• 【调整肥胖后,自我报告的体育锻炼是否与青少年的高血压有关?】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1080/02640414.2012.734631 复制DOI
    作者列表:Barros MV,Ritti-Dias RM,Honda Barros SS,Mota J,Andersen LB
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Studies show that both low physical activity (PA) and adiposity are associated with a higher risk of hypertension. However, the relationship between PA and blood pressure in adolescents is controversial and other studies have reported that no association was observed. Of particular interest is the evaluation of whether the association between PA and high blood pressure is independent of adiposity. A sample of 3764 Brazilian adolescents who attend high schools was selected using random cluster sampling. Data were collected using the Global School-based Student Health Survey, anthropometry, and blood pressure readings. The prevalence of high blood pressure was 14.6% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 13.5-15.7), higher amongst males (20.0%; 95%CI 18.0-22.1) compared with females (10.9%; 95%CI 9.7-12.3). Sixty-six per cent of the adolescents were reported to be insufficiently active. The prevalence of high blood pressure was 12.8% (95%CI 11.0-14.7) amongst active compared with 15.4% (95%CI 14.0-16.9) amongst insufficiently active adolescents. The association between PA and high blood pressure was observed only amongst females after adjusting for waist circumference (odds ratio (OR) 1.67; 95%CI 1.21-2.31) and body mass index (OR 1.71; 95%CI 1.23-2.37). Notwithstanding levels of adiposity, higher PA levels are associated with a lower prevalence of high blood pressure amongst females, although not amongst males.
    背景与目标: : 研究表明,低体力活动 (PA) 和肥胖都与高血压的高风险相关。然而,PA与青少年血压之间的关系存在争议,其他研究报告未观察到关联。特别令人感兴趣的是评估PA与高血压之间的关联是否独立于肥胖。采用随机整群抽样的方法,选取了3764名就读高中的巴西青少年样本。数据是使用全球学校学生健康调查,人体测量学和血压读数收集的。高血压的患病率为14.6% (95% 置信区间 (CI) 13.5-15.7),男性 (20.0%; 95% CI 18.0-22.1) 高于女性 (10.9%; 95% CI 9.7-12.3)。据报告,66% 的青少年活动不足。在活跃的青少年中,高血压的患病率12.8% (95% CI 11.0-14.7),而在不活跃的青少年中,高血压的患病率为15.4% (95% CI 14.0-16.9)。仅在调整腰围 (比值比 (OR) 1.67; 95% CI 1.21-2.31) 和体重指数 (OR 1.71; 95% CI 1.23-2.37) 后,在女性中观察到PA与高血压之间的关联。尽管肥胖程度较高,但女性中PA水平较高与高血压患病率较低有关,尽管男性中并非如此。
  • 【确定基于饮食场合的机会,以改善澳大利亚青少年的整体饮食。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.3390/nu9060608 复制DOI
    作者列表:Fayet-Moore F,McConnell A,Kim J,Mathias KC
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Adolescents in Australia have a poor dietary intake, leading to large numbers of them being at risk for inadequate intake of micronutrients, and excessive intake of less healthful dietary components. This study examined dietary intakes at multiple eating occasions to identify opportunities for more targeted recommendations and strategies to improve dietary intakes among adolescents. Data from the first 24-h recall of 14-18 years old in the 2011-2012 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey were analysed (n = 772). Participant-defined eating occasions were classified as breakfast, lunch, dinner or other eating occasions combined. The mean percent contribution to the total day intake of top shortfall nutrients (calcium, magnesium, vitamin A, iron), discretionary calories, saturated fat, free sugars and sodium, as well as nutrient density, the foods consumed and the percent of consumers at each eating occasion, were calculated. Breakfast had the lowest prevalence of consumers (81%), contributed the least to total daily energy (14.6%) and almost a quarter of daily calcium and iron. Other eating occasions combined contributed 47.5% of free sugars and were top contributors of daily calcium (34.6%) and magnesium (31.7%). Discretionary foods contributed 32.4% of the energy at lunch, and the sodium content at lunch was 415 mg/1000 kJ. Key opportunities identified for adolescents were to increase breakfast consumption, given the high nutrient densities of breakfasts consumed; improve overall lunch quality, particularly the sodium content; promote the intake of milk, fruit and a variety of vegetables at both lunch and dinner; maintain healthful choices at in-between meal eating occasions while focusing on decreasing the intake of discretionary foods.
    背景与目标: : 澳大利亚的青少年饮食摄入不足,导致大量青少年有微量营养素摄入不足的风险,并且摄入过多的健康饮食成分。这项研究检查了多种饮食场合的饮食摄入量,以确定有针对性的建议和策略的机会,以改善青少年的饮食摄入量。分析了2011-2012年全国营养和身体活动调查中14-18岁的第一次24小时回忆的数据 (n = 772)。参与者定义的饮食场合分为早餐,午餐,晚餐或其他饮食场合。最大短缺营养素 (钙,镁,维生素a,铁),可自由支配的卡路里,饱和脂肪,游离糖和钠的平均每日摄入量的百分比,以及营养素密度,所消耗的食物和消费者的百分比在每个饮食场合都被计算。早餐的消费者患病率最低 (81%),对每日总能量 (14.6%) 的贡献最少,几乎每天钙和铁的四分之一。其他饮食场合共同贡献了47.5% 的游离糖,并且是每日钙 (34.6%) 和镁 (31.7%) 的主要贡献者。随意食物在午餐时贡献了32.4% 的能量,午餐时钠含量为415 mg/1000 kJ。考虑到早餐的营养密度高,为青少年确定的主要机会是增加早餐消费; 提高午餐的整体质量,特别是钠含量; 在午餐和晚餐时促进牛奶,水果和各种蔬菜的摄入; 在进餐之间保持健康的选择,同时注重减少随意食物的摄入。
  • 【儿童和青少年肥厚型心肌病的外显率: 一项为期12年的临床筛查和预测基因检测的随访研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.090514 复制DOI
    作者列表:Jensen MK,Havndrup O,Christiansen M,Andersen PS,Diness B,Axelsson A,Skovby F,Køber L,Bundgaard H
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The penetrance of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) during childhood and adolescence has been only sparsely described. We studied the penetrance of HCM and the short- and long-term outcomes of clinical screening and predictive genetic testing of child relatives of patients with HCM. METHODS AND RESULTS:Ninety probands and 361 relatives were included in a family screening program for HCM (1994-2001). Eleven sarcomere genes, CRYAB, α-GAL, and titin were screened. Sixty-six relatives and 4 probands were <18 years of age at inclusion. Twelve child relatives were mutation carriers (age, 12 ± 5 years), and 26 had unknown genetic status, ie, relatives from families without identified mutations (n = 21) or not tested (n = 5) (age, 11 ± 5 years). Twenty-eight noncarriers (42%; age, 10 ± 4 years) served as control subjects. Two of 38 child relatives (5%) at risk of developing HCM fulfilled diagnostic criteria for HCM at inclusion. After 12 ± 1 years of follow-up, 2 of the 36 (6%; 95% confidence interval, 2-18) at-risk child relatives who were phenotype negative at inclusion had developed the HCM phenotype at 26 and 28 years of age. During follow-up, none of the child relatives experienced serious cardiac events. Participation in the screening program had no long-term negative psychological impact. CONCLUSIONS:The penetrance of HCM in phenotype-negative child relatives at risk of developing HCM was 6% after 12 years of follow-up. The finding of phenotype conversion in the mid-20s warrants continued screening into adulthood. Forty-two percent of the child relatives were noncarriers, and repeat clinical follow-up could be safely limited to the remaining children.
    背景与目标:
  • 4 Alcohol and suicidal behavior in adolescents. 复制标题 收藏 收藏

    【青少年的酒精和自杀行为。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Sher L,Sperling D,Zalsman G,Vardi G,Merrick J
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This review describes epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, treatment and prevention of suicidal behavior in adolescents. As one of the leading causes of death of young adults, adolescent suicide has become a public health problem and an increase in the adolescent suicide rate has been observed over the past several decades. One important risk factor thought to contribute to the recent rise in suicidal behavior among young adults is increasing alcohol abuse among adolescents. The link between alcohol and suicide in adolescents is complicated and multiple risk factors are important in explaining and understanding suicidal behavior among adolescents. Comorbid psychopathology, which is common among adolescent alcohol abusers, substantially increases the risk for suicide behavior. Availability of alcohol and guns at home may also contribute to suicide risk in adolescents. Studies of stress hormones, brain neurotransmitters, hereditary factors, behavioral measures and gender differences shed light in understanding this complex phenomenon. Ideally, treatment of adolescents who receive a diagnosis of an alcohol use disorder and co-occurring suicidality should follow an integrated protocol that addresses both conditions. Future studies of psychological and neurobiological mechanisms of suicidality in adolescents with alcohol and/or substance abuse are merited.
    背景与目标: : 这篇综述描述了青少年自杀行为流行病学,病理生理学,危险因素,治疗和预防。作为年轻人死亡的主要原因之一,青少年自杀已成为公共卫生问题,并且在过去几十年中观察到青少年自杀率上升。被认为是导致年轻人自杀行为最近上升的一个重要危险因素是青少年酗酒增加。青少年酒精与自杀之间的联系很复杂,多种危险因素对于解释和理解青少年的自杀行为很重要。在青少年酗酒者中常见的合并症精神病理学大大增加了自杀行为的风险。家里有酒精和枪支也可能导致青少年自杀风险。对应激激素,脑神经递质,遗传因素,行为措施和性别差异的研究为理解这一复杂现象提供了启示。理想情况下,接受酒精使用障碍和同时发生自杀的诊断的青少年的治疗应遵循解决这两种情况的综合方案。值得对酗酒和/或滥用药物的青少年自杀的心理和神经生物学机制进行进一步研究。
  • 【青少年感知能力、感知社会支持和性别与物质使用的关系。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/00004583-199707000-00015 复制DOI
    作者列表:Lifrak PD,McKay JR,Rostain A,Alterman AI,O'Brien CP
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:This survey study explores the relationship between area-specific perceived self-competence, perceived social support, gender, and substance use in young adolescents. METHOD:Questionnaires were administered to 140 male and 131 female adolescents attending middle school to assess self-perception of competencies, social support, and substance use. Correlations were performed between the predictor variables and the substance use measures. Hierarchical multiple regressions were also used to identify potential interactions between gender, perceived competencies, and perceived social support in the prediction of specific substances. RESULTS:Higher perceived scholastic competence was associated with less substance use in both genders. In boys, more perceived support from teachers, and to a lesser degree parents, was associated with less substance use, particularly in those with low scholastic competence. In girls, social support was unrelated to substance use except for support from classmates, which was associated with more cigarette and marijuana use. However, in girls with low scholastic competence, more support from peers was consistently associated with more substance use. CONCLUSIONS:The gender differences in risk factors for early substance use identified in this study deserve further investigation, in view of their potential relevance for adolescent substance abuse prevention and early intervention.
    背景与目标:
  • 【在家庭支持薄弱,父母关系薄弱的青少年中,青春期前的关系可以作为心理病理学的缓冲。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/BF02353350 复制DOI
    作者列表:Bachar E,Canetti L,Bonne O,De-Nour AK,Shalev AY
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: This study examines the degree to which the existence of a pre-adolescent "chum" interacts with family and social environments to buffer mental distress in adolescents. 831 high school students participated in this study, (male476; mean age 16.7 +/- 1.0). Subjects were administered questionnaires assessing psychopathology and support systems. A pathway analyses model was used to investigate pathways and their interrelationships from chum to psychopathology and from social and family support to psychopathology. Only when adolescents experience weak parental bonding does chumship have a role in buffering distress.

    背景与目标: 这项研究考察了青春期前 “chum” 的存在与家庭和社会环境相互作用以缓解青少年精神困扰的程度。831名高中生参加了这项研究 (male476; 平均年龄16.7 +/- 1.0)。对受试者进行了评估心理病理学和支持系统的问卷调查。使用途径分析模型来研究从chum到心理病理学以及从社会和家庭支持到心理病理学的途径及其相互关系。只有当青少年经历弱的父母关系时,才能在缓解痛苦中发挥作用。
  • 【对低收入少数民族青少年病态肥胖的多学科治疗的长期评估: 拉拉比达儿童医院的FitMatters计划。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.02.007 复制DOI
    作者列表:Germann JN,Kirschenbaum DS,Rich BH,O'Koon JC
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:Long-term evaluation of an empirically based program for the treatment of morbidly obese, low-income, minority adolescents. METHODS:In the first year, 150 participants received cognitive-behavior therapy, nutritional education, medical monitoring, and structured exercise training. Weights and heights were collected at follow-up. Successful and Less Successful groups were delineated based on change in body mass index z-scores. Medical record review provided weight and height data one year before treatment for a subset of participants (comparison group). Analyses of variance examined differences between groups. Discriminant function analyses examined predictors of success in the domains of socioeconomic status, individual factors and psychological functioning, family factors, and prior weight loss behaviors. Correlates of success were explored. RESULTS:Eighty-three adolescents participated in the follow-up, on average 23 months (SD = 3.8) after initial assessment. Nineteen (23%) participants achieved clinically meaningful weight change (-.70 z-scores or better). Discriminant function analyses, correlations, and direct comparisons showed that the Successful group, compared with the Less Successful group, on average, attended 50% more sessions over 84% more weeks, were heavier initially, had somewhat better critical weight control skills (e.g., self-monitoring) before and during the program, and were somewhat more psychologically and intellectually challenged before treatment. CONCLUSION:Although some of these very high risk adolescents made clinically significant progress, more intensive treatments, like long-term residential treatments and bariatric surgery, may produce even more favorable outcomes.
    背景与目标:
  • 【转载: 在儿科基于任务的功能MRI中最小化噪声; 患有发育障碍和典型发育的青少年。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.05.007 复制DOI
    作者列表:Fassbender C,Mukherjee P,Schweitzer JB
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) represents a powerful tool with which to examine brain functioning and development in typically developing pediatric groups as well as children and adolescents with clinical disorders. However, fMRI data can be highly susceptible to misinterpretation due to the effects of excessive levels of noise, often related to head motion. Imaging children, especially with developmental disorders, requires extra considerations related to hyperactivity, anxiety and the ability to perform and maintain attention to the fMRI paradigm. We discuss a number of methods that can be employed to minimize noise, in particular movement-related noise. To this end we focus on strategies prior to, during and following the data acquisition phase employed primarily within our own laboratory. We discuss the impact of factors such as experimental design, screening of potential participants and pre-scan training on head motion in our adolescents with developmental disorders and typical development. We make some suggestions that may minimize noise during data acquisition itself and finally we briefly discuss some current processing techniques that may help to identify and remove noise in the data. Many advances have been made in the field of pediatric imaging, particularly with regard to research involving children with developmental disorders. Mindfulness of issues such as those discussed here will ensure continued progress and greater consistency across studies.
    背景与目标: : 功能磁共振成像 (fMRI) 是一种强大的工具,可用于检查典型发展中的儿科人群以及患有临床疾病的儿童和青少年的大脑功能和发育。但是,由于通常与头部运动有关的过多噪声水平的影响,fMRI数据很容易受到误解。对儿童进行成像,尤其是患有发育障碍的儿童,需要额外考虑与多动,焦虑以及执行和保持对fMRI范例的关注有关的能力。我们讨论了许多可用于最小化噪声 (尤其是与运动相关的噪声) 的方法。为此,我们专注于主要在我们自己的实验室中使用的数据采集阶段之前,期间和之后的策略。我们讨论了诸如实验设计,潜在参与者的筛查以及扫描前训练等因素对患有发育障碍和典型发育的青少年的头部运动的影响。我们提出了一些建议,可以最大程度地减少数据采集过程中的噪声,最后,我们简要讨论了一些当前的处理技术,这些技术可能有助于识别和消除数据中的噪声。在儿科成像领域已经取得了许多进展,特别是在涉及发育障碍儿童的研究方面。对诸如此处讨论的问题的正念将确保研究的持续进展和更大的一致性。
  • 【三尖瓣环形平面收缩偏移在法洛四联症修复后儿童和青少年右心室功能评估中的应用。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.echo.2013.06.022 复制DOI
    作者列表:Mercer-Rosa L,Parnell A,Forfia PR,Yang W,Goldmuntz E,Kawut SM
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Assessing right ventricular (RV) performance is essential for patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability and validity of tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) against cardiac magnetic resonance imaging measures and cardiopulmonary exercise testing. METHODS:A retrospective study was performed in 125 outpatients with repaired TOF with available protocol-driven echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and exercise stress testing obtained as part of a cross-sectional study. TAPSE was measured on the two-dimensional apical four-chamber view on echocardiography by two readers. Multivariate linear regression was used to examine the association between TAPSE and measures of RV function and exercise capacity. RESULTS:The mean age was 12.6 ± 3.3 years, 41 patients (33%) were female, and 104 (83%) were white. TAPSE averaged 1.6 ± 0.37 cm, with an interreader intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.78 (n = 18). TAPSE was significantly associated with cardiac magnetic resonance-based RV stroke volume after adjustment for gender and body surface area (β = 13.8; 95% confidence interval, 2.25-25.30; P = .02). TAPSE was not associated with cardiac magnetic resonance-based RV ejection fraction (P = .77). On exercise testing, TAPSE was not associated with peak oxygen consumption, percentage of predicted oxygen consumption, oxygen pulse, or the ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide in patients with maximal exercise stress testing (n = 73 [58%]). CONCLUSIONS:TAPSE is reproducibly measured by echocardiography in patients with TOF. It is not associated with RV ejection fraction or exercise performance, and its association with RV stroke volume may be confounded by body size. On the basis of these results, TAPSE is not representative of global RV performance in patients with TOF.
    背景与目标:
  • 【女用避孕套: 有效性和便利性,而不是美国城市青少年所重视的 “女性控制”。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1521/aeap.2008.20.2.160 复制DOI
    作者列表:Latka MH,Kapadia F,Fortin P
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Abstract Data on adolescents' views regarding the female condom are limited. We conducted seven single-gender focus groups with 47 New York City boys and girls aged 15-20 years (72% African American; 43% ever on public assistance; 72% sexually active; 25% had either been pregnant or fathered a pregnancy). Conceptual mapping was performed by participants to reveal the characteristics of protective methods deemed important to them. During analysis we specifically evaluated how the female condom was mapped. Girls consistently organized methods by, and thus were concerned about, contraceptive effectiveness, side effects, and availability (over the counter vs. provider controlled). Participants tended to classify the female condom with the male condom rather than as "female controlled." Maps varied among boys but contraceptive effectiveness was an important theme. Boys, but not girls, consistently and variously articulated an awareness of sexual pleasure when discussing this topic. Emphasizing the female condom's contraceptive effectiveness, lack of side effects, and availability may be important when counseling adolescents.
    背景与目标: : 关于青少年对女用避孕套的看法的抽象数据有限。我们与47名年龄在15-20岁之间的纽约市男孩和女孩进行了七个单性别焦点小组 (72% 非裔美国人; 43% 获得公共援助; 72% 性活跃; 25% 已经怀孕或怀孕)。参与者进行了概念映射,以揭示对他们重要的保护方法的特征。在分析过程中,我们专门评估了女性避孕套的绘制方式。女孩通过避孕效果,副作用和可用性 (在柜台上与提供者控制下) 始终如一地组织方法,因此担心。参与者倾向于将女用避孕套与男用避孕套分类,而不是 “女性控制”。男孩之间的地图各不相同,但避孕效果是一个重要主题。在讨论这个话题时,男孩而不是女孩始终如一地表达了对性快感的认识。在咨询青少年时,强调女用避孕套的避孕效果,缺乏副作用和可用性可能很重要。
  • 【纹身和身体穿刺是巴西青少年危险行为的生活方式指标。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s10654-006-9028-7 复制DOI
    作者列表:Oliveira MD,Matos MA,Martins RM,Teles SA
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Tattooing and body piercing may be visible markers to identify adolescents whose lifestyle may put them at a higher risk for morbidity and mortality. In 664 Brazilian adolescents we found 8.4% of body modifications. Further, sexual experience, illicit drug, alcohol consumption, and anti-HBc positivity were independently associated with them. These data suggest the potential risk of tattooing/body piercing in our youths.
    背景与目标: : 纹身和身体穿刺可能是识别青少年的可见标记,他们的生活方式可能使他们的发病率和死亡率更高。在664巴西青少年中,我们发现了身体修饰的8.4%。此外,性经历,非法药物,饮酒和抗HBc阳性与它们独立相关。这些数据表明,我们的年轻人有纹身/刺穿身体的潜在风险。
  • 【[儿童和青少年慢性头痛的治疗中的放松和生物反馈。状态报告。]。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/BF02528597 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kröner-Herwig B,Ehlert U
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The first studies on psychological treatment of pediatric headache appeared about 10 years ago; most of them were published in Anglo-American journals. This review focuses on relaxation training and biofeedback (EMG and hand temperature feedback) as the psychological interventions most often used in pediatric migraine and tension headaches. The results of randomized group studies, which were mostly well-controlled, on the efficacy of relaxation therapy (n=12) now allow a rather optimistic prognosis on the feasibility of this intervention. Most studies demonstrate clinically relevant reductions of headache frequency after training. Biofeedback studies are methodologically less well controlled and although positive effects have been observed, e.g., in single case studies, the relative usefulness of biofeedback has yet to be determined. Deficits in research on the psychological treatment of headache in children and adolescents are described, new research issues are discussed and recommendations for more systematic research are given.
    背景与目标: : 关于小儿头痛的心理治疗的第一项研究出现在大约10年前; 其中大多数发表在英美期刊上。本文的重点是放松训练和生物反馈 (EMG和手部温度反馈),这是最常用于小儿偏头痛和紧张性头痛的心理干预措施。关于放松疗法的疗效 (n = 12) 的随机分组研究的结果 (大多数控制良好) 现在可以对这种干预的可行性做出相当乐观的预后。大多数研究表明,训练后头痛频率的临床相关降低。生物反馈研究在方法上控制得不太好,尽管已经观察到积极的影响,例如,在单个案例研究中,生物反馈的相对有用性尚未确定。描述了儿童和青少年头痛心理治疗研究的不足,讨论了新的研究问题,并提出了更系统研究的建议。
  • 【德国儿童和青少年头痛: 一项基于人群的流行病学研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2007.01319.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kröner-Herwig B,Heinrich M,Morris L
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The aim of the present study was to assess the distribution and characteristics of headache in children aged 7-14 years in Lower Saxony (Germany). For the survey, 8800 households with children were randomly drawn from community registers. Parents received comprehensive questionnaires regarding various aspects of their child's headache history and general health by mail. The response rate was 63.5%. The 6-month prevalence of paediatric headache was 53.2% and increased with age (39% at 7 years to 63% at age 14). Overall, recurrent headache (> or =1/week) was experienced by 6.5% of the total sample and was significantly more common among older girls (> or =11 years) than their male counterparts. Boys and girls did not differ markedly from one another regarding headache occurrence and frequency until the age of 11. Mean age of headache onset was 7.5 years, with onset occurring at a significantly younger age among boys than among girls. In accordance with International Classification of Headache Disorders-II criteria, migraine was diagnosed in 7.5% and tension-type headache in 18.5% of the cases, hence a large proportion of the children had unclassifiable headache. Of the headache disorders, migraine was rated the most disabling, with the highest average intensity, highest frequency, duration of headache often exceeding 2 h and more frequent use of medication. In general, aura symptoms were rare except for visual disturbances (17%). Paediatric headache was strongly associated with other health problems, including other pain symptoms. Paediatric headache was also associated with a history of parental headache.
    背景与目标: : 本研究的目的是评估德国下萨克森州7-14岁儿童头痛的分布和特征。在调查中,从社区登记册中随机抽取了8800个有孩子的家庭。父母通过邮件收到了有关孩子头痛史和一般健康状况各个方面的综合问卷。应答率为63.5%。小儿头痛的6个月患病率53.2%,并随着年龄的增长而增加 (7岁39% 至14岁63%)。总体而言,总样本的6.5% 经历了复发性头痛 (> 或 = 1/周),并且在年龄较大的女孩 (> 或 = 11岁) 中比男性更常见。直到11岁,男孩和女孩在头痛的发生和频率方面没有显着差异。头痛的平均发病年龄为7.5岁,男孩的发病年龄明显小于女孩。根据国际头痛疾病分类-II标准,7.5% 诊断为偏头痛,18.5% 病例诊断为紧张型头痛,因此很大一部分儿童患有无法分类的头痛。在头痛疾病中,偏头痛被评为最致残,平均强度最高,频率最高,头痛持续时间通常超过2小时,并且更频繁地使用药物。通常,除了视觉障碍 (17%) 外,先兆症状很少。小儿头痛与其他健康问题 (包括其他疼痛症状) 密切相关。小儿头痛也与父母头痛史有关。
  • 【在严重肥胖的高加索青少年中通过运动优化脂肪氧化。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02929.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Lazzer S,Busti C,Agosti F,De Col A,Pozzo R,Sartorio A
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To measure the contribution of substrate oxidation to energy expenditure during cycling at different workloads and to identify the exercise intensity that elicits the maximum fat oxidation rate in groups of severely obese or nonobese Caucasian adolescents. DESIGN:A total of 30 severely obese subjects (mean body mass index, BMI = 34.7 kg/m2; fat-mass = 39.9%) and 30 nonobese sedentary adolescents (mean BMI = 22.7 kg/m2; fat-mass = 21.8%) aged 14-16 years, participated in this study. Body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance. Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and maximal fat oxidation rate were determined with indirect calorimetry by using a graded exercise test on an electromagnetically braked cycle ergometer. RESULTS:Predicted VO2max were expressed in absolute (l/min) and relative (ml/kg FFM/min) values, and maximal work rates were not significantly different between obese and nonobese adolescents, but were significantly higher in boys than in girls. No significant differences in fat oxidation rates were found in obese and nonobese sedentary adolescents during the graded exercise test. Maximal fat oxidation was observed at an exercise intensity corresponding to (mean +/- SD) 41 +/- 3%VO2max or 58 +/- 3% HRmax. At this exercise intensity, fat oxidation rates were higher in boys than in girls (0.32 +/- 0.02 g/min vs. 0.25 +/- 0.02 g/min, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS:Severely obese and sedentary nonobese adolescents reached maximal fat oxidation rates at 41%VO2max, which corresponds to 58% HRmax. At this exercise intensity, fat oxidation rates were higher in boys than in girls probably due to higher VO2max and absolute workload during the exercise steps for boys compared with those for girls.
    背景与目标:
  • 【儿童和青少年营养评估和网络建议的饮食评估部分的形成性评估 (cana-w)。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.2012.01290.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Vereecken C,Covents M,Maes L,Moyson T
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The increased availability of computers and the efficiency and user-acceptability of computer-assisted questioning have increased the attractiveness of computer-administered querying for large-scale population nutrition research during the last decade. The Young Adolescents' Nutrition Assessment on Computer (YANA-C), a computer-based 24-h dietary recall, was originally developed to collect dietary data among Belgian-Flemish adolescents. A web-based version was created to collect parentally reported dietary data of preschoolers, called Young Children's Nutrition Assessment on the Web (YCNA-W), which has been improved and adapted for use in young adolescents: Children and Adolescents' Nutrition Assessment and Advice on the Web (CANAA-W). The present study describes recent developments and the formative evaluation of the dietary assessment component. METHODS:A feasibility questionnaire was completed by 131 children [mean (SD) age: 11.3 (0.7) years] and 53 parents. Eight focus groups were held with children (n = 65) and three with parents (n = 17). RESULTS:Children (C) and parents (P) found the instrument clear (C: 97%; P: 94%), comprehensible (C: 92%; P: 100%), attractive (C: 84%; P: 85%), fun (C: 93%; P: 83%) and easy to complete (C: 91%; P: 83%). There was ample explanation (C: 95%; P: 94%); the pictures were clear (C: 97%; P: 96%); and most respondents found the food items easy to find (C: 71%, P: 85%). The results helped to refine the lay out and structure of the instrument and the list of food items included. CONCLUSIONS:Children and parents were enthusiastic. The major challenge will be to convince parents who are less interested in dietary intake and less computer literate to participate in this type of study. Children in this age group (11-12 years) should complete the instrument with assistance from an adult.
    背景与目标:

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