• 【植入结果: 采用混合方法评估成人人工耳蜗植入方案的疗效。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.3109/09638289709166533 复制DOI
    作者列表:Hogan A
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Studies concerned with the efficacy of cochlear implants have traditionally focused on measuring enhancements in speech perception associated with implantation. This paper reports the findings of a study concerned with qualitative and quantitative measures of psychosocial benefit associated with the adult cochlear implant programme. Cochlear implants enhanced implantees' interpersonal communication skills and social confidence, and were associated with a reduction in the user's social anxiety. Broader socioeconomic gains were not achieved by implantees, mainly because of an absence of adequate employment and community education programmes associated with implant programmes.

    背景与目标: 传统上,与人工耳蜗的功效有关的研究集中在测量与植入相关的语音感知的增强。本文报告了一项研究的结果,该研究涉及与成人人工耳蜗计划相关的社会心理益处的定性和定量测量。人工耳蜗增强了植入者的人际沟通技巧和社交信心,并与减少用户的社交焦虑有关。植入者没有实现更广泛的社会经济收益,这主要是因为缺乏与植入计划相关的适当就业和社区教育计划。
  • 【对诊断不足的不良治疗状况的新看法: 不宁腿综合症。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/s1479-666x(06)80009-0 复制DOI
    作者列表:Barry M,Leahy AL
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common condition that is difficult to diagnose. However, once correctly diagnosed, its management is straightforward and evidence-based. The purpose of this article is to familiarise clinicians with both the symptoms and diagnostic criteria for RLS and to elucidate secondary and often curable causes of this prevalent condition. There is also a concise review of its pathophysiology and current management strategies. The authors hope this article will raise awareness of this condition among clinicians and in doing so improve the quality of life for the patients affected by it.
    背景与目标: : 不宁腿综合征 (RLS) 是一种很难诊断的常见疾病。然而,一旦被正确诊断,它的管理是直接的和基于证据的。本文的目的是使临床医生熟悉RLS的症状和诊断标准,并阐明这种普遍情况的继发性和通常可治愈的原因。还简要回顾了其病理生理学和当前的管理策略。作者希望这篇文章能提高临床医生对这种疾病的认识,并以此改善受其影响的患者的生活质量。
  • 【GABA在胎儿,产后和成人视网膜中的表达: 一项免疫组织化学研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1017/s0952523800012104 复制DOI
    作者列表:Nag TC,Wadhwa S
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: The expression of GABA in the human fetal (12-25 weeks of gestation), postnatal (five-month-old), and adult (35-year-old) retinas was investigated by immunohistochemistry. GABA expression was seen as early as 12 weeks in the undifferentiated cells of the inner neuroblast zone; a few optic nerve fiber layer axons were clearly labeled, suggesting that some of the stained cell bodies were prospective ganglion cells, others could be displaced amacrine cells. From 16-17 to 24-25 weeks, intense labeling was found in the amacrine, displaced amacrine, and some ganglion cells. During this time period, horizontal cells (identified by calbindin immunohistochemistry), undergoing migration (periphery) and differentiation (center), expressed GABA prominently. In the postnatal retina, some horizontal cells were moderately labeled, but very weakly in a few cells, in the adult. The Müller cells developed immunoreactivity first weakly at 12 weeks and then moderately from 16-17 weeks onward. The staining was also evident in the postnatal and adult retinas, showing labeled processes of these glial cells. Virtually no axons in the adult optic nerve and nerve fiber layer were stained; the staining was restricted to a few, large ganglion cells and displaced amacrine cellsSome amacrines were also labeled. The possibility that GABA might play a role in horizontal cell differentiation and maturation is highlighted. Other evidences suggest that GABA might play a role in metabolism during retinal development.

    背景与目标: 通过免疫组织化学研究了GABA在人类胎儿 (妊娠12-25周),产后 (5个月大) 和成人 (35岁) 视网膜中的表达。早在12周内在神经母细胞区的未分化细胞中就看到了GABA的表达; 清晰地标记了一些视神经纤维层轴突,这表明一些染色的细胞体是潜在的神经节细胞,另一些可能是置换的无长突细胞。从16-17到24-25周,在无长突,移位的无长突和一些神经节细胞中发现了强烈的标记。在此期间,水平细胞 (通过钙结合蛋白免疫组织化学鉴定) 经历了迁移 (外围) 和分化 (中心),显着表达GABA。在成年后的视网膜中,一些水平细胞被适度标记,但在少数细胞中却非常弱。M ü ller细胞首先在12周时出现免疫反应性,然后从16-17周开始适度发展。染色在产后和成年视网膜中也很明显,显示出这些神经胶质细胞的标记过程。成人视神经和神经纤维层中几乎没有轴突被染色; 染色仅限于少数大神经节细胞和移位的无长突细胞,还标记了一些无长突。强调了GABA可能在水平细胞分化和成熟中起作用的可能性。其他证据表明,GABA可能在视网膜发育过程中发挥代谢作用。
  • 【通过基质辅助激光解吸/电离飞行时间质谱法测定人呼吸道合胞病毒附着 (G) 蛋白的二硫键排列。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1002/pro.5560060619 复制DOI
    作者列表:Gorman JJ,Ferguson BL,Speelman D,Mills J
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: The attachment protein or G protein of the A2 strain of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was digested with trypsin and the resultant peptides separated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). One tryptic peptide produced a mass by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) corresponding to residues 152-187 with the four Cys residues of the ectodomain (residues 173, 176, 182, and 186) in disulfide linkage and absence of glycosylation. Sub-digestion of this tryptic peptide with pepsin and thermolysin produced peptides consistent with disulfide bonds between Cys173 and Cys186 and between Cys176 and Cys182. Analysis of ions produced by post-source decay of a peptic peptide during MALDI-TOF-MS revealed fragmentation of peptide bonds with minimal fission of an inter-chain disulfide bond. Ions produced by this unprecedented MALDI-induced post-source fragmentation corroborated the existence of the disulfide arrangement deduced from mass analysis of proteolysis products. These findings indicate that the ectodomain of the G protein has a non-glycosylated subdomain containing a "cystine noose."

    背景与目标: 用胰蛋白酶消化人呼吸道合胞病毒 (RSV) 的A2菌株的附着蛋白或g蛋白,并通过反相高效液相色谱 (HPLC) 分离所得肽。一种胰蛋白酶肽通过基质辅助激光解吸/电离 (MALDI) 飞行时间 (TOF) 质谱 (MS) 产生了与胞外域的四个Cys残基152-187的残基 (残基173,176,182,和186) 在二硫键连接和不存在糖基化。用胃蛋白酶和嗜热菌素对这种胰蛋白酶进行亚消化,产生的肽与Cys173和Cys186之间以及Cys176和cys182之间的二硫键一致。对maldi-tof-MS期间消化肽的源后衰变产生的离子的分析表明,肽键断裂,链间二硫键的裂变最小。这种前所未有的MALDI诱导的后源断裂产生的离子证实了从蛋白水解产物的质量分析得出的二硫键排列的存在。这些发现表明g蛋白的外结构域具有包含 “胱氨酸套索” 的非糖基化亚域。
  • 【过度训练综合征中的 [123I-MIBG心肌闪烁显像]。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Camacho V,Estorch M,Serra-Grima R
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2
    背景与目标: -2
  • 【循环内毒素是损伤后全身炎症反应综合征的诱因吗?】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/00000658-199705000-00010 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kelly JL,O'Sullivan C,O'Riordain M,O'Riordain D,Lyons A,Doherty J,Mannick JA,Rodrick ML
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Patients with severe traumatic or burn injury and a mouse model of burn injury were studied early after injury to determine the relation of plasma endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) to the production of proinflammatory cytokines and subsequent resistance to infection.

    SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA:Elevated levels of plasma LPS have been reported in patients after serious injury. It has been suggested that circulating LPS may be a trigger for increased proinflammatory cytokine production and may play a role in the septic syndromes seen in a substantial portion of such patients. Yet, despite multiple reports of leakage of LPS from the gut and bacterial translocation after injury in animal models, there is little direct evidence linking circulating LPS with production of inflammatory mediators.

    METHODS:The authors studied serial samples of peripheral blood from 10 patients with 25% to 50% surface area burns and 8 trauma patients (injury Severity Score, 25-57). Patients were compared with 18 healthy volunteers. The study was focused on the first 10 days after injury before the onset of sepsis or the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Plasma samples were assayed for LPS, and adherent cells from the blood were studied for basal and LPS-stimulated production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The correlation of increased plasma LPS with TNF-alpha production was studied as was the association of increased plasma LPS and increased TNF-alpha production with subsequent septic complications. We also studied a mouse model of 25% burn injury. Burn mice were compared with sham burn control subjects. Plasma samples were assayed at serial intervals for LPS, and adherent cells from the spleens were studied for basal- and LPS-stimulated production of TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-6. Expression of the messenger RNAs for IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha also was measured. The relation of increased TNF-alpha production with mortality from a septic challenge, cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), was determined. Finally, the effect of administration of LPS to normal mice on subsequent mortality after CLP and on TNF-alpha production was studied.

    RESULTS:Elevated plasma LPS (> 1 pg/mL) was seen in 11 of the 18 patients within 10 days of injury and in no normal control subjects. In this period, patients as compared with control subjects showed increased stimulated production of TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-6. Increased TNF-alpha production was not correlated with elevated plasma LPS in the same patients. Neither increased plasma LPS nor increased TNF-alpha production early after injury was correlated with subsequent development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome or sepsis in the patients. Burn mice, as compared with sham burn control subjects, showed elevated plasma LPS levels chiefly in the first 3 days after injury. Increased stimulated production of proinflammatory cytokines by adherent splenocytes from the burn mice also was seen at multiple intervals after injury and did not correlate with mortality from CLP. Increased production of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta was associated with increased expression of messenger RNAs for these cytokines. Finally, two doses of 1 ng LPS administered 24 hours apart to normal mice had no effect on mortality from CLP performed 7 days later nor on the production of TNF-alpha at the time of CLP.

    CONCLUSIONS:These findings call into question the idea that circulating LPS is the trigger for increased proinflammatory cytokine production, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and septic complications in injured patients.

    背景与目标: 目标 : 严重创伤或烧伤患者和烧伤小鼠模型在损伤后早期进行了研究,以确定血浆内毒素 (脂多糖 [LPS]) 与促炎细胞因子的产生以及随后对感染的抵抗力之间的关系。
    摘要背景数据 : 据报道,严重损伤后患者血浆LPS水平升高。已经提出,循环LPS可能是促炎性细胞因子产生增加的触发因素,并且可能在此类患者的大部分脓毒症综合征中起作用。然而,尽管有多份动物模型中LPS从肠道泄漏和细菌移位的报道,但几乎没有直接证据将循环LPS与炎症介质的产生联系起来。
    方法 : 作者研究了10例25% 至50% 表面积烧伤患者和8例创伤患者的外周血系列样本 (损伤严重程度评分,25-57)。将患者与18名健康志愿者进行比较。该研究的重点是败血症或全身性炎症反应综合征发作前的受伤后10天。测定血浆样品中的LPS,并研究血液中的贴壁细胞的基础和LPS刺激的肿瘤坏死因子-α (TNF-α),interleukin-1 β (IL-1 β) 和interleukin-6 (IL-6) 的产生。研究了血浆LPS增加与TNF-α 产生的相关性,以及血浆LPS增加和TNF-α 产生增加与随后的败血症并发症的关联。我们还研究了25% 烧伤的小鼠模型。将烧伤小鼠与假烧伤对照组进行比较。以连续间隔测定血浆样品中的LPS,并研究来自脾脏的贴壁细胞的基础和LPS刺激的TNF-α,IL-1 β 和IL-6的产生。还测量了IL-1 β 和TNF-α 的信使rna的表达。确定了TNF-α 产生增加与败血性攻击,盲肠结扎和穿刺 (CLP) 造成的死亡率之间的关系。最后,研究了向正常小鼠施用LPS对CLP后后续死亡率和TNF-α 产生的影响。
    结果 : 18例患者中有11例在受伤后10天内发现血浆LPS升高 (> 1 pg/mL),而没有正常对照。在此期间,与对照组相比,患者表现出TNF-α,IL-1 β 和IL-6的刺激产生增加。在同一患者中,TNF-α 产生的增加与血浆LPS升高无关。损伤后早期血浆LPS的增加和TNF-α 的产生均与患者全身炎症反应综合征或败血症的后续发展无关。与假烧伤对照组相比,烧伤小鼠的血浆LPS水平主要在受伤后的前3天升高。烧伤小鼠的粘附脾细胞刺激促炎细胞的产生也在受伤后的多个间隔内增加,并且与CLP的死亡率无关。TNF-α 和IL-1 β 的产生增加与这些细胞因子的信使rna的表达增加有关。最后,对正常小鼠相隔24小时施用两次1 ng LPS对7天后进行的CLP的死亡率没有影响,也没有对CLP时TNF-α 的产生影响。
    结论 : 这些发现使人们质疑循环LPS是导致受伤患者促炎性细胞因子产生增加,全身性炎症反应综合征和败血症并发症的诱因。
  • 【在环境臭氧浓度加倍的长期熏蒸成年山毛榉树下,外生菌根真菌群落的变化和细根数的增加。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1055/s-2006-924489 复制DOI
    作者列表:Grebenc T,Kraigher H
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Forest soils are an important but under-studied part of forest ecosystems. The effects of O(3) on below-ground processes in a mature forest have only received limited attention so far. In our study, we have analysed the community of ectomycorrhizal fungi and beech fine root dynamics over two growing seasons (2003 - 2004) in a 70-year old mixed spruce-beech forest stand, in which two groups of five adult beech trees were either fumigated by 2 x ambient ozone concentration or used as control. The main difference between previous studies and our approach was that previous studies were performed on seedlings in pot experiments or in closed or open top chambers, and not IN SITU, in a mature forest stand. Although beech is a relatively unresponsive species to tropospheric O(3), we found a pronounced effect of 2 x O(3) on the number of vital ectomycorrhizal root tips and non-turgescent fine roots. Both categories of roots were significantly increased when compared to controls in two consecutive years at each sampling event. The number of types of ectomycorrhizae and species richness increased in 2004, but not in the extremely dry year 2003. We hypothesised that the observed changes might be an expression of a transitional state in below-ground succession of niches caused by an O(3) induced effect on carbon allocation to roots and the rhizosphere. We have detected changes in ectomycorrhizal species level, however Shannon-Weavers species diversity index and percentage of types of ectomycorrhizae did not change significantly in any sampling year thus indicating our results cannot be unequivocally explained by summer drought in year 2003 or by O(3) exposure alone.
    背景与目标: : 森林土壤是森林生态系统中一个重要但研究不足的部分。到目前为止,O(3) 对成熟森林地下过程的影响仅受到有限的关注。在我们的研究中,我们分析了70年历史的云杉-山毛榉混合林分中两个生长季节 (2003-2004年) 的外生菌根真菌群落和山毛榉细根动态,其中两组五棵成年山毛榉树被2倍环境臭氧浓度熏蒸或用作对照。以前的研究与我们的方法之间的主要区别在于,以前的研究是在盆栽实验中或在封闭或开放的顶部腔室中对幼苗进行的,而不是在成熟的林分中进行的。尽管山毛榉是对流层O(3) 相对无反应的物种,但我们发现2 x O(3) 对重要的外生菌根根尖和非膨胀细根的数量有明显影响。在每个采样事件中,连续两年与对照组相比,两类根均显着增加。外生菌根的种类和物种丰富度2004年增加,但在极端干燥的2003年中却没有增加。我们假设观察到的变化可能是由O(3) 诱导的对根和根际碳分配的影响引起的生态位地下演替中的过渡状态的表达。我们已经检测到外生菌根物种水平的变化,但是Shannon-Weavers物种多样性指数和外生菌根类型的百分比在任何采样年份都没有显着变化,因此表明我们的结果不能通过2003年夏季干旱或O(3) 来明确解释。单独暴露。
  • 【cAMP调节与哺乳动物呼吸神经元中的GABAB受体偶联的s型K通道。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/00001756-199705060-00021 复制DOI
    作者列表:Wagner PG,Dekin MS
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Premotor respiratory neurons from neonatal rats express a Ba(2+)-insensitive outward rectifying K+ channel (KOR) which is activated by gamma-aminobutyric acid acting at its beta receptor. The biophysical properties of KOR are similar to those described for the S-channel (KS) which underlies simple forms of non-associative learning in the marine mollusc Aplysia. We show here that KOR, like the S-channel, is inhibited by cAMP. In addition, we demonstrate that this inhibition is due to a change in closed time kinetics. Our data suggests that the ionic and biochemical substrates underlying synaptic plasticity in Aplysia have been phylogenetically conserved in mammalian motor circuits such as that controlling rhythmic breathing movements.

    背景与目标: 新生大鼠的运动前呼吸神经元表达Ba(2) 不敏感的向外整流K通道 (KOR),该通道被作用于其 β 受体的 γ-氨基丁酸激活。KOR的生物物理性质与S通道 (KS) 所描述的相似,S通道 (KS) 是海洋软体动物中简单形式的非联想学习的基础。我们在这里展示了KOR,就像S通道一样,受到cAMP的抑制。此外,我们证明了这种抑制作用是由于封闭时间动力学的变化所致。我们的数据表明,Aplysia突触可塑性的离子和生化底物在哺乳动物运动回路 (例如控制有节奏的呼吸运动) 中已在系统发育中得到保守。
  • 【[干燥综合征。从风湿病的角度看当前方面]。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s00393-006-0101-0 复制DOI
    作者列表:Tomiak C,Dörner T
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Sjögren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease of the exocrine glands characterized by the leading symptoms of keratoconjunctivitis and stomatitis sicca based on a complex pathogenesis. The prevalence is about 0.5-1%; primary Sjögren's syndrome is differentiated from secondary Sjögren's syndrome associated with other autoimmune disorders. The diagnosis is established by the presence of subjective complaints and objective evidence of sicca symptoms, anti-Ro(SSA)/La(SSB) antibodies, and/or focal lymphocytic infiltration of the glandular tissue. In addition to the typical sicca symptomatology, which is managed symptomatically by substitution and stimulation therapy, some patients exhibit extraglandular manifestations. Complaints involving the musculoskeletal system and inner ear dominate and are treated by the rheumatologist. The indication for base therapy is tailored to individual needs, but the efficacy of this approach has not been established in studies. About 5-10% of the patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome develop a B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The disease requires interdisciplinary management including, among others, ophthalmologists, dentists, and otorhinolaryngologists, depending on the clinical picture.
    背景与目标: : 干燥综合征是一种外分泌腺的自身免疫性疾病,其特征是角结膜炎和口炎的主要症状基于复杂的发病机理。患病率约为0.5-1%; 原发性干燥综合征与与其他自身免疫性疾病相关的继发性干燥综合征不同。诊断是通过主观主诉和sicca症状,抗Ro(SSA)/La(SSB) 抗体和/或腺组织的局灶性淋巴细胞浸润的客观证据来确定的。除了通过替代和刺激疗法对症治疗的典型sicca症状外,一些患者还表现出结肠外表现。涉及肌肉骨骼系统和内耳的主诉,由风湿病专家治疗。基础治疗的适应症是根据个人需求量身定制的,但是这种方法的疗效尚未在研究中确定。约5-10% 的原发性干燥综合征患者发展为b细胞非霍奇金淋巴瘤。该疾病需要跨学科的管理,其中包括眼科医生,牙医和耳鼻喉科医生,具体取决于临床情况。
  • 【单纯性前脑畸形和单纯性低毛丝菌病的连续基因综合征: 与18p11.3缺失有关。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1002/ajmg.a.31386 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kantaputra PN,Limwongse C,Tochareontanaphol C,Mutirangura A,Mevatee U,Praphanphoj V
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We report a patient with a unique combination of features, including microcephaly; mental retardation; poorly developed frontal lobes; hypoplastic pituitary gland; hypothyroidism; alopecia universalis; single maxillary central incisor; taurodontism; median palatal ridge; longitudinally grooved nails; and scoliosis. His unbalanced karyotype was found to be 45,XY,der(15;18)(q10;q10). The constellation of anomalies appears to represent a contiguous gene syndrome caused, at least in part, by deletion of TGIF and the gene responsible for hereditary hypotrichosis simplex. The phenotype of our patient differs other reported patients with del(18p). Possible explanations include (1) the effects of a different deleted region, (2) a positional effect caused by a gene close by, or (3) by interruption of a different gene resulting from chromosomal translocation.
    背景与目标: : 我们报告了一名具有独特特征组合的患者,包括小头畸形; 智力低下; 额叶发育不良; 垂体发育不良; 甲状腺功能减退; 普遍脱发; 单个上颌中切牙; 牛角牙症; 正中腭嵴; 纵向开槽的指甲; 和脊柱侧弯。发现他的不平衡核型为45,XY,der(15;18)(q10;q10)。异常星座似乎代表了一个连续的基因综合征,至少部分是由TGIF和负责遗传性低毛丝菌病的基因缺失引起的。我们患者的表型不同于其他报告的del患者 (18p)。可能的解释包括 (1) 不同缺失区域的影响,(2) 由接近的基因引起的位置效应,或 (3) 由染色体易位引起的不同基因的中断。
  • 【正常成年大鼠血脑屏障缺陷区的丰富免疫环境。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/s0165-5728(97)00038-6 复制DOI
    作者列表:Pedersen EB,McNulty JA,Castro AJ,Fox LM,Zimmer J,Finsen B
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: The circumventricular organs (CVOs) in the brain are without a blood-brain barrier (BBB) and as such directly exposed to blood plasma constituents and blood-borne pathogens. In light of previous studies showing discrepancies regarding the immunocompetence of these organs, we initiated the present study to provide a comprehensive immunohistochemical analysis of the cellular expression of immune-associated antigens within the pineal gland, area postrema and the subfornical organ. In all CVOs, subpopulations of cells morphologically similar to complement receptor type 3 immunoreactive microglial/macrophage cells expressed major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen, leucocyte common antigen (LCA/CD45), as well as CD4 and ED1 antigen. Based on morphological criteria the MHC class II antigen expressing cells could be grouped into a major population of classical parenchymal and perivascular ramified microglial cells and a minor population presenting itself as scattered or small groups of rounded macrophage-like cells. CD4 and ED1 antigen were expressed by both cell types. CD45 was preferentially expressed by macrophage-like cells. MHC class I antigen was expressed by the vascular endothelium in both BBB-protected and BBB-deficient areas and was additionally present as a lattice-like network throughout the BBB-deficient parenchyma in all CVOs. The results suggest that the BBB-free areas of the brain besides being constantly surveyed by blood-borne macrophages, possess an intrinsic immune surveillance system based on resting and activated microglial cells, which may function as a non-endothelial, cellular barrier against blood-borne pathogens.

    背景与目标: 大脑中的心室器官 (CVOs) 没有血脑屏障 (BBB),因此直接暴露于血浆成分和血液传播的病原体。鉴于先前的研究显示这些器官的免疫能力存在差异,我们启动了本研究,以提供松果体,后区域和下器官内免疫相关抗原的细胞表达的全面免疫组织化学分析。在所有cvo中,形态上与补体受体3型免疫反应性小胶质细胞/巨噬细胞相似的细胞亚群表达主要组织相容性复合物 (MHC) II类抗原,白细胞共同抗原 (LCA/CD45) 以及CD4和ED1抗原。根据形态学标准,可以将MHC II类抗原表达细胞分为主要的经典实质和血管周围分支的小胶质细胞群,以及少量的呈分散或小群的圆形巨噬细胞样细胞群。两种细胞类型均表达CD4和ED1抗原。CD45优先由巨噬细胞样细胞表达。MHC I类抗原在BBB保护和BBB缺陷区域均由血管内皮表达,并且在所有cvo的BBB缺陷实质中还以晶格状网络的形式存在。结果表明,大脑的无BBB区域除了不断受到血源性巨噬细胞的调查外,还具有基于静息和活化的小胶质细胞的内在免疫监视系统,该系统可能是针对血源性病原体的非内皮细胞屏障。
  • 【静脉血栓栓塞后血栓后综合征的频率和决定因素。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/01.mcp.0000239543.40078.17 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kahn SR
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Postthrombotic syndrome (PTS) is the most common complication of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Identifying which patients are at high risk of developing PTS would help improve the management of patients with DVT and allow physicians to provide patients with individualized information on their expected prognosis. This review discusses the knowledge gained from key studies over the last decade on the incidence and determinants of PTS, with special emphasis on published studies from the last 2 years. RECENT FINDINGS:About a third to half of DVT patients will develop PTS, in most cases within 1-2 years of acute DVT. Important risk factors for PTS appear to be ipsilateral recurrence of DVT, poor quality of initial anticoagulation for the treatment of DVT and increased body mass index. SUMMARY:Preventing DVT recurrence by providing adequate intensity and duration of anticoagulation for the initial DVT and using effective thromboprophylaxis in high-risk settings is likely to reduce the frequency of PTS. Despite some advances in identifying risk factors for PTS, however, it is still not possible to reliably predict an individual patient's risk of developing PTS after an episode of DVT. Further studies of clinical determinants and biological markers of increased risk of PTS are needed to ultimately improve long-term prognosis after DVT.
    背景与目标:
  • 【美国风疹和先天性风疹综合征的流行病学概况,1998-2004: 缺乏地方性传播的证据。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1086/505944 复制DOI
    作者列表:Reef SE,Redd SB,Abernathy E,Zimmerman L,Icenogle JP
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In 1969, the United States established its national rubella vaccination program. With the success of the program, 32 years later, reports of rubella reached record low numbers. To assess the achievement of elimination of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in the United States, 7 epidemiological criteria were used. Rubella cases reported to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System from 1998 through 2004 and CRS cases reported to the National Congenital Rubella Syndrome Registry from 1998 through 2004 were analyzed. During 1998-2000, the median number of reported rubella cases was 272, whereas, during 2001-2004, the median number reported was 13. The incidence of rubella decreased significantly, from 0.1/100,000 population in 1998 to 0.005/100,000 population in 2004. Since 2001, 5 infants with CRS have been reported--3 were born in 2001, 1 was born in 2003, and 1 was born in 2004. The epidemiological evidence strongly supports the claim that rubella is no longer endemic in the United States. To prevent future rubella outbreaks and CRS cases, current strategies must be maintained.
    背景与目标: : 1969年,美国建立了国家风疹疫苗接种计划。随着该计划的成功,32年后,风疹的报道达到了历史新低。为了评估在美国消除风疹和先天性风疹综合征 (CRS) 的成就,使用了7个流行病学标准。分析了向国家法定疾病监测系统报告的风疹病例1998年2004年和向国家先天性风疹综合征登记1998年2004年报告的CRS病例。在1998-2000年期间,报告的风疹病例的中位数为272,而在2001-2004年期间,报告的中位数为13。风疹的发病率从0.1/100,000人口1998年下降到0.005/100,000人口2004年。自2001年以来,已报告5例CRS婴儿-3例2001年出生,1例2003年出生,1例2004年出生。流行病学证据强烈支持风疹在美国不再流行的说法。为了防止未来的风疹暴发和CRS病例,必须维持当前的策略。
  • 【Beckwith-Wiedemann综合征和半增生的肿瘤监测: 对证据的严格审查和当地实践的建议指南。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1754.2006.00908.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Tan TY,Amor DJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :There is strong evidence for an association between overgrowth disorders such as Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and the development of neoplasia. An increased cancer risk has also been observed in individuals with isolated hemihyperplasia. We critically review the evidence for tumour surveillance in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and isolated hemihyperplasia and suggest local practice guidelines.
    背景与目标: : 有强有力的证据表明,Beckwith-Wiedemann综合征等过度生长性疾病与肿瘤的发展之间存在关联。在孤立的半增生个体中也观察到癌症风险增加。我们严格审查了Beckwith-Wiedemann综合征和孤立性半增生中肿瘤监测的证据,并提出了当地实践指南。
  • 【寻求减肥手术的人的夜间饮食综合症和暴食症: 患病率和相关特征。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.soard.2006.03.014 复制DOI
    作者列表:Allison KC,Wadden TA,Sarwer DB,Fabricatore AN,Crerand CE,Gibbons LM,Stack RM,Stunkard AJ,Williams NN
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To assess the prevalence of night eating syndrome (NES) and binge eating disorder (BED) and their related behavioral and psychological correlates in persons who sought bariatric surgery. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES:A consecutive series of 215 persons with extreme obesity (82% women, 70% European American) completed the Weight and Lifestyle Inventory and a semistructured interview as part of a pre-surgery behavioral/psychological assessment. Diagnoses for NES and BED were based on graded diagnostic criteria. RESULTS:Percentages of participants who met diagnostic criteria for NES by interview were 1.9% for the strictest definition and 8.9% across all definitions of NES. After interview, full DSM-TR criteria for BED were met by 4.2%; an additional 1.4% reported binge eating at least once per week. Self-reported prevalence of NES and BED were higher. Those with NES or BED had significantly more symptoms of depression and a greater history of psychological complications than the remaining sample. DISCUSSION:The prevalence rates of NES and BED among this population of bariatric surgery candidates were lower than expected based on previous reports. Findings and hypotheses regarding lowered prevalence rates are discussed.
    背景与目标:

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