浓度从10到736 ng / l不等,在悬浮物中的浓度从5到10 ng / g不等。在较低浓度下检测到了Simazine和terbutylazine。在沉积物中也检测到了目标农药的痕迹,但这些都在定量限以下。作为生态毒理学评估的一部分,我们研究了阿特拉津对新生线虫(甲壳纲:Mysidacea),斯海尔德河口的常驻无脊椎动物以及拟议的用于评估内分泌干扰的测试生物的蜕变的潜在影响。长期暴露(约3周)后,在环境相关浓度(最高1微克/升)下,阿特拉津对甲壳类动物的蜕皮没有显着影响。
  • 【生态毒性统计数据的监管使用:美国的观点。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/BF00116336 复制DOI
    作者列表:Harrass MC
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :: A variety of regulatory requirements for ecotoxicity test data exist in the US and each of these is able to specify what test protocols and endpoints are used. General practice is to calculate regression curve endpoints, usually EC50 values, for acute tests, and hypothesis test endpoints (e.g. NOEC, LOEC) for chronic studies. However, tests of wastewater effluents often use a hypothesis test endpoint which has been derived using site-specific information to represent a pass-fail standard for compliance. Field work, such as site assessments, tends to use hypothesis tests, but such work does not seek the doseresponse curve sought in standard laboratory tests. The risk-based approaches being developed use cither type of endpoint, but this seems to be an accommodation to existing data; preference is for dose-response curves, not just a single ECx value. Endpoints are only one component of the conventional paradigm of environmental protection. Experience with various tests and endpoints suggest several perspectives: quality is critical, test species must be reliable and relevant, extrapolations will dominate decisions, and basing environmental decisions on the most sensitive endpoint of the most sensitive species may not remain a feasible paradigm for protecting ecological systems.
    背景与目标: ::在美国,对生态毒性测试数据有各种监管要求,并且每项监管要求都可以指定所使用的测试协议和终点。一般做法是为急性试验计算回归曲线终点,通常为EC50值,对于慢性研究,计算假设试验终点(例如NOEC,LOEC)。但是,废水流出物的测试通常使用假设测试终点,该终点是使用特定于地点的信息得出的,以表示合格的通过/失败标准。现场评估(例如现场评估)倾向于使用假设检验,但此类研究并未寻求标准实验室检验中所寻求的剂量反应曲线。正在开发的基于风险的方法使用其他类型的端点,但这似乎可以容纳现有数据。首选是剂量响应曲线,而不仅仅是单个ECx值。端点只是传统的环境保护范例的一个组成部分。各种测试和端点的经验提出了以下几种观点:质量至关重要,测试物种必须可靠且相关,外推法将主导决策,将环境决策基于最敏感物种的最敏感端点可能仍不是保护生态的可行范例系统。
  • 【酮洛芬模拟阳光光解机理的研究:超氧阴离子自由基的作用,转化副产物和生态毒性评估。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1039/c7em00111h 复制DOI
    作者列表:Wang Y,Deng W,Wang F,Su Y,Feng Y,Chen P,Ma J,Su H,Yao K,Liu Y,Lv W,Liu G
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The aim of this study was to investigate the photolysis mechanism of ketoprofen (KET) under simulated sunlight. The results demonstrated that the photolysis of KET aligned well with pseudo first-order kinetics. Radical scavenging experiments and dissolved oxygen experiments revealed that the superoxide anion radical (O2˙-) played a primary role in the photolytic process in pure water. Bicarbonate slightly increased the photodegradation of KET through generating carbonate radicals, while DOM inhibited the photolysis via both attenuating light and competing radicals. Moreover, Zhujiang river water inhibited KET phototransformation. Potential KET degradation pathways were proposed based on the identification of products using LC/MS/MS and GC/MS techniques. The theoretical prediction of reaction sites was derived from Frontier Electron Densities (FEDs), which primarily involved the KET decarboxylation reaction. The ecotoxicity of the treated solutions was evaluated by employing Daphnia magna and V. fischeri as biological indicators. Ecotoxicity was also hypothetically predicted through the "ecological structure-activity relationship" (ECOSAR) program, which revealed that toxic products might be generated during the photolysis process.
    背景与目标: :本研究的目的是研究模拟日光下酮洛芬(KET)的光解机理。结果表明,KET的光解与拟一级动力学很好地吻合。自由基清除实验和溶解氧实验表明,超氧阴离子自由基(O2 ^-)在纯水中的光解过程中起主要作用。碳酸氢盐通过产生碳酸盐基团而略微增加了KET的光降解作用,而DOM通过减弱光和竞争基团抑制了光解作用。此外,珠江水抑制了KET的光转化。在使用LC / MS / MS和GC / MS技术鉴定产品的基础上,提出了潜在的KET降解途径。反应位点的理论预测来自前沿电子密度(FED),主要涉及KET脱羧反应。通过使用大型蚤(Daphnia magna)和费氏弧菌(V.fischeri)作为生物学指标评估处理过的溶液的生态毒性。还可以通过“生态结构-活性关系”(ECOSAR)程序预测生态毒性,该程序表明在光解过程中可能产生有毒产物。
  • 【在水生环境中存在两种细胞抑制药物:博来霉素和长春新碱及其二元混合物的生态毒性风险。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.074 复制DOI
    作者列表:Jureczko M,Przystaś W
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cytostatic drugs have become one of the greatest environmental threats. They occur in surface, ground and even drinking water. Their key emission sources are hospital effluents, municipal wastewater, as well as drug manufacturers and their effluents. These compounds are extremely stable in natural waters and they are not significantly removed during wastewater treatment, because they are resistant to biodegradation. The aim of this work was to establish possible negative effects of chosen cytostatics: bleomycin and vincristine on the three trophic levels of surface waters. A single agent acute toxicity test was conducted on representatives of the producer - an aquatic freshwater plant Lemna minor, the consumer - crustaceans Daphnia magna, and the decomposer - bacteria Pseudomonas putida. Binary mixture tests were performed according to the Concentration Addition, Response Additivity, and Independent Action models. Both substances had a different effect on the tested organisms; bleomycin could be classified as a very toxic, while vincristine as a toxic water pollutant. Half maximal effective concentration (EC50) values designed in the presented single agent acute toxicity studies are < 10 mg/L in all the tests with bleomycin as well as vincristine conducted on L. minor. In tests with vincristine performed on D. magna and P. putida EC50 > 100 mg/L. The highest toxicity is demonstrated by bleomycin towards the aquatic freshwater plant (EC50 = 0.2 mg/L). The binary mixture of the tested chemicals showed antagonistic effects of environmental concern.
    背景与目标: :抗静电药已成为最大的环境威胁之一。它们发生在地表,地面甚至饮用水中。它们的主要排放源是医院废水,市政废水以及药品生产商及其废水。这些化合物在天然水中非常稳定,并且在废水处理过程中没有明显除去,因为它们具有抗生物降解性。这项工作的目的是确定所选的抑菌剂:博来霉素和长春新碱对地表水的三个营养水平的可能的负面影响。对生产者的代表进行了单剂急性毒性测试,该代表是水生淡水植物小Lemna,消费者是甲壳类水蚤(Daphnia magna),分解剂是恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)。根据浓度添加,响应加性和独立作用模型进行了二元混合测试。两种物质对被测生物都有不同的影响。博来霉素可被分类为剧毒,长春新碱可作为剧毒水污染物。在所有针对博来霉素和长春新碱的未成年人乳酸杆菌试验中,提出的单药急性毒性研究中设计的最大有效浓度(EC50)的一半均小于10mg / L。在长春新碱和恶臭假单胞菌的长春新碱测试中,EC50> 100mg / L。博来霉素对水生淡水植物的毒性最高(EC50 = 0.2mg / L)。被测化学品的二元混合物表现出对环境的拮抗作用。
  • 【铬(III)对费森艾塞尼亚虫,白斑线虫和念珠菌的生态毒性。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1006/eesa.2001.2122 复制DOI
    作者列表:Lock K,Janssen CR
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Despite growing concerns about the potential adverse effects of elevated chromium concentrations in the environment, only a few terrestrial toxicity data are available. Therefore, chronic toxicity of chromium(III) was assessed for Eisenia fetida, Enchytraeus albidus, and Folsomia candida, the three invertebrates for which standard test protocols are available. The 21-day EC(50) for the cocoon production of E. fetida was 892 (679-1110) mg Cr/kg dry weight. Based on the reproduction, a 42-days EC(50) of 637 (355-791) mg Cr/kg dry weight was observed for E. albidus, while for F. candida a 28-day EC(50) of 604 (254-3380) mg Cr/kg dry weight was noted. Although the presented data can be considered a step forward in the assessment of the potential risks of chromium(III) in terrestrial environments, further research is needed to evaluate the influence of soil parameters on the toxicity of chromium and to quantify the effect of aging on bioavailability.
    背景与目标: :尽管人们越来越担心环境中铬浓度的升高可能带来的不利影响,但只有少数地面毒性数据可用。因此,对铬(III)的慢性毒性进行了评估,其适用于符合标准测试规程的三类无脊椎动物艾美尼亚艾美氏菌(Eisenia fetida),白鳍金枪鱼(Enchytraeus albidus)和念珠菌Folsomia candida。产费美肠球菌的21天EC(50)为892(679-1110)mg Cr / kg干重。根据繁殖情况,对于白斑埃希氏菌,观察到42天的EC(50)为637(355-791)mg Cr / kg干重,而念珠菌的28天EC(50)为604(254)。记录到-3380mg Cr / kg干重。尽管可以将所提供的数据视为评估陆地环境中铬(III)潜在风险的一步,但仍需要进一步的研究来评估土壤参数对铬毒性的影响并量化老化对铬的影响。生物利用度。
  • 【天然有机物的数量和质量影响二氧化钛纳米颗粒的生态毒性。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1080/17435390.2016.1222458 复制DOI
    作者列表:Seitz F,Rosenfeldt RR,Müller M,Lüderwald S,Schulz R,Bundschuh M
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Nanoparticles' fate is amongst other parameters determined by the quantity and quality of natural organic matter (NOM). Consequently, the ecotoxicity of nanoparticles is modified, while only little information is available on the NOM characteristics triggering this interplay. This study systematically examined how NOM quantity and quality influences the acute ecotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nTiO2) towards Daphnia magna. Therefore, two nTiO2 products (A-100 and P25; ∼100 nm) were investigated in combination with seven NOM types of variable quality at four levels each (up to 4.00 mg total organic carbon/L). The results showed that - independent of the applied nTiO2 product and NOM type - nTiO2 ecotoxicity decreased up to a factor of >18 with increasing NOM concentration. More importantly, increasing levels of aromaticity and hydrophobicity of the NOM decreased the magnitude of toxic effects caused by nTiO2, which was again independent of the nTiO2 product tested. In the light of the ubiquitary presence of NOM, the ecotoxicological risk of nTiO2 in surface waters with high NOM loads is likely moderate. However, interactions of nTiO2 and NOM in combination with other natural or chemical stressors are not well-understood but seem to be fundamental for a reliable risk assessment of nanoparticles.
    背景与目标: :纳米颗粒的命运是由天然有机物(NOM)的数量和质量决定的其他参数。因此,纳米颗粒的生态毒性得到了改善,而关于触发这种相互作用的NOM特性的信息很少。这项研究系统地检查了NOM的数量和质量如何影响二氧化钛纳米颗粒(nTiO2)对水蚤的急性生态毒性。因此,研究了两种nTiO2产物(A-100和P25;约100μm),并结合了质量各不相同的7种NOM类型,每种水平为四个水平(总有机碳含量最高为4.00μmg/ L)。结果表明-随所施用的nTiO2产品和NOM类型的不同-随着NOM浓度的增加,nTiO2的生态毒性降低至> 18。更重要的是,NOM芳香性和疏水性水平的提高降低了由nTiO2引起的毒性作用的程度,这又与所测试的nTiO2产品无关。鉴于普遍存在NOM,在高NOM负荷的地表水中nTiO2的生态毒理学风险可能适中。但是,nTiO2和NOM与其他自然或化学应激源的相互作用尚不为人所理解,但对于纳米颗粒的可靠风险评估而言,这似乎是基础。
  • 【两栖非洲爪蟾幼虫中双壁碳纳米管的表征和体内生态毒性评估。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.01.011 复制DOI
    作者列表:Mouchet F,Landois P,Sarremejean E,Bernard G,Puech P,Pinelli E,Flahaut E,Gauthier L
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Because of their outstanding properties, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are being assessed for inclusion in many manufactured products. Due to their massive production and growing number of potential applications, the impact of CNTs on the environment must be taken into consideration. The present investigation evaluates the ecotoxicological potential of double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs) in the amphibian larvae Xenopus laevis at a large range of concentrations in water (from 10 to 500 mgL(-1)). Acute toxicity and genotoxicity were analysed after 12 days of static exposure in laboratory conditions. Acute toxicity was evaluated according to the mortality and the growth of larvae. The genotoxic effects were analysed by scoring the micronucleated erythrocytes of the circulating blood of larvae according to the International Standard micronucleus assay. Moreover, histological preparations of larval intestine were prepared after 12 days of exposure for observation using optical and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Finally, the intestine of an exposed larva was prepared on a slide for analyse by Raman imaging. The results showed no genotoxicity in erythrocytes of larvae exposed to DWNTs in water, but acute toxicity at every concentration of DWNTs studied which was related to physical blockage of the gills and/or digestive tract. Indeed, black masses suggesting the presence of CNTs were observed inside the intestine using optical microscopy and TEM, and confirmed by Raman spectroscopy analysis. Assessing the risks of CNTs requires better understanding, especially including mechanistic and environmental investigations.
    背景与目标: :由于其优异的性能,碳纳米管(CNT)被评估为包含在许多制成品中。由于它们的大量生产和越来越多的潜在应用,必须考虑CNT对环境的影响。本研究评估了在水的较大浓度范围(10至500 mgL(-1))中两栖幼虫非洲爪蟾中的双壁碳纳米管(DWNT)的生态毒理潜力。在实验室条件下静态暴露12天后,分析了急性毒性和遗传毒性。根据幼虫的死亡率和生长情况评估其急性毒性。根据国际标准微核试验,通过对幼虫循环血液中的微核红细胞进行评分,来分析其遗传毒性作用。此外,在暴露12天后制备幼虫肠道的组织学制剂,以使用光学和透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察。最后,在载玻片上制备暴露幼虫的肠,以通过拉曼成像进行分析。结果表明,在水中暴露于DWNTs的幼虫的红细胞没有遗传毒性,但是在所研究的每种DWNTs浓度下,其急性毒性都与physical和/或消化道的物理阻塞有关。确实,使用光学显微镜和TEM在肠道内观察到黑色物质,表明存在CNT,并通过拉曼光谱分析得到了证实。评估碳纳米管的风险需要更好的理解,尤其是包括机械和环境调查。
  • 【在REACH法规框架内提交的生态毒性数据的分析:第4部分。陆生实验毒性试验。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.058 复制DOI
    作者列表:Versonnen B,Tarazona JV,Cesnaitis R,Sobanska MA,Sobanski T,Bonnomet V,De Coen W
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This paper summarises the terrestrial ecotoxicity data submitted in the REACH registration dossiers and disseminated by ECHA. The analysis describes both the guidelines and the test species mostly used by registrants. REACH information requirements in relation to the effects on terrestrial organisms encompass three trophic levels; invertebrates, plants and micro-organisms, and the study of both long and short-term exposure. The results observed for soil invertebrates showed that on one hand there was a clear prevalence for testing on the species recommended by the standard test guidelines. On the other, the reporting included a large variety of species from very different families, demonstrating the feasibility for conducting toxicity tests on a number of relevant groups e.g. for species sensitivity distribution approaches. Standard toxicity testing with terrestrial plants under REACH follows a different approach and requires simultaneous testing on several species, using the same test conditions, adapted to each species, if needed. The test methods used to conduct the studies were only reported for 30% of cases. The most extensively reported test guidelines for terrestrial plants were OECD 208, ISO 11269-1 and ISO 11269-1. Information requirements for soil micro-organisms under REACH are related to the analysis of functional endpoints instead of on species or taxa. As recommended in REACH, OECD 216 and OECD 217 were the most often used test methods for soil micro-organisms. But overall, the test method was reported for only about 40% of the experimental studies. Moreover, it is noted that information on potential effects on soil micro-organisms is available for a limited number of REACH registered substances. The assessment suggests that providing waiving justifications and collecting available information, which in many cases might be well used for covering standard REACH data requirements, have been the main approaches used by registrants for the first REACH registration deadline.
    背景与目标: :本文总结了在REACH注册卷宗中提交并由ECHA传播的陆地生态毒性数据。分析同时描述了指南和主要由注册人使用的测试物种。与陆生生物影响有关的REACH信息要求包括三个营养级别。无脊椎动物,植物和微生物,以及长期和短期接触的研究。对土壤无脊椎动物观察到的结果表明,一方面,对标准测试指南建议的物种进行测试的流行率很明显。另一方面,该报告包括来自非常不同的科的多种物种,证明了对许多相关组进行毒性测试的可行性,例如:用于物种敏感性分布方法。在REACH下使用陆生植物进行标准毒性测试的方法有所不同,并且需要对几种物种同时进行测试,并使用相同的测试条件,并根据需要对每种物种进行调整。仅30%的病例报告了用于进行研究的测试方法。报道最广泛的陆地植物测试指南是OECD 208,ISO 11269-1和ISO 11269-1。根据REACH对土壤微生物的信息要求与功能性终点的分析有关,而不是物种或分类群的信息。根据REACH的建议,OECD 216和OECD 217是土壤微生物最常用的测试方法。但总体而言,只有40%的实验研究报告了该测试方法。此外,应注意的是,对于有限数量的REACH注册物质,可获得有关对土壤微生物的潜在影响的信息。评估表明,提供放弃的理由并收集可用的信息(在许多情况下可能很好地用于满足标准的REACH数据要求)已成为注册人在第一个REACH注册截止日期之前使用的主要方法。
  • 【滤嘴(Daphnia magna)被污染的悬浮固体的生态毒性。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s002440010110 复制DOI
    作者列表:Weltens R,Goossens R,Van Puymbroeck S
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: It is generally assumed that the dissolved fraction of a toxic substance in surface water is mainly responsible for toxicity to aquatic organisms. However, toxic compounds are often adsorbed or chemically bound to suspended particles in the water column, depending upon the physico-chemical conditions. In the present study potential adverse effects to filter feeding organisms by metal contaminated particles were investigated. In our hypotheses the adsorbed metals might desorb in the gastrointestinal tract-due to different physico-chemical conditions-and exert toxic effects. Clay and sand particles, algae and organic material (peat) were artificially contaminated with cadmium and zinc. The contaminated materials were resuspended in standard conditions and toxicity was measured for the water flea Daphnia magna (mortality at 48 hours). As a reference, supernatant solutions were used containing the same concentration of dissolved metal as the suspensions. It was also established that the test concentrations of solid material (250 and 500 mg/l uncontaminated particles) did not cause any mortality within 48 hours. Daphnids are filter feedersthey filtrate large amounts of surrounding water, redrawing particles as a food source. Results strongly indicate that contaminated particles threaten the health of these particle-feeding organisms. Compared to the reference severe acute toxic effects were seen and cadmium accumulation was increased when contaminated solid material was present. Results were essentially the same for the different materials used in the experiments, except for sand contaminated with cadmium. This shows that mineral as well as organic materials can contribute to the particle bound toxicity. Different results were obtained when a static set up was used instead of a flow through set up, illustrating that the route of administration is important to make particles available and thus to evaluate their toxicity. Contaminated particles clearly have toxic potency, not only because they are a continuous source of dissolved xenobiotics, but also because the particle bound fraction can become available within the body of particle feeding organisms. This could lead to unexpected high tissue concentrations. More insight is needed to predict the bioavailability of adsorbed pollutants. Results of this study already indicate that suspended solids should be considered as a separate compartment in risk evaluation of chemicals, effluents or natural surface waters.

    背景与目标: 通常认为,有毒物质在地表水中的溶解部分是造成对水生生物毒性的主要原因。但是,取决于理化条件,有毒化合物通常会吸附或化学结合到水柱中的悬浮颗粒上。在本研究中,研究了被金属污染的颗粒对滤食生物的潜在不利影响。在我们的假设中,由于不同的理化条件,吸附的金属可能会在胃肠道中解吸,并产生毒性作用。粘土和沙粒,藻类和有机材料(豌豆)被镉和锌人工污染。将受污染的材料重新悬浮在标准条件下,并测量水蚤蚤的毒性(48小时死亡率)。作为参考,使用含有与悬浮液相同浓度的溶解金属的上清液。还确定了固体物质(250和500 mg / l的未污染颗粒)的测试浓度在48小时内没有引起任何死亡。水蚤是滤食性动物,它们过滤大量周围的水,重新吸收颗粒作为食物来源。结果强烈表明,受污染的颗粒威胁着这些以颗粒为食的生物的健康。与参考样品相比,当存在被污染的固体物质时,可以看到严重的急性毒性作用,并且镉的积累增加。实验中使用的不同材料的结果基本相同,除了被镉污染的沙子。这表明矿物质以及有机物质都可以促进颗粒结合的毒性。当使用静态装置代替流通装置时,获得了不同的结果,说明给药途径对于使颗粒可用并评估其毒性很重要。污染的颗粒显然具有毒性,这不仅是因为它们是溶解的异种生物的连续来源,而且还因为颗粒结合的级分可以在颗粒喂养生物体内获得。这可能会导致意想不到的高组织浓度。需要更多的见识来预测吸附的污染物的生物利用度。这项研究的结果已经表明,在评估化学品,废水或天然地表水的风险时,应将悬浮固体视为一个单独的区域。

  • 【使用一系列基于效应的终点埃塞俄比亚Eisenia fetida评估老化的石油污泥的生态毒性。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s10661-009-1184-2 复制DOI
    作者列表:Wang SJ,Yan ZG,Guo GL,Lu GL,Wang QH,Li FS
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Laboratory investigations were conducted to test the toxicity of aged petroleum sludge collected from Shengli Oil Field, the second largest oilfield in China, to earthworm Eisenia fetida. Various end points were measured in the earthworms, including mortality, growth, cocoon output, juvenile production, and avoidance behavioral response, to determine their comparative sensitivity for assessing harmful effects of petroleum-hydrocarbon-contaminated soil. The results showed that all these assays responded in a concentration-dependent manner, and two chronic end points, juvenile production and cocoon output, as well as avoidance behavioral response appeared to be sensitive end points for detecting toxicity of petroleum-hydrocarbon-contaminated soil. Comparatively, juvenile production exhibited similar sensitivity to avoidance behavior response, both of which were more sensitive than cocoon output, while mortality and adult growth were proposed as the least sensitive parameters. It was suggested that large amounts of petroleum sludge deposited in Shengli Oil Field may pose a potential threat to the local ecosystem, and the utility of multiple effects-based end points in earthworm E. fetida is useful to facilitate ecological risk assessments in hydrocarbon-contaminated sites.
    背景与目标: :进行了实验室研究,以测试从中国第二大油田胜利油田采集的陈旧石油污泥对earth艾氏nia的毒性。在measured中测量了各种终点,包括死亡率,生长,茧产量,幼虫产量和回避行为响应,以确定它们对评估受石油-烃污染的土壤的有害影响的比较敏感性。结果表明,所有这些测定均以浓度依赖性方式响应,并且两个慢性终点,少年产量和茧产量以及避免行为响应似乎是检测石油-烃污染土壤毒性的敏感终点。相比之下,少年生产对逃避行为反应表现出相似的敏感性,两者都比茧产量更为敏感,而死亡率和成年生长被认为是最不敏感的参数。有人认为,胜利油田沉积的大量石油污泥可能对当地的生态系统构成潜在威胁,f中基于多种效应的终点的应用将有助于促进对受碳氢化合物污染的生态学评估。网站。
  • 【乙酰丙酸酯系列的生态毒性研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s10646-014-1290-y 复制DOI
    作者列表:Lomba L,Muñiz S,Pino MR,Navarro E,Giner B
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The increasing interest in the development of novel green solvents has led to the synthesis of benign alternative products with minimized environmental impacts. However, most of published studies on green solvents focus primarily on their physicochemical properties, with limited emphasis on absence of ecotoxicological assessment. In this study, we evaluated the acute ecotoxicity of four levulinates (levulinic acid, methyl levulinate, ethyl levulinate and butyl levulinate) on freshwater algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii), bacteria (Vibrio fischeri), daphnids (Daphnia magna) and earthworms (Eisenia foetida) using various dose-response tests. As a general trend, the toxicity of levulinate esters in aquatic exposure (assessed as the EC50) increased as a function of increasing alkyl chain length; accordingly, the most toxic compound for the aquatic organisms was butyl levulinate, followed by ethyl levulinate and methyl levulinate. The most toxic compound for E. foetida (terrestrial exposure) was methyl levulinate, followed by ethyl levulinate, butyl levulinate and levulinic acid; in this case, we observed an inverse relationship between toxicity and alkyl chain length. Based on both the lowest EC50 found in the aquatic media and the ratio between predicted environmental concentration and the predicted no-effect concentration, we have estimated the maximum allowable values in the environment for these chemicals to be 1.093 mg L(-1) for levulinic acid, 2.761 mg L(-1) for methyl levulinate, 0.982 mg L(-1) for ethyl levulinate and 0.151 mg L(-1) for butyl levulinate.
    背景与目标: :对新型绿色溶剂开发的兴趣日益浓厚,导致合成了对环境影响最小的良性替代产品。但是,大多数已发表的有关绿色溶剂的研究主要集中在其理化性质上,而很少强调缺乏生态毒理学评估。在这项研究中,我们评估了四种乙酰丙酸盐(乙酰丙酸,乙酰丙酸甲酯,乙酰丙酸乙酯和乙酰丙酸丁酯)对淡水藻类(莱茵衣藻),细菌(费氏弧菌),水蚤(水蚤)和earth(大叶蝉)的急性生态毒性。使用各种剂量反应测试。作为一般趋势,乙酰丙酸酯在水生生物接触中的毒性(评估为EC50)随着烷基链长度的增加而增加。因此,对水生生物最具毒性的化合物是乙酰丙酸丁酯,其次是乙酰丙酸乙酯和乙酰丙酸甲酯。对大肠埃希氏菌(地面暴露)最具毒性的化合物是乙酰丙酸甲酯,其次是乙酰丙酸乙酯,乙酰丙酸丁酯和乙酰丙酸。在这种情况下,我们观察到毒性和烷基链长之间存在反比关系。根据在水生介质中发现的最低EC50以及预测的环境浓度和预测的无效应浓度之间的比率,我们估计这些化学品在环境中的最大允许值为乙酰丙酸为1.093 mg L(-1)酸,乙酰丙酸甲酯为2.761 mg L(-1),乙酰丙酸乙酯为0.982 mg L(-1),乙酰丙酸丁酯为0.151 mg L(-1)。
  • 【产毒真菌在两种相反的受油污染的土壤的生态毒性中的可能作用-田间研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110959 复制DOI
    作者列表:Polyak Y,Bakina L,Mayachkina N,Polyak M
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Long-term field experiments were performed to evaluate the phytotoxic properties of fungal metabolites in oil-contaminated soil and to assess the impact of contamination on the allelopathic activity of soil mycobiota. Two contrasting soils of Northwest Russia (sandy and loamy podzols) exposed to oil contamination underwent changes in abundance and allelopathic activities of soil fungi. Shifts within the microbial community caused by oil contamination affected not only oil-decomposition rates but also ecotoxicity of contaminated soil. There were significant differences in soil toxicity dynamics between sandy and loamy podzols. Four years after contamination, ecotoxicity of loamy podzol decreased, whereas sandy podzol remained highly toxic even nine years after contamination. The abundance and allelopathic activity of fungi is correlated with hydrocarbon degradation dynamics. The soil fungal community demonstrated high allelopathic activity which decreased over time in fertile loamy podzolic soil, whereas in poor sandy podzolic soil it remained high over the nine-year monitoring period. The results illustrate how oil contamination may influence allelopathic interactions in soil and demonstrate the advantage of using fungal metabolite toxicity test for testing of oil-contaminated soil samples.
    背景与目标: :进行了长期的田间试验,以评估油污染土壤中真菌代谢产物的植物毒性,并评估污染对土壤分枝杆菌化感作用的影响。俄罗斯西北部两种形成对比的土壤(沙土和壤土的足动物)受到石油污染,土壤真菌的丰度和化感活动发生了变化。由油污染引起的微生物群落内的变化不仅影响油的分解速率,还影响受污染土壤的生态毒性。沙质土壤和壤土土壤中的土壤毒性动力学存在显着差异。污染四年后,沃达唑的生态毒性降低,而沙达唑甚至在污染九年后仍具有高毒性。真菌的丰度和化感活性与烃降解动力学相关。土壤真菌群落显示出较高的化感活性,在肥沃的壤土坡地土壤中随着时间的流逝而下降,而在贫瘠的砂土坡地土壤中,在九年的监测期内仍保持较高的化感作用。结果说明了油污染如何影响土壤中的化感作用,并证明了使用真菌代谢物毒性测试来测试被油污染的土壤样品的优势。
  • 【在监测原生动物群落的基础上,采用聚氨酯泡沫塑料单元法评估和监测用于灌溉芦苇田的纸浆和造纸废水的生态毒性。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s11356-015-4285-1 复制DOI
    作者列表:Ding C,Chen T,Li Z,Yan J
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Using the standardized polyurethane foam unit (PFU) method, a preliminary investigation was carried out on the bioaccumulation and the ecotoxic effects of the pulp and paper wastewater for irrigating reed fields. Static ectoxicity test had shown protozoal communities were very sensitive to variations in toxin time and effective concentration (EC) of the pulp and paper wastewater. Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H) was a more suitable indicator of the extent of water pollution than Gleason and Margalef diversity index (d), Simpson's diversity index (D), and Pielou's index (J). The regression equation between S eq and EC was S eq  = - 0.118EC + 18.554. The relatively safe concentration and maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) of the wastewater for the protozoal communities were about 20 % and 42 %, respectively. To safely use this wastewater for irrigation, more than 58 % of the toxins must be removed or diluted by further processing. Monitoring of the wastewater in representative irrigated reed fields showed that the regularity of the protozoal colonization process was similar to the static ectoxicity, indicating that the toxicity of the irrigating pulp and paper wastewater was not lethal to protozoal communities in the reed fields. This study demonstrated the applicability of the PFU method in monitoring the ecotoxic effects of pulp and paper wastewater on the level of microbial communities and may guide the supervision and control of pulp and paper wastewater irrigating within the reed fields ecological system (RFES).
    背景与目标: :使用标准化聚氨酯泡沫塑料(PFU)方法,对纸浆和造纸废水灌溉芦苇场的生物积累和生态毒性影响进行了初步研究。静态毒性试验表明,原生动物群落对纸浆和造纸废水中毒素时间和有效浓度(EC)的变化非常敏感。 Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)比格里森和Margalef多样性指数(d),Simpson多样性指数(D)和Pielou指数(J)更适合指示水污染的程度。 Seq和EC之间的回归方程为Seq =-0.118EC 18.554。原生动物群落的相对安全浓度和最大可接受毒物浓度(MATC)分别约为20%和42%。为了安全地将这种废水用于灌溉,必须通过进一步处理除去或稀释58%以上的毒素。对代表性灌溉芦苇田中废水的监测表明,原生动物定殖过程的规律性与静态电子毒性相似,表明灌溉纸浆和造纸废水的毒性对芦苇田的原生动物群落没有致死性。这项研究证明了PFU方法在监测纸浆和造纸废水对微生物群落水平的生态毒性影响方面的适用性,并可以指导芦苇田生态系统(RFES)中纸浆和造纸废水灌溉的监督和控制。

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