BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A retrospective study of male breast cancer was undertaken at Ouagadougou University Teaching Hospital over a 3 year period (1993-1996). Authors report 5 cases representing 4.16% of all breast cancers. The patients' mean age was 61 years. The average duration of signs and symptoms before the diagnosis was 13 months. Clinically all the 5 cases presented advanced cancers (4 T4N2M0, 1 T4N2M1 according to UICC TNM System) with size ranging from 5.5, to 11.5 cm. Histology found: 2 medullary infiltrating carcinoma, 1 canalar infiltrating carcinoma, 1 colloid mucous carcinoma and 1 lobular infiltrating carcinoma. All patients had mastectomy associated with axillary clearance in 4 cases. Radiotherapy, chemotherapy and hormonotherapy were not associated because unavailable in Burkina Faso. Three patients died: the first, 10 days after surgical treatment and the 2 others respectively after 14 and 17 months. We have lost sight 1 patients. The last one is still alive. Authors find that to get better prognosis, it is important to improve medical and technical means, to increase information and to promote early detection.

背景与目标： ：在瓦加杜古大学教学医院进行了为期3年（1993年至1996年）的男性乳腺癌回顾性研究。作者报告了5例病例，占所有乳腺癌的4.16％。患者的平均年龄为61岁。诊断前平均体征和症状持续时间为13个月。临床上，所有5例患者均出现晚期癌（根据UICC TNM System，4例T4N2M0、1例T4N2M1），大小在5.5至11.5厘米之间。组织学发现：2个髓样浸润癌，1个管状浸润癌，1个胶体粘​​液癌和1个小叶浸润癌。所有患者均进行了伴有腋窝清除术的乳房切除术4例。放疗，化学疗法和激素疗法没有联系，因为布基纳法索无法使用。 3例患者死亡：第一例，手术治疗10天后死亡，另外2例分别在14个月和17个月后死亡。我们失去了视力1名患者。最后一个还活着。作者发现，要获得更好的预后，重要的是改善医学和技术手段，增加信息并促进早期发现。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:STDs are a significant cause of illness throughout the world. Female sex workers (FSWs) are commonly perceived as belonging to a social group which may engage in high-risk behaviour for acquiring or transmitting HIV and other STDs. The number of immigrant women engaged in sex work has increased in Catania, Sicily, over the last 10 years. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis among Colombian and Dominican FSWs. METHODS:In total 118 (63.78%) of the FSWs contacted in the course of the project agreed to participate in the study. All women enrolled were counselled on STDs/HIV, safer sex practices and the use of condoms. Blood samples were taken and tested for HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis. RESULTS:Of the 118 FSWs enrolled, all were negative for both HIV and HCV infection. Two women (1.6%) were positive for hepatitis B (HbsAg). Syphilis testing by VDRL showed three positive results (2.5%), which was confirmed by TPHA. DISCUSSION:This study showed that HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis seroprevalence among Colombian and Dominican FSWs remains low or very rare. It also indicates that these women were healthy when they arrived in Italy and that condom use with clients is high.

背景与目标： 简介：性病是世界范围内引起疾病的重要原因。女性性工作者（FSWs）通常被认为属于一个社会群体，该群体可能会为获取或传播艾滋病毒和其他性传播疾病而从事高风险行为。在过去的十年中，西西里岛卡塔尼亚从事性工作的移民妇女人数有所增加。这项研究的目的是估计哥伦比亚和多米尼加的FS​​W中HIV，HBV，HCV和梅毒的患病率。
方法：在该项目过程中，总共有118名（63.78％）的FSW同意参与研究。为所有入选妇女提供性传播疾病/艾滋病毒，更安全的性行为和使用安全套方面的咨询。抽取血样并测试HIV，HBV，HCV和梅毒。
结果：在118个FSW中，所有的HIV和HCV感染均为阴性。两名女性（1.6％）的乙型肝炎（HbsAg）阳性。通过VDRL进行的梅毒测试显示三项阳性结果（2.5％），这已被TPHA证实。
讨论：这项研究表明，哥伦比亚和多米尼加地区FSW中的HIV，HBV，HCV和梅毒血清阳性率仍然很低或非常罕见。这也表明这些妇女到达意大利后就很健康，而且与客人一起使用避孕套的比例很高。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :To assess the effect of the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in rural Africa, blood samples were collected in two Kenyan sublocations. Serum antibodies against tetanus toxoid were measured in 155 individuals 1-70 years of age. Titers greater than the protective level of 0.01 IU/ml were found in 47% of the population. Protection was significantly higher in children born after the launching of the EPI (68%) and in women who had been at childbearing age since then (69%). Significantly lower protection was demonstrated in other age and sex-groups. The level of protection in children was equal in the two populations, whereas protection in fertile women was significantly lower in the population living a long distance from a health center. Diphtheria anti-toxin was measured in the samples from one sublocation, and 70 of 84 individuals (83%) had antibody levels greater than the protective level. No age or sex difference could be found, and there was no correlation between response levels to diphtheria and tetanus. This implicates natural infections as an important source of diphtheria antibodies. Our findings demonstrate a need for better coverage of the adult population against tetanus. Furthermore, diphtheria transmission still appears to take place, underscoring the importance of diphtheria vaccination of travelers to rural Africa.

背景与目标： ：为了评估非洲农村地区免疫扩展计划（EPI）的效果，在两个肯尼亚子地区采集了血液样本。在1-5个1至70岁的个体中测量了抗破伤风类毒素的血清抗体。在47％的人口中发现的滴度大于0.01 IU / ml的保护水平。 EPI启动后出生的孩子（68％）和此后达到育龄的妇女（69％）的保护水平明显更高。在其他年龄段和性别组中，保护作用明显降低。在这两个人口中，儿童的保护水平是相同的，而在距卫生所很远的人口中，生育妇女的保护水平要低得多。在一个分区中的样品中测量了白喉抗毒素，在84个人中有70个人（83％）的抗体水平高于保护水平。没有发现年龄或性别差异，并且对白喉和破伤风的反应水平之间没有相关性。这暗示自然感染是白喉抗体的重要来源。我们的发现表明，需要更好地覆盖破伤风的成年人群。此外，白喉传播仍在发生，强调了前往非洲农村的旅行者接种白喉疫苗的重要性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The Bedford Orthopaedic Centre is situated in Umtata at the heart of the former homeland of the Transkei in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. It acts as an orthopaedic and trauma referral hospital for a mainly rural population approaching 4 million. This article focuses on the workload of the hospital over a 4-month period and like many hospitals in South Africa we highlight the difficulties it faces with the trauma epidemic.

背景与目标： ：贝德福德骨科中心位于Umtata，位于南非东开普省特兰斯凯（Transkei）故土的心脏地带。它作为骨科和创伤转诊医院，主要针对接近400万的农村人口。本文重点介绍医院在4个月内的工作量，并且像南非的许多医院一样，我们着重强调了该医院在创伤性流行病方面所面临的困难。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :African swine fever (ASF) is a major limiting factor for pig production in most of the countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian Ocean. In the absence of vaccine, a good understanding of the ecology and epidemiology of the disease is fundamental to implement effective control measures. In selected countries of Southern and East Africa, the association between Ornithodoros moubata ticks and warthogs has been described in detail in the literature. However, for many other countries in the region, information related to the sylvatic cycle is lacking or incomplete. In West African countries, for instance, the role of wild pigs in the epidemiology of ASF has never been demonstrated and the existence and potential impact of a sylvatic cycle involving an association between soft ticks and warthogs is questionable. In other countries, other wild pig species such as the bushpigs (Potamochoerus spp.) can also be asymptomatically infected by the virus but their role in the epidemiology of the disease is unclear and might differ according to geographic regions. In addition, the methods and techniques required to study the role of wild hosts in ASF virus (ASFV) epidemiology and ecology are very specific and differ from the more traditional methods to study domestic pigs or other tick species. The aim of this review is (i) to provide a descriptive list of the methodologies implemented to study the role of wild hosts in African swine fever, (ii) to compile the available knowledge about the sylvatic cycle of ASFV in different regions of Sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian Ocean in addition to the one that has been described for East and Southern Africa, and (iii) to discuss current methodologies and available knowledge in order to identify new orientations for further field and experimental surveys.

背景与目标： 非洲猪瘟（ASF）是撒哈拉以南非洲和印度洋大多数国家/地区猪生产的主要限制因素。在没有疫苗的情况下，对疾病的生态学和流行病学有充分的了解是实施有效控制措施的基础。在南部非洲和东非的选定国家中，文献中已详细描述了鸟嘴Or和疣猪之间的联系。但是，对于该地区的许多其他国家来说，与sylvatic周期有关的信息仍然缺乏或不完整。例如，在西非国家，从未证明过野猪在ASF流行病学中的作用，而且涉及软壁虱和疣猪之间的森林周期的存在及其潜在影响值得怀疑。在其他国家/地区，其他野猪物种（例如，丛林猪（Potamochoerus spp。））也可能无症状感染该病毒，但尚不清楚它们在该疾病流行病学中的作用，并且可能因地理区域而异。此外，研究野生宿主在ASF病毒（ASFV）流行病学和生态学中的作用所需的方法和技术非常具体，不同于研究家猪或其他壁虱物种的更传统的方法。这项审查的目的是（i）提供描述性方法列表，以实施研究野生宿主在非洲猪瘟中的作用的方法；（ii）汇编有关亚SFV子区不同区域的ASFV sylvatic周期的现有知识。撒哈拉以南非洲和印度洋，以及已经描述的东非和南部非洲的一种，以及（iii）讨论当前的方法和可用知识，以便为进一步的野外调查和实验调查确定新的方向。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The use of fillers for nonsurgical rhinoplasty has advanced in both materials and methods, and continues to gain popularity in North America. This technique is most often used for secondary revisions, although reports of fillers used in primary rhinoplasty in selected patients have been recently described. The present report details the use of a hyaluronic acid dermal filler in a young Middle Eastern man for a post-traumatic crooked nose deformity. Primary correction of the patient's right-sided nasal bone deviation using hyaluronic acid as a soft tissue filler was achieved with excellent results and patient satisfaction. The current use of fillers in nasal contouring is reviewed.

背景与目标： ：填料在非手术隆鼻术中的使用在材料和方法上都取得了进步，并且在北美继续受到欢迎。该技术最常用于二次修订，尽管最近已报道了某些患者在原发性鼻整形术中使用填充剂的报道。本报告详细介绍了在一名年轻的中东男子中使用透明质酸真皮填充剂治疗创伤后弯曲鼻子畸形的情况。使用透明质酸作为软组织填充剂对患者的右侧鼻骨偏移进行了初步矫正，获得了出色的结果和患者满意度。综述了鼻轮廓术中填充剂的当前使用情况。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Using a topography-dependent tomographic scheme, the seismic velocity structure of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau, including the uplifted Longmenshan (LMS) orogenic belt, is accurately imaged in spite of the extreme topographic relief in the LMS region and thick sedimentary covers in the neighbouring Sichuan Basin. The obtained image shows a high-resolution upper crustal structure on a 500 km-long profile that is perpendicular to the LMS. The image clearly shows that the crystalline basement was uplifted within the LMS orogenic belt, and that the neighbouring Songpan-Ganzi Terrane was covered by a thick flysch belt, with evidence of near-surface thrust faults caused by convergence between Eastern Tibet and the Sichuan Basin. The indication that the lower crust beneath the LMS was folded and pushed upwards and the upper crust was removed by exhumation, supports the concept of a lower crustal channel flow beneath Eastern Tibet. The image also reveals that the destructive Wenchuan earthquake of year 2008 occurred in the upper crust, directly at the structural discontinuity between Eastern Tibet Plateau and the Sichuan Basin.

背景与目标： ：尽管地形复杂，地形复杂，邻近地区厚厚的沉积物覆盖层，但仍采用与地形有关的层析成像方案，准确地成像了包括隆起的龙门山造山带在内的青藏高原东部的地震速度结构。四川盆地。所获得的图像在垂直于LMS的500？km长的剖面上显示了高分辨率的上地壳结构。该图像清楚地表明，LMS造山带内的晶体基底隆起，并且相邻的松潘-甘孜地貌被厚厚的复理带覆盖，并显示了西藏东部和四川盆地之间的辐合引起的近地表逆冲断层。 。 LMS下方的下部地壳已被折叠并向上推，而尸体被掘出后被去除了，这表明了藏东地区下部地壳通道流动的概念。该图还显示，2008年汶川特大地震发生在上地壳上，直接发生在青藏高原东部与四川盆地之间的构造不连续处。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: One hundred and twelve forearms in 56 preserved cadavers were dissected to assess the incidence of Martin-Gruber connections in a population in South Africa. The connections were found in 13 cadavers (23%) and one was bilateral. There were no significant racial or sexual differences in the incidence. The course of Martin-Gruber connections and their anatomical relationship with the ulnar artery are illustrated.

背景与目标： 解剖了56个保存完好的尸体中的11个前臂，以评估南非人口中Martin-Gruber连接的发生率。在13具尸体（占23％）中发现了这种联系，其中一种是双边的。发病率没有明显的种族或性别差异。阐明了Martin-Gruber连接的过程以及它们与尺动脉的解剖关系。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Chromosome inversions suppress genetic recombination and establish co-adapted gene complexes, or supergenes. The 2La inversion is a widespread polymorphism in the Anopheles gambiae species complex, the major African mosquito vectors of human malaria. Here we show that alleles of the 2La inversion are associated with natural malaria infection levels in wild-captured vectors from West and East Africa. Mosquitoes carrying the more-susceptible allele (2L+a) are also behaviorally less likely to be found inside houses. Vector control tools that target indoor-resting mosquitoes, such as bednets and insecticides, are currently the cornerstone of malaria control in Africa. Populations with high levels of the 2L+a allele may form reservoirs of persistent outdoor malaria transmission requiring novel measures for surveillance and control. The 2La inversion is a major and previously unappreciated component of the natural malaria transmission system in Africa, influencing both malaria susceptibility and vector behavior.

背景与目标： ：染色体倒置抑制基因重组并建立共同适应的基因复合体或超基因。 2La倒位是冈比亚按蚊物种复合体（人类疟疾的主要非洲蚊媒）中广泛的多态性。在这里，我们显示了2La倒位的等位基因与来自西非和东非的野生捕获载体中的自然疟疾感染水平相关。携带易感性等位基因（2L a）的蚊子在行为上也不太可能在房屋内被发现。目前，针对室内休息蚊子的病媒控制工具（例如蚊帐和杀虫剂）是非洲控制疟疾的基石。 2L等位基因水平较高的人群可能会形成持续的室外疟疾传播库，需要采取新的监视和控制措施。 2La倒置是非洲自然疟疾传播系统的主要组成部分，而以前却未被重视，它既影响了疟疾易感性，又影响了媒介的行为。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Middle East and North Africa (MENA) encompass very unique populations, with a rich history and encompasses characteristic ethnic, linguistic and genetic diversity. The genetic diversity of MENA region has been largely unknown. The recent availability of whole-exome and whole-genome sequences from the region has made it possible to collect population-specific allele frequencies. The integration of data sets from this region would provide insights into the landscape of genetic variants in this region. We integrated genetic variants from multiple data sets systematically, available from this region to create a compendium of over 26 million genetic variations. The variants were systematically annotated and their allele frequencies in the data sets were computed and available as a web interface which enables quick query. As a proof of principle for application of the compendium for genetic epidemiology, we analyzed the allele frequencies for variants in transglutaminase 1 (TGM1) gene, associated with autosomal recessive lamellar ichthyosis. Our analysis revealed that the carrier frequency of selected variants differed widely with significant interethnic differences. To the best of our knowledge, al mena is the first and most comprehensive repertoire of genetic variations from the Arab, Middle Eastern and North African region. We hope al mena would accelerate Precision Medicine in the region.

背景与目标： ：中东和北非（MENA）拥有非常独特的人口，有着悠久的历史，并拥有独特的种族，语言和遗传多样性。中东和北非地区的遗传多样性在很大程度上是未知的。来自该地区的全外显子组和全基因组序列的最新可用性使得收集特定人群的等位基因频率成为可能。来自该区域的数据集的整合将提供对该区域遗传变异的概况的见识。我们系统地整合了来自该地区的多个数据集的遗传变异，以创建一个超过2600万种遗传变异的纲要。系统对变体进行了注释，并计算了数据集中的等位基因频率，并将其用作可快速查询的网络界面。作为遗传流行病学纲要应用原则的证明，我们分析了转谷氨酰胺酶1（TGM1）基因变异的等位基因频率，与常染色体隐性层状鱼鳞病相关。我们的分析表明，所选变体的载波频率差异很大，种族间存在显着差异。据我们所知，almena是阿拉伯，中东和北非地区遗传变异的第一个也是最全面的库。我们希望，法医学将促进该地区的精准医学。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Venoms of Russell's vipers (genus Daboia) are known for their deadly coagulopathic and other effects. We herein studied various isoforms of venom phospholipases A(2) (PLAs) from two Daboia species at their geographic boundary. From Myanmar Daboia siamensis venom (designated as DsM), four PLAs (designated DsM-aI, aI', aII' and bI') were purified, and the cDNAs encoding two acidic (DsM-aI and aII) and two basic PLAs (DsM-bI and S1) were also cloned from its venom-glands. DsM-S1 is identical to the major venom PLA of southern India Daboia russelii, but the protein is absent from the venom. Additionally, four PLAs (designated DrK-aI, aII, bI and bII) were cloned from cDNA obtained from venom glands of a Kolkata D. russelii, and the PLAs were purified from the pooled venom (designated as DrK). The acidic DrK-aI is the most neurotoxic and lethal among these PLAs; DsM-aI which differs from DrK-aI by only the Phe2 substitution shows greatly reduced enzymatic activity and lethality. Both acidic PLAs do not form dimeric complex with basic PLAs in the same venoms. DsM-bI' is neurotoxic and lethal but its orthologous DrK-bI (97% identical to DsM-bI') is a much weaker toxin. Given the fact that most of the orthologous PLAs of DrK and DsM share 97-100% sequence identity, Daboia vipers of Myanmar and Kolkata must be closely related. Molecular phylogenetic analyses on 30 venom PLAs of Eurasian vipers' revealed co-evolution of five subtypes of venom PLAs in both Daboia and Vipera genera. Our results shed light on the intra- and inter-species variations and structure-function relationships of viperid venom PLAs.

背景与目标： ：Russell的毒蛇（Daboia属）的毒液以致命的凝血病和其他功效而闻名。我们在这里研究了来自两个Daboia物种在其地理边界处的毒性磷脂酶A（2）（PLA）的各种同工型。从缅甸Daboia siamensis毒液（指定为DsM）中，纯化了四个PLA（指定为DsM-aI，aI'，aII'和bI'），编码两个酸性（DsM-aI和aII）和两个碱性PLA（DsM）的cDNA。 -bI和S1）也从其毒腺中克隆得到。 DsM-S1与印度南部Daboia russelii的主要毒液PLA相同，但毒液中不存在该蛋白质。另外，从获自加尔各答罗氏沼虾的毒腺的cDNA克隆了四个PLA（命名为DrK-aI，aII，bI和bII），并从合并的毒液（命名为DrK）中纯化了PLA。在这些PLA中，酸性DrK-aI具有最高的神经毒性和致死性。 DsM-aI与DrK-aI的不同之处仅在于Phe2取代，显示酶活性和杀伤力大大降低。两种酸性PLA在同一毒液中均不会与碱性PLA形成二聚体复合物。 DsM-bI'具有神经毒性和致死性，但其直系同源的DrK-bI（与DsM-bI'同源97％）是一种弱得多的毒素。鉴于大多数DrK和DsM的直系同源PLA拥有97-100％的序列同一性，因此缅甸和加尔各答的Daboia蛇蝎必须紧密相关。对欧亚vi蛇的30种毒液PLA进行分子系统发育分析，揭示了Daboia和Vipera属中5种亚型毒液PLA的共同进化。我们的研究结果揭示了蛇毒PLA的种内和种间变异以及结构与功能的关系。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :From November 2003 to March 2004 a total of 100 fecal specimens from infants and children with acute gastroenteritis in the city of Birobidzhan, Eastern Russia were tested for the presence of diarrheal viruses by RT-multiplex PCR. Of these, 74 fecal specimens were positive for diarrheal viruses and this represented 74%. Among the diarrheal viruses detected, group A rotavirus was the most prevalent (67%; 67 of 100), followed by norovirus (4%; 4 of 100), group C rotavirus (1%, 1 of 100), sapovirus (1%; 1 of 100), and hepatitis A virus (1%; 1 of 100). It was found that 86.6% (58 of 67) of group A rotavirus were serotyped as G3. Sapovirus and hepatitis A virus were genetically determined to belong to GI/1 and subgenotype 1A, respectively. Interestingly, all norovirus isolates in the study turned out to make a novel cluster when polymerase-based grouping was performed. It is noteworthy to point out that these norovirus isolates were further genetically characterized as naturally occurring recombinants, which were firstly found circulating in the Russian population studied. Breakpoint analysis of recombinant norovirus showed that the recombination site was at the open reading frame (ORF)1/ORF2 overlap. This is the first report of the existence of acute gastroenteritis caused by recombinant norovirus in Eastern Russia.

背景与目标： ：2003年11月至2004年3月，通过RT多重PCR检测了俄罗斯东部比罗比詹市的100例急性胃肠炎婴儿和儿童的粪便标本。其中，74份粪便标本的腹泻病毒呈阳性，占74％。在检测到的腹泻病毒中，A组轮状病毒最为流行（67％； 100分之67），其次是诺如病毒（4％； 100分之4），C组轮状病毒（1％，100分之一），沙波病毒（1％） ； 1/100）和甲型肝炎病毒（1％； 1/100）。发现A组轮状病毒的86.6％（67个中的58个）血清分型为G3。沙波病毒和甲型肝炎病毒在遗传上分别确定为GI / 1和亚型1A。有趣的是，当进行基于聚合酶的分组时，研究中的所有诺如病毒分离物都形成了一个新的簇。值得注意的是，这些诺如病毒的分离株在基因上进一步被鉴定为天然存在的重组体，它们首先在被研究的俄罗斯人群中发现。重组诺如病毒的断点分析表明重组位点在开放阅读框（ORF）1 / ORF2重叠处。这是俄罗斯东部重组诺如病毒引起的急性胃肠炎的首次报道。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To assess the proportion of patients lost to programme (died, lost to follow-up, transferred out) between HIV diagnosis and start of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in sub-Saharan Africa, and determine factors associated with loss to programme. METHODS:Systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched PubMed and EMBASE databases for studies in adults. Outcomes were the percentage of patients dying before starting ART, the percentage lost to follow-up, the percentage with a CD4 cell count, the distribution of first CD4 counts and the percentage of eligible patients starting ART. Data were combined using random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS:Twenty-nine studies from sub-Saharan Africa including 148,912 patients were analysed. Six studies covered the whole period from HIV diagnosis to ART start. Meta-analysis of these studies showed that of the 100 patients with a positive HIV test, 72 (95% CI 60-84) had a CD4 cell count measured, 40 (95% CI 26-55) were eligible for ART and 25 (95% CI 13-37) started ART. There was substantial heterogeneity between studies (P < 0.0001). Median CD4 cell count at presentation ranged from 154 to 274 cells/μl. Patients eligible for ART were less likely to become lost to programme (25%vs. 54%, P < 0.0001), but eligible patients were more likely to die (11%vs. 5%, P < 0.0001) than ineligible patients. Loss to programme was higher in men, in patients with low CD4 cell counts and low socio-economic status and in recent time periods. CONCLUSIONS:Monitoring and care in the pre-ART time period need improvement, with greater emphasis on patients not yet eligible for ART.

背景与目标： 目的：评估在撒哈拉以南非洲艾滋病毒诊断与开始抗逆转录病毒治疗（ART）之间因计划而流失（死亡，失去随访，转出）的患者比例，并确定与计划流失相关的因素。
方法：系统评价和荟萃分析。我们在PubMed和EMBASE数据库中进行了成人研究。结果是开始接受抗逆转录病毒治疗之前死亡的患者百分比，随访损失的百分比，具有CD4细胞计数的百分比，首次CD4计数的分布以及符合条件的开始抗逆转录病毒治疗的患者的百分比。使用随机效应荟萃分析合并数据。
结果：分析了来自撒哈拉以南非洲地区的29项研究，包括148,912名患者。六项研究涵盖了从艾滋病毒诊断到抗病毒治疗的整个过程。对这些研究的荟萃分析显示，在100例HIV检测呈阳性的患者中，有72例（95％CI 60-84）的CD4细胞计数被测量，40例（95％CI 26-55）符合ART的条件，而25例（95％CI 26-55）符合条件。 95％CI 13-37）开始接受抗逆转录病毒治疗。研究之间存在很大的异质性（P <0.0001）。呈现时CD4细胞的中位数范围为154至274细胞/μl。有资格接受抗逆转录病毒治疗的患者不太可能失去程序（25％vs. 54％，P <0.0001），但与不符合资格的患者相比，有资格死亡的患者更有可能死亡（11％vs. 5％，P <0.0001）。男性，CD4细胞计数低，社会经济地位低的患者以及最近一段时间的程序丢失率更高。
结论：在ART治疗之前的时期内的监测和护理需要改善，重点更多的是尚未获得ART治疗资格的患者。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Ticks from mainland Australia (Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland) and Tasmania, identified morphologically as either Ixodes holocyclus or Ixodes cornuatus, were compared genetically using 24 enzyme loci. The results showed that ticks from three localities in Victoria were genetically similar to I. cornuatus in Tasmania, but both groups had fixed genetic differences at >45% of loci compared with other ticks on the mainland. In addition, there were fixed genetic differences at 0-60% of loci among I. holocyclus from different localities on the mainland. Ixodes holocyclus samples could be divided into four distinct clusters (with fixed genetic differences >15%), three of which were represented by one or two specimens. Nonetheless, these electrophoretic data suggest that I. holocyclus represents a species complex. The results also showed that the morphological criteria used to identify specimens were not always accurate because several specimens had been mis-identified morphologically. Despite limitations with the morphological identification, this study has demonstrated that I. cornuatus can be distinguished from the I. holocyclus species complex using six enzyme loci, providing the foundation for a re-examination of morphological characteristics. The present study has shown that I. cornuatus and the I. holocyclus complexes have a greater distribution than previously reported, with both occurring in sympatry at Cape Patterson, on the southern coastline of Victoria.

背景与目标： ：使用24个酶基因座对来自澳大利亚大陆（维多利亚州，新南威尔士州和昆士兰州）和塔斯马尼亚州的Ti虫进行了形态学比较，这些Ti虫在形态学上被鉴定为全环凤仙或角须凤仙。结果表明，维多利亚州三个地方的tick在遗传上与塔斯马尼亚州的角I相似，但与大陆上的其他tick相比，两组的固定遗传差异均在> 45％的位点上。另外，来自大陆不同地区的全环金枪鱼在基因座的0-60％处存在固定的遗传差异。整轴虫的样本可分为四个不同的类群（固定的遗传差异> 15％），其中三个由一个或两个标本代表。尽管如此，这些电泳数据表明全环线虫代表一种物种复合体。结果还表明，用于鉴定标本的形态学标准并不总是准确的，因为一些标本在形态上被错误地鉴定。尽管在形态学鉴定上有局限性，但这项研究表明，可以使用六个酶基因座将角corn与全轮虫物种区分开，为形态特征的重新研究奠定了基础。本研究表明，角鬣狗和全环线虫的分布比以前报道的要大，它们都发生在维多利亚州南部海岸线的海角帕特森的交界处。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :South Africa has long recognized partnerships between the public and private sectors as a policy objective in health, but experience is still limited and poorly documented. The objectives of this article are to understand the factors that increase the likelihood of success of public-private interactions in South Africa, and identify and discuss opportunities for them to be scaled up. There is a strong legislative framework and a number of guidelines and tools that have been developed by the Treasury for managing partnerships. The review of literature confirmed the need for the state to have effective regulations in order to oversee quality and standards and to provide stewardship and oversight. The public sector requires sufficient capacity not only to manage relationships with the private sector but also to enable innovation and experimentation. Evaluation is an integral part of all interactions not only to learn from successes but also to identify any perverse incentives that may lead to unintended consequences. Four case studies show that the private for-profit sector is already engaged in a number of projects that are closely aligned to current health system reform priorities. Factors that increase the likelihood of interactions being successful include: increasing the government's capacity to manage public-private relationships; choosing public-private interactions that are strategically important to national goals; building a knowledge base on what works, where and why; moving from pilots to large scale initiatives; harnessing the contracting expertise in private providers; and encouraging innovation and learning.

背景与目标： 南非：长期以来，公立和私营部门之间的伙伴关系已被公认为卫生领域的政策目标，但经验仍然有限，文献记载也很少。本文的目的是了解增加南非公私互动成功的可能性的因素，并确定和讨论扩大其规模的机会。财政部已经建立了强有力的立法框架以及许多准则和工具来管理伙伴关系。对文献的审查证实，国家有必要制定有效的法规，以监督质量和标准，并提供管理和监督。公共部门不仅需要足够的能力来管理与私营部门的关系，而且还需要进行创新和试验。评估是所有互动中不可或缺的一部分，不仅可以从成功中学习，而且可以识别可能导致意想不到的后果的任何不正当动机。四个案例研究表明，私营营利部门已经参与了许多与当前卫生系统改革优先事项紧密相关的项目。增加互动成功的可能性的因素包括：提高政府管理公私关系的能力；选择对国家目标具有战略意义的公私互动；建立关于什么有效，在哪里以及为什么起作用的知识库；从试点转向大规模计划；利用私人提供商的订约专业知识；并鼓励创新和学习。