• 【审查撒哈拉以南非洲和印度洋非洲猪瘟的动荡周期。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.virusres.2012.10.005 复制DOI
    作者列表:Jori F,Vial L,Penrith ML,Pérez-Sánchez R,Etter E,Albina E,Michaud V,Roger F
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :African swine fever (ASF) is a major limiting factor for pig production in most of the countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian Ocean. In the absence of vaccine, a good understanding of the ecology and epidemiology of the disease is fundamental to implement effective control measures. In selected countries of Southern and East Africa, the association between Ornithodoros moubata ticks and warthogs has been described in detail in the literature. However, for many other countries in the region, information related to the sylvatic cycle is lacking or incomplete. In West African countries, for instance, the role of wild pigs in the epidemiology of ASF has never been demonstrated and the existence and potential impact of a sylvatic cycle involving an association between soft ticks and warthogs is questionable. In other countries, other wild pig species such as the bushpigs (Potamochoerus spp.) can also be asymptomatically infected by the virus but their role in the epidemiology of the disease is unclear and might differ according to geographic regions. In addition, the methods and techniques required to study the role of wild hosts in ASF virus (ASFV) epidemiology and ecology are very specific and differ from the more traditional methods to study domestic pigs or other tick species. The aim of this review is (i) to provide a descriptive list of the methodologies implemented to study the role of wild hosts in African swine fever, (ii) to compile the available knowledge about the sylvatic cycle of ASFV in different regions of Sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian Ocean in addition to the one that has been described for East and Southern Africa, and (iii) to discuss current methodologies and available knowledge in order to identify new orientations for further field and experimental surveys.
    背景与目标: 非洲猪瘟(ASF)是撒哈拉以南非洲和印度洋大多数国家/地区猪生产的主要限制因素。在没有疫苗的情况下,对疾病的生态学和流行病学有充分的了解是实施有效控制措施的基础。在南部非洲和东非的选定国家中,文献中已详细描述了鸟嘴Or和疣猪之间的联系。但是,对于该地区的许多其他国家来说,与sylvatic周期有关的信息仍然缺乏或不完整。例如,在西非国家,从未证明过野猪在ASF流行病学中的作用,而且涉及软壁虱和疣猪之间的森林周期的存在及其潜在影响值得怀疑。在其他国家/地区,其他野猪物种(例如,丛林猪(Potamochoerus spp。))也可能无症状感染该病毒,但尚不清楚它们在该疾病流行病学中的作用,并且可能因地理区域而异。此外,研究野生宿主在ASF病毒(ASFV)流行病学和生态学中的作用所需的方法和技术非常具体,不同于研究家猪或其他壁虱物种的更传统的方法。这项审查的目的是(i)提供描述性方法列表,以实施研究野生宿主在非洲猪瘟中的作用的方法;(ii)汇编有关亚SFV子区不同区域的ASFV sylvatic周期的现有知识。撒哈拉以南非洲和印度洋,以及已经描述的东非和南部非洲的一种,以及(iii)讨论当前的方法和可用知识,以便为进一步的野外调查和实验调查确定新的方向。
  • 【透明质酸用于矫正一名18岁的中东男子的鼻子偏斜。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1177/229255031101900404 复制DOI
    作者列表:Piggott JR,Yazdani A
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The use of fillers for nonsurgical rhinoplasty has advanced in both materials and methods, and continues to gain popularity in North America. This technique is most often used for secondary revisions, although reports of fillers used in primary rhinoplasty in selected patients have been recently described. The present report details the use of a hyaluronic acid dermal filler in a young Middle Eastern man for a post-traumatic crooked nose deformity. Primary correction of the patient's right-sided nasal bone deviation using hyaluronic acid as a soft tissue filler was achieved with excellent results and patient satisfaction. The current use of fillers in nasal contouring is reviewed.
    背景与目标: :填料在非手术隆鼻术中的使用在材料和方法上都取得了进步,并且在北美继续受到欢迎。该技术最常用于二次修订,尽管最近已报道了某些患者在原发性鼻整形术中使用填充剂的报道。本报告详细介绍了在一名年轻的中东男子中使用透明质酸真皮填充剂治疗创伤后弯曲鼻子畸形的情况。使用透明质酸作为软组织填充剂对患者的右侧鼻骨偏移进行了初步矫正,获得了出色的结果和患者满意度。综述了鼻轮廓术中填充剂的当前使用情况。
  • 【依赖地形的地震层析成像揭示了西藏东部的垂直地壳运动。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-03578-z 复制DOI
    作者列表:Zhang X,Wang Y,Gao R,Xu T,Bai Z,Tian X,Li Q
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Using a topography-dependent tomographic scheme, the seismic velocity structure of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau, including the uplifted Longmenshan (LMS) orogenic belt, is accurately imaged in spite of the extreme topographic relief in the LMS region and thick sedimentary covers in the neighbouring Sichuan Basin. The obtained image shows a high-resolution upper crustal structure on a 500 km-long profile that is perpendicular to the LMS. The image clearly shows that the crystalline basement was uplifted within the LMS orogenic belt, and that the neighbouring Songpan-Ganzi Terrane was covered by a thick flysch belt, with evidence of near-surface thrust faults caused by convergence between Eastern Tibet and the Sichuan Basin. The indication that the lower crust beneath the LMS was folded and pushed upwards and the upper crust was removed by exhumation, supports the concept of a lower crustal channel flow beneath Eastern Tibet. The image also reveals that the destructive Wenchuan earthquake of year 2008 occurred in the upper crust, directly at the structural discontinuity between Eastern Tibet Plateau and the Sichuan Basin.
    背景与目标: :尽管地形复杂,地形复杂,邻近地区厚厚的沉积物覆盖层,但仍采用与地形有关的层析成像方案,准确地成像了包括隆起的龙门山造山带在内的青藏高原东部的地震速度结构。四川盆地。所获得的图像在垂直于LMS的500?km长的剖面上显示了高分辨率的上地壳结构。该图像清楚地表明,LMS造山带内的晶体基底隆起,并且相邻的松潘-甘孜地貌被厚厚的复理带覆盖,并显示了西藏东部和四川盆地之间的辐合引起的近地表逆冲断层。 。 LMS下方的下部地壳已被折叠并向上推,而尸体被掘出后被去除了,这表明了藏东地区下部地壳通道流动的概念。该图还显示,2008年汶川特大地震发生在上地壳上,直接发生在青藏高原东部与四川盆地之间的构造不连续处。
  • 【南非的Martin-Gruber联系。解剖学研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/s0266-7681(97)80396-8 复制DOI
    作者列表:Taams KO
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: One hundred and twelve forearms in 56 preserved cadavers were dissected to assess the incidence of Martin-Gruber connections in a population in South Africa. The connections were found in 13 cadavers (23%) and one was bilateral. There were no significant racial or sexual differences in the incidence. The course of Martin-Gruber connections and their anatomical relationship with the ulnar artery are illustrated.

    背景与目标: 解剖了56个保存完好的尸体中的11个前臂,以评估南非人口中Martin-Gruber连接的发生率。在13具尸体(占23%)中发现了这种联系,其中一种是双边的。发病率没有明显的种族或性别差异。阐明了Martin-Gruber连接的过程以及它们与尺动脉的解剖关系。

  • 【冈比亚按蚊2La染色体倒置与非洲对恶性疟原虫的易感性有关。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.7554/eLife.25813 复制DOI
    作者列表:Riehle MM,Bukhari T,Gneme A,Guelbeogo WM,Coulibaly B,Fofana A,Pain A,Bischoff E,Renaud F,Beavogui AH,Traore SF,Sagnon N,Vernick KD
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Chromosome inversions suppress genetic recombination and establish co-adapted gene complexes, or supergenes. The 2La inversion is a widespread polymorphism in the Anopheles gambiae species complex, the major African mosquito vectors of human malaria. Here we show that alleles of the 2La inversion are associated with natural malaria infection levels in wild-captured vectors from West and East Africa. Mosquitoes carrying the more-susceptible allele (2L+a) are also behaviorally less likely to be found inside houses. Vector control tools that target indoor-resting mosquitoes, such as bednets and insecticides, are currently the cornerstone of malaria control in Africa. Populations with high levels of the 2L+a allele may form reservoirs of persistent outdoor malaria transmission requiring novel measures for surveillance and control. The 2La inversion is a major and previously unappreciated component of the natural malaria transmission system in Africa, influencing both malaria susceptibility and vector behavior.
    背景与目标: :染色体倒置抑制基因重组并建立共同适应的基因复合体或超基因。 2La倒位是冈比亚按蚊物种复合体(人类疟疾的主要非洲蚊媒)中广泛的多态性。在这里,我们显示了2La倒位的等位基因与来自西非和东非的野生捕获载体中的自然疟疾感染水平相关。携带易感性等位基因(2L a)的蚊子在行为上也不太可能在房屋内被发现。目前,针对室内休息蚊子的病媒控制工具(例如蚊帐和杀虫剂)是非洲控制疟疾的基石。 2L等位基因水平较高的人群可能会形成持续的室外疟疾传播库,需要采取新的监视和控制措施。 2La倒置是非洲自然疟疾传播系统的主要组成部分,而以前却未被重视,它既影响了疟疾易感性,又影响了媒介的行为。
  • 【al mena:综合了来自阿拉伯,中东和北非人口的基因组和外显子组的人类遗传变异的综合资源。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1038/jhg.2017.67 复制DOI
    作者列表:Koshy R,Ranawat A,Scaria V
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Middle East and North Africa (MENA) encompass very unique populations, with a rich history and encompasses characteristic ethnic, linguistic and genetic diversity. The genetic diversity of MENA region has been largely unknown. The recent availability of whole-exome and whole-genome sequences from the region has made it possible to collect population-specific allele frequencies. The integration of data sets from this region would provide insights into the landscape of genetic variants in this region. We integrated genetic variants from multiple data sets systematically, available from this region to create a compendium of over 26 million genetic variations. The variants were systematically annotated and their allele frequencies in the data sets were computed and available as a web interface which enables quick query. As a proof of principle for application of the compendium for genetic epidemiology, we analyzed the allele frequencies for variants in transglutaminase 1 (TGM1) gene, associated with autosomal recessive lamellar ichthyosis. Our analysis revealed that the carrier frequency of selected variants differed widely with significant interethnic differences. To the best of our knowledge, al mena is the first and most comprehensive repertoire of genetic variations from the Arab, Middle Eastern and North African region. We hope al mena would accelerate Precision Medicine in the region.
    背景与目标: :中东和北非(MENA)拥有非常独特的人口,有着悠久的历史,并拥有独特的种族,语言和遗传多样性。中东和北非地区的遗传多样性在很大程度上是未知的。来自该地区的全外显子组和全基因组序列的最新可用性使得收集特定人群的等位基因频率成为可能。来自该区域的数据集的整合将提供对该区域遗传变异的概况的见识。我们系统地整合了来自该地区的多个数据集的遗传变异,以创建一个超过2600万种遗传变异的纲要。系统对变体进行了注释,并计算了数据集中的等位基因频率,并将其用作可快速查询的网络界面。作为遗传流行病学纲要应用原则的证明,我们分析了转谷氨酰胺酶1(TGM1)基因变异的等位基因频率,与常染色体隐性层状鱼鳞病相关。我们的分析表明,所选变体的载波频率差异很大,种族间存在显着差异。据我们所知,almena是阿拉伯,中东和北非地区遗传变异的第一个也是最全面的库。我们希望,法医学将促进该地区的精准医学。
  • 【来自缅甸和印度东部的罗素蛇的毒液磷脂酶-克隆,鉴定和系统地理分析。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.bbapap.2007.04.012 复制DOI
    作者列表:Tsai IH,Tsai HY,Wang YM,Tun-Pe,Warrell DA
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Venoms of Russell's vipers (genus Daboia) are known for their deadly coagulopathic and other effects. We herein studied various isoforms of venom phospholipases A(2) (PLAs) from two Daboia species at their geographic boundary. From Myanmar Daboia siamensis venom (designated as DsM), four PLAs (designated DsM-aI, aI', aII' and bI') were purified, and the cDNAs encoding two acidic (DsM-aI and aII) and two basic PLAs (DsM-bI and S1) were also cloned from its venom-glands. DsM-S1 is identical to the major venom PLA of southern India Daboia russelii, but the protein is absent from the venom. Additionally, four PLAs (designated DrK-aI, aII, bI and bII) were cloned from cDNA obtained from venom glands of a Kolkata D. russelii, and the PLAs were purified from the pooled venom (designated as DrK). The acidic DrK-aI is the most neurotoxic and lethal among these PLAs; DsM-aI which differs from DrK-aI by only the Phe2 substitution shows greatly reduced enzymatic activity and lethality. Both acidic PLAs do not form dimeric complex with basic PLAs in the same venoms. DsM-bI' is neurotoxic and lethal but its orthologous DrK-bI (97% identical to DsM-bI') is a much weaker toxin. Given the fact that most of the orthologous PLAs of DrK and DsM share 97-100% sequence identity, Daboia vipers of Myanmar and Kolkata must be closely related. Molecular phylogenetic analyses on 30 venom PLAs of Eurasian vipers' revealed co-evolution of five subtypes of venom PLAs in both Daboia and Vipera genera. Our results shed light on the intra- and inter-species variations and structure-function relationships of viperid venom PLAs.
    背景与目标: :Russell的毒蛇(Daboia属)的毒液以致命的凝血病和其他功效而闻名。我们在这里研究了来自两个Daboia物种在其地理边界处的毒性磷脂酶A(2)(PLA)的各种同工型。从缅甸Daboia siamensis毒液(指定为DsM)中,纯化了四个PLA(指定为DsM-aI,aI',aII'和bI'),编码两个酸性(DsM-aI和aII)和两个碱性PLA(DsM)的cDNA。 -bI和S1)也从其毒腺中克隆得到。 DsM-S1与印度南部Daboia russelii的主要毒液PLA相同,但毒液中不存在该蛋白质。另外,从获自加尔各答罗氏沼虾的毒腺的cDNA克隆了四个PLA(命名为DrK-aI,aII,bI和bII),并从合并的毒液(命名为DrK)中纯化了PLA。在这些PLA中,酸性DrK-aI具有最高的神经毒性和致死性。 DsM-aI与DrK-aI的不同之处仅在于Phe2取代,显示酶活性和杀伤力大大降低。两种酸性PLA在同一毒液中均不会与碱性PLA形成二聚体复合物。 DsM-bI'具有神经毒性和致死性,但其直系同源的DrK-bI(与DsM-bI'同源97%)是一种弱得多的毒素。鉴于大多数DrK和DsM的直系同源PLA拥有97-100%的序列同一性,因此缅甸和加尔各答的Daboia蛇蝎必须紧密相关。对欧亚vi蛇的30种毒液PLA进行分子系统发育分析,揭示了Daboia和Vipera属中5种亚型毒液PLA的共同进化。我们的研究结果揭示了蛇毒PLA的种内和种间变异以及结构与功能的关系。
  • 【俄罗斯东部地区传播的重组诺如病毒的病毒性肠胃炎和遗传特征。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Phan TG,Yagyu F,Kozlov V,Kozlov A,Okitsu S,Müller WE,Ushijima H
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :From November 2003 to March 2004 a total of 100 fecal specimens from infants and children with acute gastroenteritis in the city of Birobidzhan, Eastern Russia were tested for the presence of diarrheal viruses by RT-multiplex PCR. Of these, 74 fecal specimens were positive for diarrheal viruses and this represented 74%. Among the diarrheal viruses detected, group A rotavirus was the most prevalent (67%; 67 of 100), followed by norovirus (4%; 4 of 100), group C rotavirus (1%, 1 of 100), sapovirus (1%; 1 of 100), and hepatitis A virus (1%; 1 of 100). It was found that 86.6% (58 of 67) of group A rotavirus were serotyped as G3. Sapovirus and hepatitis A virus were genetically determined to belong to GI/1 and subgenotype 1A, respectively. Interestingly, all norovirus isolates in the study turned out to make a novel cluster when polymerase-based grouping was performed. It is noteworthy to point out that these norovirus isolates were further genetically characterized as naturally occurring recombinants, which were firstly found circulating in the Russian population studied. Breakpoint analysis of recombinant norovirus showed that the recombination site was at the open reading frame (ORF)1/ORF2 overlap. This is the first report of the existence of acute gastroenteritis caused by recombinant norovirus in Eastern Russia.
    背景与目标: :2003年11月至2004年3月,通过RT多重PCR检测了俄罗斯东部比罗比詹市的100例急性胃肠炎婴儿和儿童的粪便标本。其中,74份粪便标本的腹泻病毒呈阳性,占74%。在检测到的腹泻病毒中,A组轮状病毒最为流行(67%; 100分之67),其次是诺如病毒(4%; 100分之4),C组轮状病毒(1%,100分之一),沙波病毒(1%) ; 1/100)和甲型肝炎病毒(1%; 1/100)。发现A组轮状病毒的86.6%(67个中的58个)血清分型为G3。沙波病毒和甲型肝炎病毒在遗传上分别确定为GI / 1和亚型1A。有趣的是,当进行基于聚合酶的分组时,研究中的所有诺如病毒分离物都形成了一个新的簇。值得注意的是,这些诺如病毒的分离株在基因上进一步被鉴定为天然存在的重组体,它们首先在被研究的俄罗斯人群中发现。重组诺如病毒的断点分析表明重组位点在开放阅读框(ORF)1 / ORF2重叠处。这是俄罗斯东部重组诺如病毒引起的急性胃肠炎的首次报道。
  • 【在撒哈拉以南非洲,HIV诊断与开始抗逆转录病毒治疗之间的程序丢失:系统评价和荟萃分析。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2012.03089.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Mugglin C,Estill J,Wandeler G,Bender N,Egger M,Gsponer T,Keiser O,IeDEA Southern Africa.
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To assess the proportion of patients lost to programme (died, lost to follow-up, transferred out) between HIV diagnosis and start of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in sub-Saharan Africa, and determine factors associated with loss to programme. METHODS:Systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched PubMed and EMBASE databases for studies in adults. Outcomes were the percentage of patients dying before starting ART, the percentage lost to follow-up, the percentage with a CD4 cell count, the distribution of first CD4 counts and the percentage of eligible patients starting ART. Data were combined using random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS:Twenty-nine studies from sub-Saharan Africa including 148,912 patients were analysed. Six studies covered the whole period from HIV diagnosis to ART start. Meta-analysis of these studies showed that of the 100 patients with a positive HIV test, 72 (95% CI 60-84) had a CD4 cell count measured, 40 (95% CI 26-55) were eligible for ART and 25 (95% CI 13-37) started ART. There was substantial heterogeneity between studies (P < 0.0001). Median CD4 cell count at presentation ranged from 154 to 274 cells/μl. Patients eligible for ART were less likely to become lost to programme (25%vs. 54%, P < 0.0001), but eligible patients were more likely to die (11%vs. 5%, P < 0.0001) than ineligible patients. Loss to programme was higher in men, in patients with low CD4 cell counts and low socio-economic status and in recent time periods. CONCLUSIONS:Monitoring and care in the pre-ART time period need improvement, with greater emphasis on patients not yet eligible for ART.
    背景与目标: 目的:评估在撒哈拉以南非洲艾滋病毒诊断与开始抗逆转录病毒治疗(ART)之间因计划而流失(死亡,失去随访,转出)的患者比例,并确定与计划流失相关的因素。
    方法:系统评价和荟萃分析。我们在PubMed和EMBASE数据库中进行了成人研究。结果是开始接受抗逆转录病毒治疗之前死亡的患者百分比,随访损失的百分比,具有CD4细胞计数的百分比,首次CD4计数的分布以及符合条件的开始抗逆转录病毒治疗的患者的百分比。使用随机效应荟萃分析合并数据。
    结果:分析了来自撒哈拉以南非洲地区的29项研究,包括148,912名患者。六项研究涵盖了从艾滋病毒诊断到抗病毒治疗的整个过程。对这些研究的荟萃分析显示,在100例HIV检测呈阳性的患者中,有72例(95%CI 60-84)的CD4细胞计数被测量,40例(95%CI 26-55)符合ART的条件,而25例(95%CI 26-55)符合条件。 95%CI 13-37)开始接受抗逆转录病毒治疗。研究之间存在很大的异质性(P <0.0001)。呈现时CD4细胞的中位数范围为154至274细胞/μl。有资格接受抗逆转录病毒治疗的患者不太可能失去程序(25%vs. 54%,P <0.0001),但与不符合资格的患者相比,有资格死亡的患者更有可能死亡(11%vs. 5%,P <0.0001)。男性,CD4细胞计数低,社会经济地位低的患者以及最近一段时间的程序丢失率更高。
    结论:在ART治疗之前的时期内的监测和护理需要改善,重点更多的是尚未获得ART治疗资格的患者。
  • 【来自澳大利亚东南部的s(Ixodes holocyclus)和角x(Ixodes cornuatus)内的遗传变异。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/s0020-7519(00)00103-x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Jackson J,Chilton NB,Beveridge I,Morris M,Andrews RH
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Ticks from mainland Australia (Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland) and Tasmania, identified morphologically as either Ixodes holocyclus or Ixodes cornuatus, were compared genetically using 24 enzyme loci. The results showed that ticks from three localities in Victoria were genetically similar to I. cornuatus in Tasmania, but both groups had fixed genetic differences at >45% of loci compared with other ticks on the mainland. In addition, there were fixed genetic differences at 0-60% of loci among I. holocyclus from different localities on the mainland. Ixodes holocyclus samples could be divided into four distinct clusters (with fixed genetic differences >15%), three of which were represented by one or two specimens. Nonetheless, these electrophoretic data suggest that I. holocyclus represents a species complex. The results also showed that the morphological criteria used to identify specimens were not always accurate because several specimens had been mis-identified morphologically. Despite limitations with the morphological identification, this study has demonstrated that I. cornuatus can be distinguished from the I. holocyclus species complex using six enzyme loci, providing the foundation for a re-examination of morphological characteristics. The present study has shown that I. cornuatus and the I. holocyclus complexes have a greater distribution than previously reported, with both occurring in sympatry at Cape Patterson, on the southern coastline of Victoria.
    背景与目标: :使用24个酶基因座对来自澳大利亚大陆(维多利亚州,新南威尔士州和昆士兰州)和塔斯马尼亚州的Ti虫进行了形态学比较,这些Ti虫在形态学上被鉴定为全环凤仙或角须凤仙。结果表明,维多利亚州三个地方的tick在遗传上与塔斯马尼亚州的角I相似,但与大陆上的其他tick相比,两组的固定遗传差异均在> 45%的位点上。另外,来自大陆不同地区的全环金枪鱼在基因座的0-60%处存在固定的遗传差异。整轴虫的样本可分为四个不同的类群(固定的遗传差异> 15%),其中三个由一个或两个标本代表。尽管如此,这些电泳数据表明全环线虫代表一种物种复合体。结果还表明,用于鉴定标本的形态学标准并不总是准确的,因为一些标本在形态上被错误地鉴定。尽管在形态学鉴定上有局限性,但这项研究表明,可以使用六个酶基因座将角corn与全轮虫物种区分开,为形态特征的重新研究奠定了基础。本研究表明,角鬣狗和全环线虫的分布比以前报道的要大,它们都发生在维多利亚州南部海岸线的海角帕特森的交界处。
  • 【南非在卫生方面的公私互动:扩大规模的机会。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1093/heapol/czt042 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kula N,Fryatt RJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :South Africa has long recognized partnerships between the public and private sectors as a policy objective in health, but experience is still limited and poorly documented. The objectives of this article are to understand the factors that increase the likelihood of success of public-private interactions in South Africa, and identify and discuss opportunities for them to be scaled up. There is a strong legislative framework and a number of guidelines and tools that have been developed by the Treasury for managing partnerships. The review of literature confirmed the need for the state to have effective regulations in order to oversee quality and standards and to provide stewardship and oversight. The public sector requires sufficient capacity not only to manage relationships with the private sector but also to enable innovation and experimentation. Evaluation is an integral part of all interactions not only to learn from successes but also to identify any perverse incentives that may lead to unintended consequences. Four case studies show that the private for-profit sector is already engaged in a number of projects that are closely aligned to current health system reform priorities. Factors that increase the likelihood of interactions being successful include: increasing the government's capacity to manage public-private relationships; choosing public-private interactions that are strategically important to national goals; building a knowledge base on what works, where and why; moving from pilots to large scale initiatives; harnessing the contracting expertise in private providers; and encouraging innovation and learning.
    背景与目标: 南非:长期以来,公立和私营部门之间的伙伴关系已被公认为卫生领域的政策目标,但经验仍然有限,文献记载也很少。本文的目的是了解增加南非公私互动成功的可能性的因素,并确定和讨论扩大其规模的机会。财政部已经建立了强有力的立法框架以及许多准则和工具来管理伙伴关系。对文献的审查证实,国家有必要制定有效的法规,以监督质量和标准,并提供管理和监督。公共部门不仅需要足够的能力来管理与私营部门的关系,而且还需要进行创新和试验。评估是所有互动中不可或缺的一部分,不仅可以从成功中学习,而且可以识别可能导致意想不到的后果的任何不正当动机。四个案例研究表明,私营营利部门已经参与了许多与当前卫生系统改革优先事项紧密相关的项目。增加互动成功的可能性的因素包括:提高政府管理公私关系的能力;选择对国家目标具有战略意义的公私互动;建立关于什么有效,在哪里以及为什么起作用的知识库;从试点转向大规模计划;利用私人提供商的订约专业知识;并鼓励创新和学习。
  • 【在北卡罗莱纳州东部农村地区未保险或医疗补助保险的青少年中增加人乳头瘤病毒疫苗接种的短信和电子邮件消息传递。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1353/hpu.2019.0090 复制DOI
    作者列表:Richman AR,Torres E,Wu Q,Carlston L,O'Rorke S,Moreno C,Olsson J
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We sought to assess if electronic messaging/reminders could increase human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine completion among adolescents and HPV knowledge among their parents. The study was conducted in two clinics in eastern North Carolina from March 2014-March 2016. Participants included English-speaking and/or Spanish-speaking, uninsured or Medicaid-insured parents and their children (ages 9-17). Intervention participants received text/email appointment reminders and education messages and controls received standard-of-care. The final sample included 257 parent-child dyads. Most identified as Black (60%) or Hispanic (28%). Completion rates for intervention and control groups were similar for HPV dose 2 (65% vs. 65%) and HPV dose 3 (35% vs. 30%), respectively. Although knowledge change was higher for the intervention group, this difference was not statistically significant. Those who reported provider vaccine recommendation were 1.8 times more likely to complete the series. Electronic reminders to promote vaccine completion were not effective in this population. More research is needed.
    背景与目标: :我们试图评估电子消息传递/提醒是否可以提高青少年中人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)疫苗的接种率以及其父母中HPV的知识。该研究于2014年3月至2016年3月在北卡罗莱纳州东部的两家诊所进行。参与者包括讲英语和/或说西班牙语,没有保险或有医疗补助的父母及其子女(9-17岁)。干预参与者收到了文本/电子邮件约会提醒,教育信息和控件收到了护理标准。最终样本包括257个亲子二元组。多数被确定为黑人(60%)或西班牙裔(28%)。 HPV剂量2(65%比65%)和HPV剂量3(35%比30%)的干预组和对照组的完成率相似。尽管干预组的知识变化较高,但这种差异在统计学上并不显着。报告提供者疫苗推荐的人群完成该系列疫苗的可能性是其1.8倍。促进疫苗完成的电子提醒在该人群中无效。需要更多的研究。
  • 【对乍得东部三处世界卫生组织推荐的长效杀虫网的材料耐久性进行的观察性研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0331 复制DOI
    作者列表:Allan R,O'Reilly L,Gilbos V,Kilian A
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A total of 876 nets (229 Interceptor(®), 363 Olyset(®), and 284 PermaNet(®)) were collected 14 months post-distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) from 811 households of internally displaced and host communities in Dar Sila District in eastern Chad to examine their physical condition. Holes were recorded by using three hole categories (average diameter = 2, 3.5, and 15 cm) and a Proportionate Hole Index (pHI). A total of 69.5% were in poor or very poor condition. There was no significant difference in the performance between the polyester 75 denier LLINs, but they had 4.22 times the odds of having a pHI ≥ 175 (poor or very poor condition) than polyethylene 150 denier LLINs; and 39.2% were unserviceable (pHI ≥ 300) compared with only 7.7% of the polyethylene LLINs. These results provide the first comparative data on LLIN material durability to guide procurement and replacement practice, and to inform urgently needed changes in LLIN international minimum specifications and product standards.
    背景与目标: :在分发了811个内部流离失所者和寄主家庭的持久杀虫网(LLIN)之后14个月,共收集了876个蚊帐(229个Interceptor(®),363个Olyset(®)和284个PermaNet(®))。乍得东部达西拉区的社区,以检查他们的身体状况。通过使用三种孔类别(平均直径= 2、3.5和15 cm)和比例孔指数(pHI)记录孔。共有69.5%的人口处于贫困或非常贫困状态。聚酯75旦LLIN的性能之间没有显着差异,但与聚乙烯150旦LLIN相比,它们的pHI≥175(差或非常差)的几率是4.22倍。仅有39.7%的聚乙烯LLIN不可用(pHI≥300),而只有7.7%的聚乙烯LLIN不可用。这些结果提供了有关LLIN材料耐用性的首个比较数据,以指导采购和更换实践,并为LLIN国际最低规格和产品标准提供了急需的变更信息。
  • 【亚洲和非洲用于农产品的太阳能干燥机的回顾:一种创新的景观方法。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110730 复制DOI
    作者列表:Udomkun P,Romuli S,Schock S,Mahayothee B,Sartas M,Wossen T,Njukwe E,Vanlauwe B,Müller J
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Solar drying is one of the most efficient and cost-effective, renewable, and sustainable technologies to conserve agricultural products in Asian and sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. This review paper presents the different types of solar dryers that are widely used in Africa and Asia. In addition, the pre-eminent effects of their use on product quality, as well as their economic, environmental, and social impacts, are highlighted. Since financial, external, and structural factors play a key role in the adoption and scaling of solar dryers, this paper also discusses the impact of these factors on the effectiveness of solar drying technologies in selected Asian and SSA countries.
    背景与目标: :太阳能干燥是保护亚洲和撒哈拉以南非洲(SSA)国家农产品的最有效,最具成本效益,可再生和可持续的技术之一。这篇评论文章介绍了非洲和亚洲广泛使用的不同类型的太阳能干燥机。此外,还强调了其使用对产品质量的显着影响及其经济,环境和社会影响。由于财务,外部和结构因素在太阳能干燥机的采用和扩展中起着关键作用,因此本文还讨论了这些因素对某些亚洲国家和SSA国家中太阳能干燥技术有效性的影响。
  • 【受艾滋病毒及其子女影响的青春期母亲:范围广泛的撒哈拉以南非洲证据和经验回顾。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1080/17441692.2020.1775867 复制DOI
    作者列表:Toska E,Laurenzi CA,Roberts KJ,Cluver L,Sherr L
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :While adolescents have received increasing attention in the global HIV response and international strategies and commitments, adolescent mothers and their children remain largely overlooked in research, funding and, programming for health-related outcomes. We conducted an extensive scoping review of current evidence on the experiences of adolescent mothers affected by HIV and their children in this region. We included published literature and conference abstracts, complemented by consultations with key stakeholders, and a review of documents through grey literature searching. First, we summarise the experiences of adolescent mothers and their children related to HIV and key health and development indicators. The syndemic of early motherhood and HIV in sub-Saharan Africa increases the vulnerability of adolescent mothers and their children. We then highlight lessons from a series of promising programmes focused on supporting adolescent mothers through novel approaches. In sub-Saharan Africa, supporting adolescent mothers living in high HIV-risk communities is critical not only to eliminate HIV/AIDS, but also to attain the Sustainable Development Goals. While research on and programming for adolescent mothers and their children is growing, the complex needs for this vulnerable group remain unmet. We conclude with evidence gaps and programming priorities for adolescent mothers affected by HIV and their children.
    背景与目标: :尽管青少年在全球艾滋病毒应对以及国际战略和承诺中受到越来越多的关注,但在为与健康相关的结果进行研究,资助和规划方面,青少年母亲及其子女仍然被忽视。我们对有关该地区受艾滋病毒感染的青春期母亲及其子女的经历的现有证据进行了范围广泛的回顾。我们收录了出版的文献和会议摘要,并与主要利益相关者进行了磋商,并通过灰色文献搜索对文档进行了审查。首先,我们总结了青春期母亲及其子女与艾滋病毒以及主要健康和发展指标相关的经验。在撒哈拉以南非洲,早孕和艾滋病毒的综合症增加了青春期母亲及其子女的脆弱性。然后,我们重点介绍了一系列有前途的计划的教训,这些计划的重点是通过新颖的方法来支持青春期的母亲。在撒哈拉以南非洲,支持生活在艾滋病毒高发地区的青春期母亲不仅对消除艾滋病毒/艾滋病至关重要,而且对于实现可持续发展目标也至关重要。尽管对青春期的母亲及其子女的研究和计划正在增长,但对这一弱势群体的复杂需求仍未得到满足。我们以受艾滋病毒及其子女影响的青春期母亲的证据差距和方案优先重点作为结论。

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