BACKGROUND & AIMS: Studies concerned with the efficacy of cochlear implants have traditionally focused on measuring enhancements in speech perception associated with implantation. This paper reports the findings of a study concerned with qualitative and quantitative measures of psychosocial benefit associated with the adult cochlear implant programme. Cochlear implants enhanced implantees' interpersonal communication skills and social confidence, and were associated with a reduction in the user's social anxiety. Broader socioeconomic gains were not achieved by implantees, mainly because of an absence of adequate employment and community education programmes associated with implant programmes.

背景与目标： 传统上，与人工耳蜗的功效有关的研究集中在测量与植入相关的语音感知的增强。本文报告了一项研究的结果，该研究涉及与成人人工耳蜗计划相关的社会心理益处的定性和定量测量。人工耳蜗增强了植入者的人际沟通技巧和社交信心，并与减少用户的社交焦虑有关。植入者没有实现更广泛的社会经济收益，这主要是因为缺乏与植入计划相关的适当就业和社区教育计划。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The expression of GABA in the human fetal (12-25 weeks of gestation), postnatal (five-month-old), and adult (35-year-old) retinas was investigated by immunohistochemistry. GABA expression was seen as early as 12 weeks in the undifferentiated cells of the inner neuroblast zone; a few optic nerve fiber layer axons were clearly labeled, suggesting that some of the stained cell bodies were prospective ganglion cells, others could be displaced amacrine cells. From 16-17 to 24-25 weeks, intense labeling was found in the amacrine, displaced amacrine, and some ganglion cells. During this time period, horizontal cells (identified by calbindin immunohistochemistry), undergoing migration (periphery) and differentiation (center), expressed GABA prominently. In the postnatal retina, some horizontal cells were moderately labeled, but very weakly in a few cells, in the adult. The Müller cells developed immunoreactivity first weakly at 12 weeks and then moderately from 16-17 weeks onward. The staining was also evident in the postnatal and adult retinas, showing labeled processes of these glial cells. Virtually no axons in the adult optic nerve and nerve fiber layer were stained; the staining was restricted to a few, large ganglion cells and displaced amacrine cellsSome amacrines were also labeled. The possibility that GABA might play a role in horizontal cell differentiation and maturation is highlighted. Other evidences suggest that GABA might play a role in metabolism during retinal development.

背景与目标： 通过免疫组织化学研究了GABA在人类胎儿 (妊娠12-25周)，产后 (5个月大) 和成人 (35岁) 视网膜中的表达。早在12周内在神经母细胞区的未分化细胞中就看到了GABA的表达; 清晰地标记了一些视神经纤维层轴突，这表明一些染色的细胞体是潜在的神经节细胞，另一些可能是置换的无长突细胞。从16-17到24-25周，在无长突，移位的无长突和一些神经节细胞中发现了强烈的标记。在此期间，水平细胞 (通过钙结合蛋白免疫组织化学鉴定) 经历了迁移 (外围) 和分化 (中心)，显着表达GABA。在成年后的视网膜中，一些水平细胞被适度标记，但在少数细胞中却非常弱。M ü ller细胞首先在12周时出现免疫反应性，然后从16-17周开始适度发展。染色在产后和成年视网膜中也很明显，显示出这些神经胶质细胞的标记过程。成人视神经和神经纤维层中几乎没有轴突被染色; 染色仅限于少数大神经节细胞和移位的无长突细胞，还标记了一些无长突。强调了GABA可能在水平细胞分化和成熟中起作用的可能性。其他证据表明，GABA可能在视网膜发育过程中发挥代谢作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Forest soils are an important but under-studied part of forest ecosystems. The effects of O(3) on below-ground processes in a mature forest have only received limited attention so far. In our study, we have analysed the community of ectomycorrhizal fungi and beech fine root dynamics over two growing seasons (2003 - 2004) in a 70-year old mixed spruce-beech forest stand, in which two groups of five adult beech trees were either fumigated by 2 x ambient ozone concentration or used as control. The main difference between previous studies and our approach was that previous studies were performed on seedlings in pot experiments or in closed or open top chambers, and not IN SITU, in a mature forest stand. Although beech is a relatively unresponsive species to tropospheric O(3), we found a pronounced effect of 2 x O(3) on the number of vital ectomycorrhizal root tips and non-turgescent fine roots. Both categories of roots were significantly increased when compared to controls in two consecutive years at each sampling event. The number of types of ectomycorrhizae and species richness increased in 2004, but not in the extremely dry year 2003. We hypothesised that the observed changes might be an expression of a transitional state in below-ground succession of niches caused by an O(3) induced effect on carbon allocation to roots and the rhizosphere. We have detected changes in ectomycorrhizal species level, however Shannon-Weavers species diversity index and percentage of types of ectomycorrhizae did not change significantly in any sampling year thus indicating our results cannot be unequivocally explained by summer drought in year 2003 or by O(3) exposure alone.

背景与目标： : 森林土壤是森林生态系统中一个重要但研究不足的部分。到目前为止，O(3) 对成熟森林地下过程的影响仅受到有限的关注。在我们的研究中，我们分析了70年历史的云杉-山毛榉混合林分中两个生长季节 (2003-2004年) 的外生菌根真菌群落和山毛榉细根动态，其中两组五棵成年山毛榉树被2倍环境臭氧浓度熏蒸或用作对照。以前的研究与我们的方法之间的主要区别在于，以前的研究是在盆栽实验中或在封闭或开放的顶部腔室中对幼苗进行的，而不是在成熟的林分中进行的。尽管山毛榉是对流层O(3) 相对无反应的物种，但我们发现2 x O(3) 对重要的外生菌根根尖和非膨胀细根的数量有明显影响。在每个采样事件中，连续两年与对照组相比，两类根均显着增加。外生菌根的种类和物种丰富度2004年增加，但在极端干燥的2003年中却没有增加。我们假设观察到的变化可能是由O(3) 诱导的对根和根际碳分配的影响引起的生态位地下演替中的过渡状态的表达。我们已经检测到外生菌根物种水平的变化，但是Shannon-Weavers物种多样性指数和外生菌根类型的百分比在任何采样年份都没有显着变化，因此表明我们的结果不能通过2003年夏季干旱或O(3) 来明确解释。单独暴露。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The circumventricular organs (CVOs) in the brain are without a blood-brain barrier (BBB) and as such directly exposed to blood plasma constituents and blood-borne pathogens. In light of previous studies showing discrepancies regarding the immunocompetence of these organs, we initiated the present study to provide a comprehensive immunohistochemical analysis of the cellular expression of immune-associated antigens within the pineal gland, area postrema and the subfornical organ. In all CVOs, subpopulations of cells morphologically similar to complement receptor type 3 immunoreactive microglial/macrophage cells expressed major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen, leucocyte common antigen (LCA/CD45), as well as CD4 and ED1 antigen. Based on morphological criteria the MHC class II antigen expressing cells could be grouped into a major population of classical parenchymal and perivascular ramified microglial cells and a minor population presenting itself as scattered or small groups of rounded macrophage-like cells. CD4 and ED1 antigen were expressed by both cell types. CD45 was preferentially expressed by macrophage-like cells. MHC class I antigen was expressed by the vascular endothelium in both BBB-protected and BBB-deficient areas and was additionally present as a lattice-like network throughout the BBB-deficient parenchyma in all CVOs. The results suggest that the BBB-free areas of the brain besides being constantly surveyed by blood-borne macrophages, possess an intrinsic immune surveillance system based on resting and activated microglial cells, which may function as a non-endothelial, cellular barrier against blood-borne pathogens.

背景与目标： 大脑中的心室器官 (CVOs) 没有血脑屏障 (BBB)，因此直接暴露于血浆成分和血液传播的病原体。鉴于先前的研究显示这些器官的免疫能力存在差异，我们启动了本研究，以提供松果体，后区域和下器官内免疫相关抗原的细胞表达的全面免疫组织化学分析。在所有cvo中，形态上与补体受体3型免疫反应性小胶质细胞/巨噬细胞相似的细胞亚群表达主要组织相容性复合物 (MHC) II类抗原，白细胞共同抗原 (LCA/CD45) 以及CD4和ED1抗原。根据形态学标准，可以将MHC II类抗原表达细胞分为主要的经典实质和血管周围分支的小胶质细胞群，以及少量的呈分散或小群的圆形巨噬细胞样细胞群。两种细胞类型均表达CD4和ED1抗原。CD45优先由巨噬细胞样细胞表达。MHC I类抗原在BBB保护和BBB缺陷区域均由血管内皮表达，并且在所有cvo的BBB缺陷实质中还以晶格状网络的形式存在。结果表明，大脑的无BBB区域除了不断受到血源性巨噬细胞的调查外，还具有基于静息和活化的小胶质细胞的内在免疫监视系统，该系统可能是针对血源性病原体的非内皮细胞屏障。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The failure of lesioned axons to regenerate over long distances in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is not due to an inability of central neurons to regenerate, but rather to the non-permissive nature of the CNS tissue environment. Regenerating CNS axons, which grow well within a peripheral nerve, for example, fail to penetrate mature CNS tissue by more than about 1 mm. Recent evidence indicates that this may be due to inhibitory membrane proteins associated with CNS oligodendrocytes and myelin. We report here that human telencephalic neuroblasts implanted into the excitotoxically lesioned striatum of adult rats can escape or neutralize this inhibitory influence of the adult CNS environment and extend axons along major myelinated fibre tracts for distances of up to approximately 20 mm. The axons were seen to elongate along the paths of the striato-nigral and cortico-spinal tracts to reach the substantia nigra, the pontine nuclei and the cervical spinal cord, which are the normal targets for the striatal and cortical projection neurons likely to be present in these implants.

背景与目标： : 受损的轴突在哺乳动物中枢神经系统 (CNS) 中无法长距离再生不是由于中枢神经元无法再生，而是由于CNS组织环境的非宽松性质。例如，在周围神经内良好生长的再生CNS轴突不能穿透成熟的CNS组织超过约1毫米。最近的证据表明，这可能是由于与CNS少突胶质细胞和髓磷脂相关的抑制性膜蛋白所致。我们在此报告，植入成年大鼠兴奋性毒性病变纹状体的人类端脑神经母细胞可以逃避或中和成年CNS环境的这种抑制作用，并沿主要有髓纤维束延伸轴突，距离可达约20毫米。可以看到轴突沿着纹状体-黑质和皮质-脊髓束的路径伸长，到达黑质，桥脑核和颈脊髓，这是纹状体和皮质投射神经元的正常目标。这些植入物。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A prospective collection of positive antimicrobial cultures was performed over 12 consecutive months in the medical intensive care unit of a cancer hospital. In all, 144 infections and 163 pathogens were documented during 87 of the 528 admissions. Lung, urinary, ENT (ear, nose and throat) infections and bacteraemia were the most frequently documented. Staphylococcus species, Streptococcus species, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species and Pseudomonas species were the most common pathogens. Gram-positive strains were observed predominantly during monomicrobial bacteraemia (48.9%). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) were found in 58% and 92% of the isolated strains respectively. No particular outbreak was identified. A further prospective study will be necessary to evaluate the impact of the antibiotic use on the selection of resistant strains in our ICU.

背景与目标： : 在癌症医院的医疗重症监护病房中连续12个月进行了阳性抗菌培养的前瞻性收集。在528的87例入院期间，共记录了144例感染和163例病原体。肺，泌尿，耳鼻喉科 (耳，鼻和喉) 感染和菌血症是最常见的记录。最常见的病原体是葡萄球菌，链球菌，大肠杆菌，克雷伯菌和假单胞菌。革兰氏阳性菌株主要在单株菌血症期间观察到 (48.9%)。分离株的58% 和92% 中分别发现了耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌 (MRSA) 和表皮葡萄球菌 (MRSE)。没有发现特别的爆发。需要进行进一步的前瞻性研究，以评估抗生素使用对我们ICU中耐药菌株选择的影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The combination of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and long-acting beta2-agonists (LABA) is recommended by treatment guidelines for the treatment of persistent asthma. Two such combination products, salmeterol/fluticasone propionate (SFC, Seretide GSK, UK) and formoterol/budesonide (FBC, Symbicort, AstraZeneca, UK) are commercially available. OBJECTIVES:The purpose of these studies was to evaluate and compare the duration of bronchodilation of both combination products up to 24 hours after a single dose. METHODS:Two randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled, crossover studies were performed. Study A was conducted in 33 asthmatic adults receiving 400-1200 mcg of budesonide or equivalent. Serial forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) was measured over 24 hours to determine the duration of effect of both SFC (50/100 mcg) and FBC (4.5/160 mcg). Study B was conducted in 75 asthmatic adults receiving 800-1200 mcg of budesonide or equivalent and comprised a 4 week run-in of 400 mcg bd Becotide followed by 4 weeks treatment with either SFC 50/100 mcg bd or FBC 4.5/160 mcg bd taken in a cross-over manner. Serial 24-hour FEV1 was measured after the first dose and the last dose after each 4-weeks treatment period to determine the offset of action of each treatment. RESULTS:In study A, a single inhalation of SFC and FBC produced a sustained bronchodilation at 16 hours with an adjusted mean increase in FEV1 from pre-dose of 0.22 L (95% CI 0.19, 0.35 L) for SFC and 0.25 L (95% CI 0.21, 0.37 L) for FBC, which was significantly greater than placebo for both treatments (-0.05 L; p < 0.001). In study B, the slope of decline in FEV1 from 2-24 hours post dose was -16.0 ml/hr for SFC and -14.2 ml/hr for FBC. The weighted mean AUC over 24 hours was 0.21 Lxmin and 0.22 Lxmin and mean change from pre-dose FEV1 at 12 hours was 0.21 L for SFC and 0.20 L for FBC respectively CONCLUSION:Both SFC and FBC produced a similar sustained bronchodilator effect which was prolonged beyond 12 hours post dose and was clearly measurable at 24 h.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Cytogenetic and molecular genetic studies were performed on a pleomorphic sarcoma removed from the left atrium of a 15-year-old girl. Histologic analysis was consistent with a storiform-pleomorphic malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH). Although MFH is the most common soft-tissue sarcoma of late adulthood. It is extremely rare in childhood and its existence in the pediatric population remains controversial. Cytogenetic analysis revealed several alterations previously associated with adult MFH, including abnormalities of chromosomal bands 11p11 and 19p13. Moreover, the tumor demonstrated homogeneously staining regions (HSR) and double minute chromosomes (dmin) suggestive of gene amplification. We therefore screened the case for amplification of genes localized to chromosomal bands 12q13-14, including the putative protooncogenes MDM2, CDK4, SAS, CHOP, and CLI, which are frequently amplified and overexpressed in adult MFH. Southern and Northern blot analysis confirmed the coamplification of MDM2, CDK4, SAS, and CHOP. To our knowledge, such coamplification studies of the 12q13-14 amplicon have not been previously detected in pediatric MFH. Our results provide cytogenetic and molecular genetic evidence that pediatric and adult MFH are histogenetically related entities.

背景与目标： 对一名15岁女孩左心房切除的多形性肉瘤进行了细胞遗传学和分子遗传学研究。组织学分析与多形性恶性纤维组织细胞瘤 (MFH) 一致。尽管MFH是成年后期最常见的软组织肉瘤。在儿童时期极为罕见，其在儿科人群中的存在仍然存在争议。细胞遗传学分析显示了先前与成人MFH相关的几种改变，包括染色体带11p11和19p13的异常。此外，肿瘤显示出均匀染色区域 (HSR) 和双分钟染色体 (dmin)，提示基因扩增。因此，我们筛选了扩增定位于染色体带12q13-14的基因的案例，包括假定的原癌基因MDM2，CDK4，SAS，CHOP和CLI，它们在成年MFH中经常被扩增和过表达。Southern和Northern印迹分析证实了MDM2，CDK4，SAS和CHOP的共扩增。据我们所知，这种12q13-14扩增子的共扩增研究以前尚未在小儿MFH中检测到。我们的结果提供了细胞遗传学和分子遗传学证据，表明儿科和成年MFH是与组织遗传学相关的实体。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The major clinical feature of ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) is severe progressive neurodegeneration with onset in infancy. This classical A-T phenotype is caused by biallelic null mutations in the ATM gene, leading to the absence of ATM protein and increased cellular radiosensitivity. We report an unusual case of A-T in a 41-year-old mother, A-T210, who had very mild neurological symptoms despite complete loss of ATM protein. METHODS:A neurological examination was performed, cellular radiosensitivity was assessed, and the ATM gene was sequenced. Skin fibroblasts and a lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) were assayed for ATM protein expression and kinase activity. RESULTS:Patient A-T210 showed mild chorea, dystonia, and gait ataxia, walked independently, and drove a car. LCL and skin fibroblasts were radiosensitive and did not express ATM protein. Two ATM-null mutations were identified. CONCLUSIONS:The severe neurodegeneration resulting from loss of ATM can be mitigated in some circumstances.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Results from pharmacogenetic investigations of methylphenidate (MPH) response in patients with ADHD are still inconsistent, especially among adults. This study investigates the role of genetic variants (SLC6A4, HTR1B, TPH2, DBH, DRD4, COMT, and SNAP25) in the response to MPH in a sample of 164 adults. Genes were chosen owing to previous evidence for an influence in ADHD susceptibility. No significant differences in allele or genotype frequencies between MPH responders and nonresponders were detected. In conclusion, our findings do not support an effect of these genes in the pharmacogenetics of MPH among adults with ADHD.

背景与目标： : 多动症患者中哌醋甲酯 (MPH) 反应的药物遗传学研究结果仍然不一致，尤其是在成年人中。这项研究调查了164名成年人样本中遗传变异 (SLC6A4，HTR1B，TPH2，DBH，DRD4，COMT和SNAP25) 对MPH反应的作用。由于先前的证据对ADHD易感性有影响，因此选择了基因。在MPH应答者和非应答者之间未检测到等位基因或基因型频率的显着差异。总之，我们的发现不支持这些基因在ADHD成人中MPH的药物遗传学中的作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The process and preparation of moving from child to adult services (transition) is a challenging period of time for young people and represents significant changes in care and support systems. The proliferation of mobile phone applications for health purposes suggests that it is an area for further investigation. OBJECTIVE:The review explores the potential to use mobile phone technology to help support young liver transplant recipients moving to adult services. It represents the first review conducted in this specialism and considers a new model of support for young liver patients. METHODS:A systematic rapid review of the published peer-reviewed literature. RESULTS:Two searches were conducted: Search 1: the use of technology to support transition to adult services (6 studies) and Search 2: how best to support liver transplant recipients during transition (6 studies). DISCUSSION:Research shows that to achieve positive transition young people need information about their condition and transition. The process needs to be guided by transition readiness, rather than the young persons' age. Although parents and support networks should be in place and are valued, transition should build upon self-management and independence. Results suggest that there appears to be scope to use mobile phone technology to support transition. This is the first time a review has explored the types of issues or concerns facing liver transplant patients and how these can be addressed through mobile phone technology.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Normal adult zebrafish can completely regenerate lost myocardium following partial amputation of the ventricle apex. We report that 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) significantly impairs this regeneration. Adult male zebrafish were injected with vehicle (control) or TCDD (70ng/g, ip) 1 day prior to partial amputation of the ventricle apex. Gross observation and histological analysis of the amputated heart at 21 days postamputation revealed that TCDD-exposed fish had not progressed beyond the initial clot formation stage, whereas the vehicle control fish showed substantial recovery and almost complete resolution of the formed clot. In contrast, hearts that were not surgically wounded showed no signs of TCDD toxicity. Striking features in the TCDD-exposed hearts were the absence of the normal sheath of new tissue enveloping the wound and the absence of intense cell proliferation at the site of the wound. In addition, the patterns of collagen deposition at the wound site were different between the TCDD and vehicle groups. Because the receptor for TCDD is the aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand-activated transcriptional regulator, we examined the effects of TCDD exposure on gene expression in the ventricle using DNA microarrays. Samples were collected just prior to amputation and at 6h and 7 days postamputation. TCDD-pretreated hearts had dysregulated expression of genes involved in heart function, tissue regeneration, cell growth, and extracellular matrix. Because embryonic, but not adult, hearts are major targets for TCDD-induced cardiotoxicity, we speculate that the need for embryonic-like cells in regeneration is connected with the effects of TCDD in inhibiting the response to wounding.

背景与目标： : 正常成年斑马鱼可以在部分截肢心室尖后完全再生丢失的心肌。我们报告2,3，7,8-四氯二苯并-对-二恶英 (TCDD) 显著损害这种再生。成年雄性斑马鱼在脑室尖部分截肢前1天注射赋形剂 (对照) 或TCDD (70ng/g，ip)。截肢后21天对截肢心脏的总体观察和组织学分析表明，暴露于TCDD的鱼没有进展超过最初的凝块形成阶段，而媒介物对照鱼则显示出实质性的恢复和形成的凝块的几乎完全消退。相反，未手术受伤的心脏没有TCDD毒性的迹象。暴露于TCDD的心脏的显着特征是没有包裹伤口的新组织的正常鞘，并且在伤口部位没有强烈的细胞增殖。此外，TCDD组和媒介物组在伤口部位的胶原沉积模式也不同。由于TCDD的受体是芳基烃受体配体激活的转录调节因子，因此我们使用DNA微阵列检查了TCDD暴露对心室中基因表达的影响。在截肢前以及截肢后6小时和7天收集样本。TCDD预处理的心脏与心脏功能，组织再生，细胞生长和细胞外基质有关的基因表达异常。由于胚胎而不是成年心脏是TCDD诱导的心脏毒性的主要靶标，因此我们推测再生中对胚胎样细胞的需求与TCDD抑制对创伤的反应有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Septic arthritis of the hip can be caused via a hematogenous route, by penetration of periarticular infections, open hip trauma, injections or operations. Ultrasound, hip puncture and elevation of inflammatory parameters lead to the diagnosis. Differentiation of septic arthritis from gout and chondrocalcinosis may be difficult. Nevertheless, early revision of the hip has to be performed to avoid joint destruction. Open revision is the therapy of choice in the majority of cases.

背景与目标： : 败血症性关节炎的髋部可通过血行途径，通过穿透关节周围感染，开放性髋部创伤，注射或手术引起。超声，髋部穿刺和炎症参数升高导致诊断。化脓性关节炎与痛风和软骨钙质病的鉴别可能很困难。尽管如此，必须对髋关节进行早期修复，以避免关节破坏。在大多数情况下，开放修订是首选疗法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This case report describes the orthodontic treatment of an 18-year-old woman with a skeletal Class III malocclusion and a midline deviation. The treatment plan consisted of distalizing the mandibular dentition asymmetrically and producing space for retraction of the mandibular anterior teeth. Short Class III elastics, an open-coil spring, and the mulitloop edgewise archwire technique were used, combining the entire maxillary dentition as integrated anchorage. The active treatment period was 26 months. Normal overbite and overjet were obtained, and facial balance was improved.

背景与目标： : 此病例报告描述了一名18岁女性的正畸治疗，该女性患有骨骼III类错牙合且中线偏离。治疗计划包括不对称地使下颌牙列远端，并为下颌前牙的缩回提供空间。使用了III类短弹性，开式螺旋弹簧和多环边沿弓丝技术，将整个上颌牙列结合为整体锚固。积极治疗期为26个月。获得了正常的咬合和过度喷射，并改善了面部平衡。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:This pilot study was a comparison of dimensional models assessing personality traits and personality pathology in a clinical sample of adults diagnosed with ADHD and adults diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD), and a nonclinical control sample of healthy adults. METHOD:Personality traits were assessed using the NEO-Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO-PI-R) and dimensional personality pathology with the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology-Basic Questionnaire (DAPP-BQ). RESULTS:Adults with ADHD and BPD produced higher Emotional Dysregulation/Neuroticism and Dissocial Behavior scores than controls. For the Extraversion/Inhibitedness scale, adults with BPD produced significantly lower scores than adults with ADHD and controls. On the Conscientiousness/Compulsivity domains, Conscientiousness scores were lower for both disorders, whereas low Compulsivity values were specific to adult ADHD. CONCLUSION:Our results suggest that patients with adult ADHD and BPD have distinguishable profiles of personality traits and personality pathology.

背景与目标：