• 【对乍得东部三处世界卫生组织推荐的长效杀虫网的材料耐久性进行的观察性研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0331 复制DOI
    作者列表:Allan R,O'Reilly L,Gilbos V,Kilian A
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A total of 876 nets (229 Interceptor(®), 363 Olyset(®), and 284 PermaNet(®)) were collected 14 months post-distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) from 811 households of internally displaced and host communities in Dar Sila District in eastern Chad to examine their physical condition. Holes were recorded by using three hole categories (average diameter = 2, 3.5, and 15 cm) and a Proportionate Hole Index (pHI). A total of 69.5% were in poor or very poor condition. There was no significant difference in the performance between the polyester 75 denier LLINs, but they had 4.22 times the odds of having a pHI ≥ 175 (poor or very poor condition) than polyethylene 150 denier LLINs; and 39.2% were unserviceable (pHI ≥ 300) compared with only 7.7% of the polyethylene LLINs. These results provide the first comparative data on LLIN material durability to guide procurement and replacement practice, and to inform urgently needed changes in LLIN international minimum specifications and product standards.
    背景与目标: :在分发了811个内部流离失所者和寄主家庭的持久杀虫网(LLIN)之后14个月,共收集了876个蚊帐(229个Interceptor(®),363个Olyset(®)和284个PermaNet(®))。乍得东部达西拉区的社区,以检查他们的身体状况。通过使用三种孔类别(平均直径= 2、3.5和15 cm)和比例孔指数(pHI)记录孔。共有69.5%的人口处于贫困或非常贫困状态。聚酯75旦LLIN的性能之间没有显着差异,但与聚乙烯150旦LLIN相比,它们的pHI≥175(差或非常差)的几率是4.22倍。仅有39.7%的聚乙烯LLIN不可用(pHI≥300),而只有7.7%的聚乙烯LLIN不可用。这些结果提供了有关LLIN材料耐用性的首个比较数据,以指导采购和更换实践,并为LLIN国际最低规格和产品标准提供了急需的变更信息。
  • 【亚洲和非洲用于农产品的太阳能干燥机的回顾:一种创新的景观方法。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110730 复制DOI
    作者列表:Udomkun P,Romuli S,Schock S,Mahayothee B,Sartas M,Wossen T,Njukwe E,Vanlauwe B,Müller J
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Solar drying is one of the most efficient and cost-effective, renewable, and sustainable technologies to conserve agricultural products in Asian and sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. This review paper presents the different types of solar dryers that are widely used in Africa and Asia. In addition, the pre-eminent effects of their use on product quality, as well as their economic, environmental, and social impacts, are highlighted. Since financial, external, and structural factors play a key role in the adoption and scaling of solar dryers, this paper also discusses the impact of these factors on the effectiveness of solar drying technologies in selected Asian and SSA countries.
    背景与目标: :太阳能干燥是保护亚洲和撒哈拉以南非洲(SSA)国家农产品的最有效,最具成本效益,可再生和可持续的技术之一。这篇评论文章介绍了非洲和亚洲广泛使用的不同类型的太阳能干燥机。此外,还强调了其使用对产品质量的显着影响及其经济,环境和社会影响。由于财务,外部和结构因素在太阳能干燥机的采用和扩展中起着关键作用,因此本文还讨论了这些因素对某些亚洲国家和SSA国家中太阳能干燥技术有效性的影响。
  • 【南亚大喜马拉雅山上濒临灭绝的克什米尔麝香Moschus cupreus的预计分布和气候变迁。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1038/s41598-020-58111-6 复制DOI
    作者列表:Singh PB,Mainali K,Jiang Z,Thapa A,Subedi N,Awan MN,Ilyas O,Luitel H,Zhou Z,Hu H
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Kashmir musk deer Moschus cupreus (KMD) are the least studied species of musk deer. We compiled genetically validated occurrence records of KMD to construct species distribution models using Maximum Entropy. We show that the distribution of KMD is limited between central Nepal on the east and north-east Afghanistan on the west and is primarily determined by precipitation of driest quarter, annual mean temperature, water vapor, and precipitation during the coldest quarter. Precipitation being the most influential determinant of distribution suggests the importance of pre-monsoon moisture for growth of the dominant vegetation, Himalayan birch Betula utilis and Himalayan fir Abies spectabilis, in KMD's preferred forests. All four Representative Concentration Pathway Scenarios result an expansion of suitable habitat in Uttarakhand, India, west Nepal and their associated areas in China in 2050s and 2070s but a dramatic loss of suitable habitat elsewhere (Kashmir region and Pakistan-Afghanistan border). About 1/4th of the current habitat will remain as climate refugia in future. Since the existing network of protected areas will only include a tiny fraction (4%) of the climatic refugia of KMD, the fate of the species will be determined by the interplay of more urgent short-term forces of poaching and habitat degradation and long-term forces of climate change.
    背景与目标: :克什米尔麝鹿Moschus cupreus(KMD)是麝香鹿研究最少的物种。我们汇编了经过遗传验证的KMD发生记录,以使用最大熵构建物种分布模型。我们表明,KMD的分布在东部的尼泊尔中部和西部的阿富汗东北部之间是有限的,并且主要由最干燥季度的降水,年平均温度,水蒸气和最冷季度的降水决定。降水是影响分布的最主要决定因素,表明季风前的湿度对于KMD首选森林中的主要植被喜马拉雅桦木桦和喜马拉雅冷杉的生长至关重要。所有这四个代表性的集中路径情景都导致2050年代和2070年代在印度北阿坎德邦,尼泊尔西部和其相关地区的合适栖息地得到扩展,但其他地方(克什米尔地区和巴基斯坦-阿富汗边境)的合适栖息地却急剧减少。将来,目前约有1/4的栖息地仍将作为气候避难所。由于现有的保护区网络仅占KMD气候避难所的一小部分(4%),因此物种的命运将取决于更紧急的短期偷猎和栖息地退化以及长期的,长期的,相互影响的相互作用。气候变化的长期力量。
  • 【中国东部结核病医疗的自付费用和经济后果:收入不平等。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1186/s40249-020-0623-8 复制DOI
    作者列表:Liu Y,Xu CH,Wang XM,Wang ZY,Wang YH,Zhang H,Wang L
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Despite the availability of free tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis and treatment, TB care still generates substantial costs that push people into poverty. We investigated out-of-pocket (OOP) payments for TB care and assessed the resulting economic burden and economic consequences for those with varying levels of household income in eastern China. METHODS:A cross-sectional study was conducted among TB patients in the national TB programme networks in eastern China. TB-related direct OOP costs, time loss, and coping strategies were investigated across households in different economic strata. Analysis of Variance was used to examine the differences in various costs, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare the difference in total costs as a percentage of annual household income. RESULTS:Among 435 patients, the mean OOP total costs of TB care were USD 2389.5. In the lower-income quartile, OOP payments were lower, but costs as a percentage of reported annual household income were higher. Medical costs and costs prior to treatment accounted for 66.4 and 48.9% of the total costs, respectively. The lower the household income was, the higher the proportion of medical costs to total costs before TB treatment, but the lower the proportion of medical costs patients spent in the intensive phase. TB care caused 25.8% of TB-affected households to fall below the poverty line and caused the poverty gap (PG) to increase by United States Dollar (USD) 145.6. Patients in the poorest households had the highest poverty headcount ratio (70.2%) and PG (USD 236.1), but those in moderately poor households had the largest increase in the poverty headcount ratio (36.2%) and PG (USD 177.8) due to TB care. Patients from poor households were more likely to borrow money to cope with the costs of TB care; however, there were fewer social consequences, except for food insecurity, in poor households. CONCLUSIONS:Medical and pretreatment costs lead to high costs of TB care, especially among patients from the poorest households. It is necessary to train health system staff in general hospitals to promptly identify and refer TB patients. Pro-poor programmes are also needed to protect TB patients from the medical poverty trap.
    背景与目标: 背景:尽管有免费的结核病(TB)诊断和治疗方法,但结核病护理仍然产生大量的费用,使人们陷入贫困。我们调查了结核病护理的自付费用(OOP),并评估了中国东部家庭收入水平各异的人群所承受的经济负担和经济后果。
    方法:在中国东部国家结核病规划网络中对结核病患者进行了横断面研究。在不同经济阶层的家庭中调查了与结核相关的直接OOP成本,时间损失和应对策略。方差分析用于检查各种成本的差异,而Kruskal-Wallis检验用于比较总成本在家庭年收入中所占百分比的差异。
    结果:在435名患者中,结核病护理的平均OOP总费用为2389.5美元。在收入较低的四分位数中,OOP支付额较低,但成本占报告的家庭年收入的百分比较高。医疗费用和治疗前费用分别占总费用的66.4%和48.9%。家庭收入越低,结核病治疗前的医疗费用在总费用中所占的比例就越高,但在强化治疗阶段花费在患者身上的医疗费用所占的比例就越低。结核病护理使25.8%的受结核病影响的家庭降至贫困线以下,并使贫困差距(PG)增加了145.6美元。最贫困家庭的患者的贫困率最高(70.2%)和PG(236.1美元),而中度贫困家庭的患者由于结核病,贫困率最高(36.2%)和PG(177.8美元)关心。来自贫困家庭的患者更有可能借钱来应付结核病护理费用;但是,除了粮食不安全以外,贫困家庭的社会后果较少。
    结论:医疗和预处理费用导致结核病护理的高昂费用,尤其是在最贫困家庭的患者中。有必要对综合医院的卫生系统人员进行培训,以迅速发现并转诊结核病患者。还需要扶贫计划,以保护结核病患者免受医疗贫困陷阱的困扰。
  • 【美国陆军远程医疗计划:概述和西南亚的现状。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1089/tmj.2006.12.396 复制DOI
    作者列表:Poropatich RK,DeTreville R,Lappan C,Barrigan CR
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This paper presents and discusses the U.S. Army telemedicine support systems currently available to our deployed forces in Southwest Asia. Organization and structure of the support system are discussed, along with some of the business rules and policies developed for its use. Some of the lessons learned are directly applicable to any type of large-scale telemedicine deployment, civilian or military.
    背景与目标: :本文介绍并讨论了目前可供我们在西南亚部署的部队使用的美国陆军远程医疗支持系统。讨论了支持系统的组织和结构,以及为使用而开发的一些业务规则和策略。从中汲取的一些经验教训可直接应用于民用或军用的任何类型的大规模远程医疗部署。
  • 【来自南亚和东南亚的侵入性肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎的高毒力和多药耐药性的基因组监测。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1186/s13073-019-0706-y 复制DOI
    作者列表:Wyres KL,Nguyen TNT,Lam MMC,Judd LM,van Vinh Chau N,Dance DAB,Ip M,Karkey A,Ling CL,Miliya T,Newton PN,Lan NPH,Sengduangphachanh A,Turner P,Veeraraghavan B,Vinh PV,Vongsouvath M,Thomson NR,Baker S,Holt KE
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Klebsiella pneumoniae is a leading cause of bloodstream infection (BSI). Strains producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) or carbapenemases are considered global priority pathogens for which new treatment and prevention strategies are urgently required, due to severely limited therapeutic options. South and Southeast Asia are major hubs for antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) K. pneumoniae and also for the characteristically antimicrobial-sensitive, community-acquired "hypervirulent" strains. The emergence of hypervirulent AMR strains and lack of data on exopolysaccharide diversity pose a challenge for K. pneumoniae BSI control strategies worldwide. METHODS:We conducted a retrospective genomic epidemiology study of 365 BSI K. pneumoniae from seven major healthcare facilities across South and Southeast Asia, extracting clinically relevant information (AMR, virulence, K and O antigen loci) using Kleborate, a K. pneumoniae-specific genomic typing tool. RESULTS:K. pneumoniae BSI isolates were highly diverse, comprising 120 multi-locus sequence types (STs) and 63 K-loci. ESBL and carbapenemase gene frequencies were 47% and 17%, respectively. The aerobactin synthesis locus (iuc), associated with hypervirulence, was detected in 28% of isolates. Importantly, 7% of isolates harboured iuc plus ESBL and/or carbapenemase genes. The latter represent genotypic AMR-virulence convergence, which is generally considered a rare phenomenon but was particularly common among South Asian BSI (17%). Of greatest concern, we identified seven novel plasmids carrying both iuc and AMR genes, raising the prospect of co-transfer of these phenotypes among K. pneumoniae. CONCLUSIONS:K. pneumoniae BSI in South and Southeast Asia are caused by different STs from those predominating in other regions, and with higher frequency of acquired virulence determinants. K. pneumoniae carrying both iuc and AMR genes were also detected at higher rates than have been reported elsewhere. The study demonstrates how genomics-based surveillance-reporting full molecular profiles including STs, AMR, virulence and serotype locus information-can help standardise comparisons between sites and identify regional differences in pathogen populations.
    背景与目标: 背景:肺炎克雷伯菌是引起血液感染(BSI)的主要原因。产生广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)或碳青霉烯酶的菌株被认为是全球重点病原体,由于严重的治疗选择有限,因此迫切需要新的治疗和预防策略。南亚和东南亚地区是抗药性(AMR)肺炎克雷伯氏菌以及典型的抗微生物药敏性,社区获得的“高毒力”菌株的主要枢纽。高毒力AMR菌株的出现和胞外多糖多样性数据的缺乏对全球肺炎克雷伯氏菌BSI控制策略提出了挑战。
    方法:我们对来自南亚和东南亚的七个主要医疗机构的365例BSI肺炎克雷伯氏菌进行了回顾性基因组流行病学研究,使用肺炎克雷伯菌特异性Kleborate提取临床相关信息(AMR,毒力,K和O抗原基因座)。基因组分型工具。
    结果:K。肺炎BSI分离株高度多样化,包括120个多基因座序列类型(ST)和63 K个基因座。 ESBL和碳青霉烯酶基因频率分别为47%和17%。在28%的分离物中检测到与高毒力相关的航空细菌素合成位点(iuc)。重要的是,有7%的分离株带有iuc加上ESBL和/或碳青霉烯酶基因。后者代表基因型AMR毒力收敛,通常被认为是一种罕见现象,但在南亚BSI中尤为普遍(17%)。最令人担忧的是,我们鉴定了同时携带iuc和AMR基因的七个新型质粒,从而提高了这些表型在肺炎克雷伯菌之间共转移的前景。
    结论:K。南亚和东南亚的肺炎BSI是由与其他地区不同的ST引起的,并且获得性毒力决定因素的频率更高。同时检测到同时携带iuc和AMR基因的肺炎克雷伯氏菌的检出率也高于其他地方。这项研究表明,基于基因组学的监测报告全分子概况(包括ST,AMR,毒力和血清型基因座信息)如何帮助标准化站点之间的比较并确定病原体种群的区域差异。
  • 【苏丹东部新哈法的气候变量和恶性疟疾的传播。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Himeidan YE,Hamid EE,Thalib L,Elbashir MI,Adam I
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The study investigated the role of climatic variables and irrigated agricultural on the seasonality of malaria transmission in New Halfa, eastern Sudan. A time-series analysis was performed using monthly climatic variables, monthly water available for irrigation of crops and monthly slide positive rate of malaria during the period 1986-2002. Cases of malaria were reported every month of the year with a mean of 13.0/100 persons/month (95% CI: 11.9-14.2), and bimodal annual pattern in autumn and winter seasons. Rainfall was the significant climatic variable in the transmission of the disease, whereas heavy rainfall was found to initiate epidemics. Temperature, relative humidity and irrigation water were not significant factors.
    背景与目标: :这项研究调查了气候变量和灌溉农业对苏丹东部新哈法地区疟疾传播季节性的影响。使用1986-2002年期间的每月气候变量,每月可用于灌溉作物的水以及每月疟疾的滑动阳性率进行了时间序列分析。每年每个月报告的疟疾病例平均为13.0 / 100人/月(95%CI:11.9-14.2),并且在秋季和冬季均呈双峰模式。降雨是疾病传播的重要气候变量,而发现大雨引发了流行病。温度,相对湿度和灌溉水不是重要因素。
  • 【尼日利亚东南部一所乡村医院的常见老年病紧急情况。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.4103/1119-3077.100634 复制DOI
    作者列表:Iloh G,Amadi AN,Awa-Madu J
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Geriatric population in rural Nigeria is often challenged by emergency health conditions that predispose them to higher risk of disability and mortality. OBJECTIVE:This study was aimed at describing the common geriatric emergencies in a rural hospital in South-Eastern Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS:This was a descriptive hospital-based study of 216 geriatric patients who presented between June 2008 and June 2011 with emergency health conditions at St Vincent De Paul hospital, Amurie-Omanze, a rural Mission General Hospital in Imo state, South-Eastern Nigeria. The geriatric patients seen within the study period who met the selection criteria were studied. Data extracted for analysis included biodata and diagnosis made. RESULTS:A total of 216 geriatric emergencies were seen during the study period. The ages of the patients ranged from 65 years to 98 years with mean age of 72 ± 1.14 years. There were 94 males and 122 females with a male to female ratio of 1: 1.3. The three most common causes of geriatric emergencies were acute malaria (33.8%), hypertensive crises syndrome (19.0%), and acute hypertensive heart failure (18.1%). CONCLUSION:This study has shown that the three most common geriatric emergencies were medical emergencies (acute malaria, hypertensive crises syndrome, and acute hypertensive heart failure). Improving the quality of geriatric medical care will help in reduction of these emergency medical conditions. Similarly, health education of the geriatric population to embrace early health-seeking behavior, health maintenance, and promotional practices that are needed to promote longevity is invariably advocated.
    背景与目标: 背景:尼日利亚农村地区的老年人口经常受到紧急卫生条件的挑战,这些条件使他们容易遭受残疾和死亡的危险。
    目的:本研究旨在描述尼日利亚东南部某乡村医院的常见老年病紧急情况。
    材料与方法:这是一项基于描述性医院的研究,研究对象是216位老年患者,这些患者在2008年6月至2011年6月期间在南艾莫州乡村宣教综合医院Amurie-Omanze的St Vincent De Paul医院就诊并出现了紧急医疗情况。尼日利亚东部。在研究期内发现符合选择标准的老年患者进行了研究。提取用于分析的数据包括生物数据和做出的诊断。
    结果:在研究期间共发现216例老年急症。患者的年龄为65岁至98岁,平均年龄为72±1.14岁。男94例,女122例,男女之比为1:1.3。老年人紧急情况的三种最常见原因是急性疟疾(33.8%),高血压危机综合征(19.0%)和急性高血压心力衰竭(18.1%)。
    结论:这项研究表明,三种最常见的老年急症是医疗急症(急性疟疾,高血压危机综合症和急性高血压心力衰竭)。改善老年医学护理的质量将有助于减少这些紧急医疗状况。同样,人们也始终倡导对老年人群进行健康教育,以使其早日寻求健康行为,健康维持和促进长寿所需的促进做法。
  • 【亚洲地区FAS单核苷酸多态性与乳腺癌易感性的相关性。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000018240 复制DOI
    作者列表:Chen Y,Wang H,Yan Y,Ren M,Yan C,Wang B
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:FAS cell surface death receptor (FAS) gene has 2 common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in its promoter, FAS-1377G > A (rs2234767) and FAS-670A > G (rs1800682). Several studies have investigated the role of these 2 polymorphisms in etiology of breast cancer in Asian population while the outcomes are inconsistent. To derive a more precise assessment of the association between breast cancer susceptibility with FAS gene promoter SNPs, a meta-analysis of published studies was performed. MATERIAL AND METHODS:We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Chinese biomedical database (CBM) for papers published until November 1, 2018. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidential interval (95%CI) was conducted to evaluate the associations. Statistical analysis was conducted using Stata13.0 software. A total of 8 studies covering 2564 cases and 2633 controls were included. RESULTS:The integrated results suggest the following: For the FAS-1377G/A polymorphism, we only found significant associations for allele G vs allele A (OR = 1.100, 95%CI = 1.004-1.206, P = .040). After stratification by ethnicity, a significant association was observed only for the AA+GA vs GG genotype in East Asian populations (OR = 1.177, 95% CI = 1.010-1.371, P = .037). The association was not found in West Asian populations. For the FAS -670A/G polymorphism, no association with cancer risk was found in any comparison model. Sensitivity analysis suggests that the meta-analysis results obtained after excluding any single study were similar to the original ones, suggesting that the meta-analysis results were not significantly affected by any single study. CONCLUSION:These results indicated that FAS-1377G/A polymorphism may contribute to the increased breast cancer susceptibility and could be a promising target for cancer risk prediction. Further studies are needed to determine if the FAS gene confers a risk of breast cancer in other ethnic groups, such as Africans and Latin Americans.
    背景与目标: 背景:FAS细胞表面死亡受体(FAS)基因在其启动子中有2种常见的单核苷酸多态性(SNP),分别为FAS-1377G> A(rs2234767)和FAS-670A> G(rs1800682)。几项研究调查了这两种多态性在亚洲人群乳腺癌病因中的作用,但结果不一致。为了更精确地评​​估乳腺癌易感性与FAS基因启动子SNP之间的关联,对已发表的研究进行了荟萃分析。
    材料与方法:我们系统地搜索了PubMed,Embase,Web of Science和中国生物医学数据库(CBM),直至2018年11月1日为止发表的论文。对机率为95%的机率(OR)为95%CI评估关联。使用Stata13.0软件进行统计分析。总共包括8项研究,涵盖2564例和2633例对照。
    结果:综合结果表明:对于FAS-1377G / A多态性,我们仅发现等位基因G与等位基因A有显着关联(OR = 1.100,95%CI = 1.004-1.206,P = 0.040)。按种族分层后,仅在东亚人群中观察到AA GA和GG基因型之间存在显着关联(OR = 1.177,95%CI = 1.010-1.371,P = .037)。在西亚人口中未发现该关联。对于FAS -670A / G多态性,在任何比较模型中均未发现与癌症风险相关。敏感性分析表明,排除任何一项单独研究后获得的荟萃分析结果与原始研究相似,这表明任何一项单独研究均未显着影响荟萃分析结果。
    结论:这些结果表明,FAS-1377G / A基因多态性可能有助于增加乳腺癌的易感性,并可能成为癌症风险预测的有希望的目标。需要进一步的研究以确定FAS基因是否赋予其他种族群体(例如非洲人和拉丁美洲人)患乳腺癌的风险。
  • 【在重症患者中治疗广泛耐药的革兰氏阴性菌感染:2012年10月在第13届亚太临床微生物学和感染大会上达成共识会议的结果。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.jgar.2013.04.002 复制DOI
    作者列表:Tambyah PA,Hara GL,Daikos GL,Falagas ME,Mazzei T,Mouton JW,Novelli A,Chen B,Wang M,Ko WC,Li T,Fan X,Theuretzbacher U
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Infections caused by multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli are increasingly challenging to manage in hospitals and long term-care facilities worldwide. As the therapeutic options are limited, the International Society of Chemotherapy in collaboration with the Asia-Pacific Society of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology organised a consensus conference as part of the 13th Asia-Pacific Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infection. A panel of international experts from Europe, the Americas and Asia were convened to discuss the issues of therapeutic options for the management of these difficult-to-treat pathogens.
    背景与目标: :由多重耐药性和广泛耐药性的革兰氏阴性杆菌引起的感染在全球范围内的医院和长期护理机构中越来越难以管理。由于治疗选择有限,国际化学治疗学会与亚太临床微生物学和免疫学学会合作举办了共识会议,作为第十三届亚太临床微生物学和感染大会的一部分。来自欧洲,美洲和亚洲的国际专家小组召集在一起,讨论了处理这些难治病原体的治疗选择问题。
  • 【在苏丹东部严重恶性疟原虫疟疾中,针对裂殖子表面蛋白1和2的IgG抗体应答的概况。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s00436-007-0777-3 复制DOI
    作者列表:A-Elgadir TM,Elbashir MI,Berzins K,Masuadi EM,A-Elbasit IE,ElGhazali G,Giha HA
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In this study, antibodies (Ab) directed against three MSP antigens; MSP1(19), MSP2(A), and MSP2(B) were analyzed in blood samples obtained from 223 Sudanese patients who presented with either severe malaria (SM) or uncomplicated malaria (UM) and from 117 malaria-free donors (MF). The results showed that the prevalence of MSP Abs was associated with the clinical outcome of malaria infection, and the Ab prevalence was age-dependent (P<0.0005). More importantly, the prevalence of MSP Abs against the test antigens was lower in SM compared to UM (P=0.001 to 0.020), suggesting a protective role for these Abs against SM. Furthermore, the Ab responses between individual complications of SM were significantly different.
    背景与目标: :在这项研究中,针对三种MSP抗原的抗体(Ab);分析了来自223名患有严重疟疾(SM)或非复杂性疟疾(UM)的苏丹患者以及117个无疟疾捐献者的血液样本中的MSP1(19),MSP2(A)和MSP2(B) 。结果表明,MSP抗体的患病率与疟疾感染的临床结局相关,并且抗体的患病率与年龄有关(P <0.0005)。更重要的是,与UM相比,SM中MSP Abs对测试抗原的患病率较低(P = 0.001至0.020),这表明这些Abs对SM的保护作用。此外,SM个体并发症之间的Ab反应显着不同。
  • 【致亚太公共卫生联盟的讲话。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1177/101053958800200402 复制DOI
    作者列表:Windom RE
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2
    背景与目标: -2
  • 【中国东部纺织工人中拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂代谢产物的尿浓度。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.envint.2013.08.004 复制DOI
    作者列表:Lu D,Wang D,Feng C,Jin Y,Zhou Z,Wu C,Lin Y,Wang G
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Pyrethroid insecticides have been applied in the production of cotton, wool and textile. In order to examine whether textile workers are exposed to pyrethroid insecticides, we recruited 50 textile workers in two textile plants in Eastern China. Their urine samples were collected for the measurement of pyrethroid metabolites: cis- and trans-isomers of 2,2-dichlorovinyl-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (cis-Cl2CA and trans-Cl2CA) and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA). Our results showed that textile workers were exposed to high levels of pyrethroid insecticides. cis-Cl2CA and 3-PBA were dominant metabolites with concentrations of 0.17-261μg/L, while concentrations of trans-Cl2CA were in the range of 0.26-11μg/L. Levels of three metabolites were in a descending order: cis-Cl2CA, 3-PBA, and trans-Cl2CA. Levels of the metabolites were associated with ages and job responsibilities of textile workers. Sewing workers, cutting workers, machine operators, reorganizers, and older workers were more likely in contact with pyrethroid insecticides in the textile production. trans- to cis-Cl2CA ratios might indicate that exposure of textile workers was via dermal absorption and inhalation.
    背景与目标: 拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂已用于棉花,羊毛和纺织品的生产。为了检查纺织工人是否接触拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂,我们在中国东部的两家纺织厂招募了50名纺织工人。收集他们的尿液样品以测定拟除虫菊酯代谢物:2,2-二氯乙烯基-2,2-二甲基环丙烷-1-羧酸(顺式Cl2CA和反式Cl2CA)和3-苯氧基苯甲酸的顺式和反式异构体( 3-PBA)。我们的结果表明,纺织工人暴露于高含量的拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂。顺式-Cl2CA和3-PBA为主要代谢产物,浓度为0.17-261μg/ L,而反式-Cl2CA的浓度范围为0.26-11μg/ L。三种代谢物的含量按降序排列:顺式-Cl2CA,3-PBA和反式-Cl2CA。代谢物的水平与纺织工人的年龄和工作职责相关。在纺织品生产中,缝纫工人,切割工人,机器操作员,整理人员和老年工人更有可能接触拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂。反式-顺式-Cl2CA比值可能表明纺织工人的接触是通过皮肤吸收和吸入。
  • 【阐明电子烟对亚洲控烟构成的挑战:台湾的一项基于人口的国家调查。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014263 复制DOI
    作者列表:Chang HC,Tsai YW,Shiu MN,Wang YT,Chang PY
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:This study investigated the prevalence and correlates of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) use in Taiwan. DESIGN AND SETTING:We studied a nationally representative random sample in the 2015 Taiwan Adult Smoking Behavior Survey. PARTICIPANTS:This study included 26 021 participants aged 15 years or older (51% women, 79% non-smokers, 16% aged 15-24 years), after excluding 31 persons (0.1%) who had missing information on e-cigarette use. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES:The prevalence of ever having used e-cigarettes was calculated in the overall sample and by smoking status (current, former and never) or age (15-24, 25-44 and ≥45 years). We performed multivariable log-binomial regression to assess correlates of ever having used e-cigarettes among all participants and separately for subgroups by smoking status and age. RESULTS:Approximately 3% of all participants had ever used e-cigarettes. The prevalence of ever having used e-cigarettes was high in current smokers (14%) and people aged 18-24 years (7%). E-cigarette use was particularly common in people aged 15-24 years who were current (49-52%) or former (22-39%) smokers. Ever having used e-cigarettes was positively associated with tobacco smoking (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR): 21.5, 95% CI 15.4 to 29.8, current smokers; aPR: 8.3, 95% CI 15.2 to 13.1, former smokers), younger age and high socioeconomic status. Age remained a significant factor of ever having used e-cigarettes across smoking status groups. Among non-smokers, men had a 2.4-fold (95% CI 1.5 to 3.8) greater prevalence of e-cigarette use than women. CONCLUSIONS:E-cigarette use was uncommon in the general population in Taiwan, but prevalence was high among smokers and young people. This study highlights challenges that e-cigarettes pose to tobacco control, which warrant high priority action by policymakers and public health professionals. E-cigarette regulations should focus on young people.
    背景与目标: 目的:本研究调查了台湾使用电子烟(电子烟)的普遍性和相关性。
    设计与地点:我们在2015年台湾成人吸烟行为调查中研究了具有全国代表性的随机样本。
    参加者:本研究包括26名021岁以上15岁或以上的参与者(51%的女性,79%的非吸烟者,16%的15-24岁的16岁),其中排除了31名缺少电子烟使用信息的人(0.1%) 。
    主要观察指标:曾使用过电子烟的患病率是通过整体样本,吸烟状况(当前,过去和从未吸烟)或年龄(15-24岁,25-44岁和≥45岁)来计算的。我们进行了多变量对数二项式回归,以评估所有参与者之间是否曾经使用过电子烟,并根据吸烟状况和年龄分别对亚组进行了相关性评估。
    结果:所有参与者中约有3%曾经使用过电子烟。在目前的吸烟者(14%)和18-24岁的人群(7%)中,曾经使用过电子烟的患病率很高。电子烟的使用在15-24岁年龄段的现吸烟者(49-52%)或​​以前吸烟者(22-39%)的人群中尤为普遍。曾经使用过电子烟与吸烟呈正相关(经调整的患病率(aPR):21.5,95%CI为15.4至29.8,现吸烟者; aPR:8.3,95%CI为15.2至13.1,以前吸烟者),年龄较小和较高的社会经济地位。在吸烟状态人群中,年龄仍然是使用电子烟的重要因素。在非吸烟者中,男性的电子烟使用率是女性的2.4倍(95%CI为1.5至3.8)。
    结论:电子烟在台湾普通人群中很少见,但吸烟者和年轻人中的流行率很高。这项研究突出了电子烟给烟草控制带来的挑战,这需要政策制定者和公共卫生专业人员采取高度优先的行动。电子烟法规应侧重于年轻人。
  • 【从乌干达北部和东部小农户的腹泻猪和非腹泻猪分离的大肠杆菌菌株中黏附素和毒素基因的流行。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1186/s12866-016-0796-2 复制DOI
    作者列表:Ikwap K,Larsson J,Jacobson M,Owiny DO,Nasinyama GW,Nabukenya I,Mattsson S,Aspan A,Erume J
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) significantly contribute to diarrhea in piglets and weaners. The smallholder pig producers in Uganda identified diarrhea as one of the major problems especially in piglets. The aim of this study was to; i) characterize the virulence factors of E. coli strains isolated from diarrheic and non-diarrheic suckling piglets and weaners from smallholder herds in northern and eastern Uganda and ii) identify and describe the post-mortem picture of ETEC infection in severely diarrheic piglets. Rectal swab samples were collected from 83 piglets and weaners in 20 herds and isolated E. coli were characterized by PCR, serotyping and hemolysis. RESULTS:The E. coli strains carried genes for the heat stable toxins STa, STb and EAST1 and adhesins F4 and AIDA-I. The genes for the heat labile toxin LT and adhesins F5, F6, F18 and F41 were not detected in any of the E. coli isolates. Where the serogroup could be identified, E. coli isolates from the same diarrheic pig belonged to the same serogroup. The prevalence of EAST1, STb, Stx2e, STa, AIDA-I, and F4 in the E. coli isolates from suckling piglets and weaners (diarrheic and non-diarrheic combined) was 29, 26.5, 2.4, 1.2, 16, and 8.4 %, respectively. However the prevalence of F4 and AIDA-I in E. coli from diarrheic suckling piglets alone was 22.2 and 20 %, respectively. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of the individual virulence factors in E. coli from the diarrheic and non-diarrheic pigs (p > 0.05). The main ETEC strains isolated from diarrheic and non-diarrheic pigs included F4/STb/EAST1 (7.2 %), F4/STb (1.2 %), AIDA/STb/EAST1 (8 %) and AIDA/STb (8 %). At post-mortem, two diarrheic suckling piglets carrying ETEC showed intact intestinal villi, enterocytes and brush border but with a layer of cells attached to the brush border, suggestive of ETEC infections. CONCLUSION:This study has shown that the F4 fimbriae is the most predominant in E. coli from diarrheic piglets in the study area and therefore an F4-based vaccine should be considered one of the preventive measures for controlling ETEC infections in the piglets in northern and eastern Uganda.
    背景与目标: 背景:产肠毒素大肠埃希菌(ETEC)极大地促进了仔猪和断奶仔猪的腹泻。乌干达的小农户养猪者认为腹泻是主要问题之一,特别是在仔猪中。这项研究的目的是: i)表征从乌干达北部和东部的腹泻和非腹泻哺乳仔猪和断奶仔猪断奶的大肠杆菌菌株的毒力因子,并且ii)识别并描述严重腹泻仔猪ETEC感染的死后图像。从20个猪群的83头仔猪和断奶仔猪采集直肠拭子样品,并通过PCR,血清分型和溶血对分离的大肠杆菌进行表征。
    结果:大肠杆菌菌株携带了热稳定毒素STa,STb和EAST1以及粘附素F4和AIDA-1的基因。在任何大肠杆菌分离物中均未检测到热不稳定毒素LT和粘附素F5,F6,F18和F41的基因。在可以鉴定血清群的地方,来自同一腹泻猪的大肠杆菌分离物属于同一血清群。 EAST1,STb,Stx2e,STa,AIDA-1和F4在来自乳猪和断奶仔猪(腹泻和非腹泻的组合)的大肠杆菌分离物中的患病率分别为29%,26.5%,2.4%,1.2%,16%和8.4% , 分别。然而,仅腹泻型乳猪在大肠杆菌中F4和AIDA-1的患病率分别为22.2%和20%。腹泻和非腹泻猪的大肠杆菌中单个毒力因子的患病率均无显着差异(p> 0.05)。从腹泻和非腹泻猪分离出的主要ETEC株包括F4 / STb / EAST1(7.2%),F4 / STb(1.2%),AIDA / STb / EAST1(8%)和AIDA / STb(8%)。验尸时,两只携带ETEC的腹泻乳猪表现出完整的肠绒毛,肠上皮细胞和刷状缘,但附着在刷状缘上有一层细胞,提示是ETEC感染。
    结论:这项研究表明,F4菌毛是研究区域腹泻仔猪中大肠杆菌中最主要的菌种,因此基于F4的疫苗应被视为控制北部和南部仔猪ETEC感染的预防措施之一。乌干达东部。

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