BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Tooth agenesis constitutes the most common anomaly of dental development in humans. In the majority of familial cases of hypodontia alone or in association with other anomalies, the mode of inheritance is autosomal dominant. In the present study, we have identified two distantly related consanguineous Pakistani kindreds with an autosomal recessive form of oligodontia with associated dental anomalies. Locus in this case has been mapped on chromosome 4p16.1-p16.3. The maximum two-point LOD score of 2.85 (theta=0.0) was obtained at markers D4S2925 and D4S2285. A maximum multipoint LOD score exceeding 4 was obtained at the same markers. Recombination events observed in affected individuals localized the disease locus between markers D4S412 and D4S2935, spanning a 9.24-cM region on chromosome 4p16.1-p16.3. Sequence analysis of candidate gene MSX1 revealed a novel recessive missense mutation resulting in substitution of alanine to threonine amino acid (p. A219T), located in the MSX1 homeodomain, which is important for DNA binding and protein-protein interaction. The mutation, p. A219T, is the first recessive mutation identified in MSX1.

背景与目标： : 牙齿发育不全是人类最常见的牙齿发育异常。在大多数单独或与其他异常相关的家族性牙体减少病例中，遗传方式是常染色体显性遗传。在本研究中，我们已经确定了两个远近相关的近亲巴基斯坦亲缘动物，它们具有常染色体隐性遗传形式的少齿症，并伴有相关的牙齿异常。在这种情况下，基因座已定位在4p16.1-p16.3染色体上。在标记D4S2925和D4S2285处获得2.85的最大两点LOD得分 (theta = 0.0)。在相同标记下获得的最大多点LOD得分超过4。在受影响的个体中观察到的重组事件将疾病基因座定位在标记D4S412和D4S2935之间，跨越染色体4p16.1-p16.3上的9.24 cM区域。候选基因MSX1的序列分析揭示了一种新的隐性错义突变，导致丙氨酸取代为位于MSX1同源结构域中的苏氨酸氨基酸 (p. A219T)，这对于DNA结合和蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用很重要。突变p. A219T是在msx1中鉴定出的第一个隐性突变。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To determine the level of student drop-out from UK dental schools and to establish if drop-out is increasing, remaining steady or decreasing.

DESIGN:Retrospective analysis of data from the University Statistical Record.

SETTING:UK dental schools 1989-1994.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS:The data covered all dental students entering and leaving dental schools during the relevant time period.

RESULTS:The drop-out rate from UK dental schools between 1989 and 1994 ranged from 8.4% to 16.8% and is equivalent to the output of two to three medium-sized dental schools. Drop-out rate was higher in the three most recent years studied (1992-1994; 14.8%) than in the three earliest years studied (1989-1991; 10.6%).

CONCLUSIONS:Student drop-out is a significant and increasing problem for UK dental schools. Unless controlled, it will result in fewer dentists qualifying in the UK and exacerbate shortages in qualified dentists that may occur in future years.

背景与目标： 目标 : 确定英国牙科学校学生辍学的水平，并确定辍学是增加，保持稳定还是减少。
设计 : 大学统计记录数据的回顾性分析。
设置 : 英国牙科学校1989-1994。
主题和方法 : 数据涵盖了相关时间段内进入和离开牙科学校的所有牙科学生。
结果 : 英国牙科学校1989年和1994的辍学率从8.4% 到16.8% 不等，相当于两到三所中等牙科学校的产量。最近三年 (1992-1994; 14.8%) 的辍学率高于最早三年 (1989-1991; 10.6%)。
结论 : 对于英国牙科学校来说，学生辍学是一个重大且日益严重的问题。除非受到控制，否则将导致英国的牙医资格减少，并加剧未来几年可能出现的合格牙医短缺。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Debt among Canadian university graduates is increasing, while money apportioned to federal and provincial needs-based student assistance programs has been decreasing since the 1990s. Dental students have had to absorb increased tuition fees at both the undergraduate and post-baccalaureate levels. Existing debt and high tuition fees may adversely influence a potential candidate"s decision to enroll in dental school. Likewise, debt incurred during the minimum 2 years of pre-dental education adds to the future debt load of dental graduates. It seems that few dental students can remain debt-free during their dental education, although data are lacking about the extent of debt among dental students and its impact on their career decisions. Government statistics focus primarily on tuition costs for baccalaureate-degree students. Tuition and clinic-related fees constitute a significant proportion of costs for dental students; moreover, university administrations perceive dentistry as an expensive curriculum. This first article of a 4-part series examines debt among dental students, both nationally and internationally.

背景与目标： : 自20世纪90年代以来，加拿大大学毕业生的债务正在增加，而分配给联邦和省级基于需求的学生援助计划的资金却在减少。牙科学生不得不在本科和学士学位后水平上吸收增加的学费。现有的债务和高昂的学费可能会对潜在候选人就读牙科学校的决定产生不利影响。同样，在至少2年的牙科前教育期间产生的债务增加了牙科毕业生未来的债务负担。尽管缺乏有关牙科学生的债务程度及其对职业决定的影响的数据，但似乎很少有牙科学生在牙科教育期间能够保持无债务状态。政府统计数据主要集中在学士学位学生的学费上。学费和诊所相关费用占牙科学生费用的很大一部分; 此外，大学管理部门认为牙科是一项昂贵的课程。由4部分组成的系列文章的第一篇文章研究了国内外牙科学生的债务。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :New biomaterials including surface modifications should undergo in vitro and in vivo evaluation before clinical trials. The objective of our in vivo study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of one of the newly fabricated zirconia implant surfaces, called "mds". For this purpose, the osseointegration of these implants was analyzed after implantation in surgically created defects in the cranium of adult male rats. After a healing period of 28 and 56 days, respectively, bone tissue specimens containing the implants were processed and histologically analyzed. For this purpose, sections were stained with haematoxylin/eosin and Masson Goldner trichrome. No signs of cellular inflammatory infiltrate were found in any of the animals. After 28 days, slices showed pronounced development of blood vessels and bone regeneration. After 56 days of healing, direct bridging of the bone defects was detectable with distinctly visible kit lines. There were cell rich areas of connective tissue/bone marrow between zirconia discs and bearing bone. Histomorphometric analysis presented a regenerated bone mean value of 36.3% after 28 days of healing. After 56 days of healing, a 1.6 fold increased bone mean value was observed (58.2%). Using the same analysis, 1% and 39.9% of bone-implant-contact was visible after both healing periods, respectively. On average, connective tissue/marrow spaces occupied 99% of implant-contact-area after 28 days of healing. This area was reduced to 60.1% after 56 days. Within the limits of the animal investigation presented, it was concluded that the tested surface modification of zirconia implants were biocompatible and osseoconductive.

背景与目标： : 包括表面修饰在内的新型生物材料应在临床试验之前进行体外和体内评估。我们体内研究的目的是评估一种新制造的氧化锆植入物表面 (称为 “mds”) 的生物相容性。为此，在成年雄性大鼠颅骨的手术缺陷中植入后，分析了这些植入物的骨整合。分别经过28天和56天的愈合后，对包含植入物的骨组织标本进行处理并进行组织学分析。为此，将切片用苏木精/伊红和Masson Goldner三色染色。在任何动物中均未发现细胞炎性浸润的迹象。28天后，切片显示出明显的血管发育和骨骼再生。愈合56天后，用明显可见的kit线可检测到骨缺损的直接桥接。氧化锆盘和轴承骨之间有结缔组织/骨髓的细胞丰富区域。组织形态计量学分析显示愈合28天后的再生骨平均值为36.3%。愈合56天后，观察到1.6倍增加的骨平均值 (58.2%)。使用相同的分析，在两个愈合时期后分别可见骨-植入物-接触的1% 和39.9%。平均而言，愈合28天后，结缔组织/骨髓空间占据了植入物接触区域的99%。56天后，该区域减少到60.1%。在提出的动物研究范围内，得出的结论是，经测试的氧化锆植入物的表面改性具有生物相容性和骨传导性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Marrow-stimulation techniques are used by surgeons to repair cartilage lesions although consistent regeneration of hyaline cartilage is rare. We have shown previously that autologous blood can be mixed with a polymer solution containing chitosan in a glycerol phosphate (GP) buffer (chitosan-GP), and that implantation of this polymer/blood composite onto marrow-stimulated chondral defects in rabbit and sheep leads to the synthesis of more chondral repair tissue with greater hyaline character compared to marrow-stimulation alone. In the current study, we examined the modulation of cell recruitment and repair tissue characteristics at early post-surgical time points (from day 1 to 56) in a rabbit model to elucidate potential mechanisms behind this improved repair outcome. DESIGN:Thirty-three skeletally mature New Zealand White rabbits underwent bilateral arthrotomies, with each trochlea receiving a cartilage defect (3.5 mm x 4.5mm) bearing four microdrill holes (0.9 mm diameter, approximately 4 mm deep) into the subchondral bone. One defect per rabbit was treated with a chitosan-GP/blood implant, while the other defect was left as a microdrilled control. Repair tissues were stained by histochemistry, for collagen types I, II, and X by immunohistochemistry and analyzed using quantitative stereological tools. RESULTS:Histological analyses demonstrated that control defects followed a typical healing sequence observed previously in marrow-stimulation animal models while chitosan-GP/blood implants led to three significant modifications in the healing sequence at early stages: (1) increased inflammatory and marrow-derived stromal cell recruitment to the microdrill holes, (2) increased vascularization of the provisional repair tissue in the microdrill holes, and (3) increased intramembranous bone formation and subchondral bone remodeling (BR). CONCLUSIONS:These results suggest that the greater levels of provisional tissue vascularization and BR activity are main factors supporting improved cartilage repair when chitosan-GP/blood implants are applied to marrow-stimulated cartilage lesions.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Presented is the first reported case of an anaphylactoid reaction following Norplant contraceptive implant insertion. The 19-year-old UK woman denied any history of allergic reaction to local anesthesia. After subcutaneous infiltration with 50 mg of 1% lidocaine (without adrenalin), 6 Norplant capsules were inserted through use of the standard insertion technique. Shortly after completion of the procedure, the patient collapsed and had 2 short convulsions. Her blood pressure dropped to 80/40 mm Hg and her radial pulse was 60 beats/minute and thready. Recovery was rapid following administration of intramuscular adrenalin and intravenous hydrocortisone. The woman later recalled a similar episode during a visit to her dentist. An estimated 3 in every 100,000 patients receiving lignocaine hydrochloride have an episode of anaphylaxis in the hospital. In type I hypersensitivity reactions, there is often a history of previous exposure to the allergen, as occurred in this patient. Those undertaking Norplant insertion and removal should be aware of the potential for serious allergic reactions and have access to resuscitative equipment.

背景与目标： 提出了第一例报道的Norplant避孕植入物插入后发生类过敏反应的病例。这位19岁的英国妇女否认对局部麻醉有任何过敏反应史。在皮下浸润50 mg 1% 利多卡因 (不含肾上腺素) 后，通过使用标准插入技术插入6个Norplant胶囊。手术完成后不久，患者晕倒并出现2次短暂抽搐。她的血压下降到80/40毫米汞柱，她的桡动脉脉搏是60次/分钟和微弱的。肌肉注射肾上腺素和静脉注射氢化可的松后恢复迅速。这位女士后来在去看牙医时回忆起类似的情节。每100,000名接受盐酸利诺卡因的患者中估计有3名在医院发生过敏反应。在I型超敏反应中，通常有先前暴露于过敏原的病史，如在该患者中发生的。那些进行Norplant插入和移除的人应该意识到严重过敏反应的可能性，并可以使用复苏设备。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:Prosody has a myriad of linguistic functions and involves specific aspects of speech, such as stress, intonation and pauses. The underlying acoustic quantities (amplitude envelope, pitch frequency, and temporal structure) can be processed and transmitted by cochlear implants (CI) only to a limited extent. At present, no adequate tests are available in the German-speaking world for evaluation of the perception of prosodic elements. Different experiments have been conducted to address several prosodic cues, and the results are to be used as a basis for appropriate tests. METHODS:Various prosodic materials were used for the experiments. Discrimination was measured for minimal pairs differing in frequency and/or duration, accents in words and phrases, questions versus statements and phrasing. Measurements were performed in ten normal-hearing subjects and five with cochlear implants. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS:In all test modules, the subjects with normal hearing proved to have high discrimination rates of 96-100%. The test of word stresses was problematic because the results were influenced by different confounders. The other measurements did prove to be basically suitable for use in the subjects with implants. Early results revealed that the subjects with CI had few problems with prosodic cues based on the temporal structure, the outcome being similar to that of the subjects with normal hearing in these tests. In contrast, the performance of subjects with CI in perceiving prosodic cues based on amplitude variations and, especially, on alterations in pitch frequency was worse, even though some of them achieved very good results in these tests too. These preliminary tests can form the basis for development of a German-language prosody test battery with a limited number of subtests addressing different prosodic cues.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Our objective was to evaluate changes in curriculum and culture within a research non-intensive dental school after implementation of programs supported by the NIH-NIDCR R25 Oral Health Research Curriculum Grant. We designed new curricular elements to foster an appreciation of research/discovery, an interest in academic/research careers, and application of biomedical/clinical advances to patient care. Funding was utilized to develop, implement, and assess a dedicated curricular track of continuous student research/scholarly activity throughout the four years of dental education. This track represented mandatory hours of didactic time exposing students to topics not traditionally included in dental curricula. Additionally, students were provided with customized flexible schedules to participate in elective "hands-on" mentored research/scholarly experiences at local, national, and international sites, including linkages to certificate, MS, and PhD programs. Funding was also used to support a wide array of faculty development activities that provided skill sets required to deliver integrated biomedical/clinical content, research-oriented evidence-based approaches to dental education, and translational case-based teaching methods emphasizing the application of new science/technologies to patient care. We measured changes in student, faculty, and institutional profiles/attitudes using traditional benchmarks, surveys, and focus groups. Comparisons were made between baseline data prior to R25 program initiation and data collected after years 3-4 of program implementation. Significant increases were demonstrated in: (1) student participation in research/scholarship, attendance at national meetings, research awards, publication of manuscripts, pursuit of advanced training/degrees, and expressions of interest in academic/research careers; (2) faculty participation in development activities, publication of manuscripts, and mentoring of students; and (3) increased institutional credibility within the university, supportive infrastructure for research/scholarship, and cultural expectations for academic excellence. Thus, we believe that the R25 programming changed the culture of our dental school, creating a supportive environment for research/scholarship, increasing academic productivity, and altering the attitudes of faculty/students.

背景与目标： : 我们的目标是在实施nih-nidcr R25口腔健康研究课程补助金支持的计划后，评估非密集型牙科学校课程和文化的变化。我们设计了新的课程元素，以促进对研究/发现的欣赏，对学术/研究职业的兴趣以及将生物医学/临床进展应用于患者护理。在整个牙科教育的四年中，资金用于开发，实施和评估持续的学生研究/学术活动的专用课程。此曲目代表了强制性的教学时间，使学生接触传统上不包括在牙科课程中的主题。此外，还为学生提供了定制的灵活时间表，以参加在本地，国家和国际站点上进行的选修 “动手” 指导的研究/学术经验，包括与证书，MS和博士学位课程的联系。资金还用于支持广泛的教师发展活动，这些活动提供了提供综合生物医学/临床内容所需的技能，以研究为基础的基于证据的牙科教育方法以及强调应用新的案例的基于案例的教学方法。科学/技术用于患者护理。我们使用传统的基准，调查和焦点小组来衡量学生，教师和机构概况/态度的变化。比较了R25计划启动前的基线数据和计划实施3-4年后收集的数据。显着增加的表现是 :( 1) 学生参与研究/奖学金，参加国家会议，研究奖，手稿的出版，追求高级培训/学位以及对学术/研究职业的兴趣表达; (2) 教师参与发展活动，手稿的出版，和指导学生; (3) 提高大学内部的机构信誉，支持研究/奖学金的基础设施以及对学术卓越的文化期望。因此，我们认为，R25编程改变了我们牙科学校的文化，为研究/奖学金创造了支持环境，提高了学术生产力，并改变了教师/学生的态度。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:A low-temperature low-energy capillary-tube-based argon micro-plasma system was applied to disinfect Streptococcus mutans-containing biofilm. MATERIALS AND METHODS:The micro-plasma system uses a hollow inner electrode that is ignited by a radio-frequency power supply with a matching network. The energy content was analyzed using optical emission spectroscopy. The micro-plasma-induced effect on a biofilm cultured for 24 or 48 h with a working distance of ≈3 mm at low temperature was evaluated. The morphologies of the treated live/dead bacteria and the produced polysaccharides after micro-plasma treatment were examined. RESULTS:Scanning electron microscopy images and staining results show that most of the S. mutans on the treated biofilm were acutely damaged within a micro-plasma treatment time of 300 s. CONCLUSIONS:The number of living bacteria underneath the treated biofilm greatly decreased with treatment time. The proposed micro-plasma system can thus disinfect S. mutans on/in biofilms.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:The purpose of this study was to determine the quantity and quality of DNA extracted from a dental bite impression wafer immediately after impression and after 12 months of home storage. The authors' hypothesis was that the wafer would retain sufficient DNA with appropriate genetic markers to make an identification match. METHODS:Two impression wafers (Toothprints(®) brand) were administered to 100 3- to 26-year-olds. A cotton swab was used as a control. DNA from wafers stored for 12 months at home were compared to DNA collected at time 0 and compared to swabs at specific sites to determine quality and accuracy. The amount of DNA captured and recovered was analyzed using MagAttract technology and a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Capillary gel electrophoresis was performed to determine the quality of the DNA profiles obtained from the wafers vs those generated from the swabs of each subject. RESULTS:Average DNA concentration was: 480 pg/μL (wafer at time 0); 392 pg/μL (wafer after 12 months kept by subjects); and 1,041 pg/μL (buccal swab). Sufficient DNA for human identification was recovered from all sets of wafers, producing clear DNA profiles and accurate matches to buccal swabs. No inhibitors were found that could interfere with DNA profiling. CONCLUSIONS:Toothprints® impression wafers can be useful for DNA collection and child identification. After 12 months, the wafer was still usable for DNA capture and identification match.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cardiac implantable electronic devices are increasing in prevalence. The post-implant follow-up is important for monitoring both device function and patient condition. However, practice is inconsistent. For example, ICD follow-up schedules vary from 3 monthly to yearly according to facility and physician preference and availability of resources. Recommended follow-up schedules impose significant burden. Importantly, no surveillance occurs between follow-up visits. In contrast, implantable devices with automatic remote monitoring capability provide a means for performing constant surveillance, with the ability to identify salient problems rapidly. Remote home monitoring reduces the volume of device clinic visits and provides early detection of patient and/or system problems.

背景与目标： : 心脏植入式电子设备的患病率正在上升。植入后的随访对于监测设备功能和患者状况都很重要。然而，实践是不一致的。例如，根据设施和医生的偏好以及资源的可用性，ICD随访时间表从3个月到每年不等。建议的后续时间表带来了巨大的负担。重要的是，在后续访问之间没有监视。相反，具有自动远程监视功能的可植入设备提供了一种执行持续监视的方法，具有快速识别突出问题的能力。远程家庭监控减少了设备诊所就诊的数量，并提供了对患者和/或系统问题的早期检测。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A bilateral advantage for diotically presented stimuli has been observed for cochlear implant (CI) users and is suggested to be dependent on symmetrical implant performance. Studies using CI simulations have not shown a true "bilateral" advantage, but a "better ear" effect and have demonstrated that performance decreases with increasing basalward shift in insertion depth. This study aimed to determine whether there is a bilateral advantage for CI simulations with interaurally matched insertions and the extent to which performance is affected by interaural insertion depth mismatch. Speech perception in noise and self-reported ease of listening were measured using matched bilateral, mismatched bilateral and unilateral CI simulations over four insertion depths for seventeen normal hearing listeners. Speech scores and ease of listening reduced with increasing basalward shift in (interaurally matched) insertion depth. A bilateral advantage for speech perception was only observed when the insertion depths were interaurally matched and deep. No advantage was observed for small to moderate interaural insertion-depth mismatches, consistent with a better ear effect. Finally, both measures were poorer than expected for a better ear effect for large mismatches, suggesting that misalignment of the electrode arrays may prevent a bilateral advantage and detrimentally affect perception of diotically presented speech.

背景与目标： : 对于人工耳蜗 (CI) 使用者，已经观察到双向呈现刺激的双边优势，并且建议这取决于对称的植入性能。使用CI模拟的研究并未显示出真正的 “双边” 优势，而是 “更好的耳朵” 效果，并且表明性能会随着插入深度的玄武向偏移而降低。这项研究旨在确定使用耳间匹配插入的CI模拟是否具有双边优势，以及耳间插入深度不匹配对性能的影响程度。使用匹配的双侧，不匹配的双侧和单侧CI模拟，对17名正常听力听众在四个插入深度上测量了噪声中的语音感知和自我报告的听力难易程度。随着 (耳间匹配) 插入深度的basalward偏移的增加，语音分数和听力的难易程度会降低。仅当插入深度在耳间匹配且较深时，才观察到语音感知的双边优势。对于小到中等的耳间插入深度不匹配，没有观察到优势，这与更好的耳朵效果一致。最后，这两种措施都比预期的要差，因为对于较大的不匹配，耳朵效果更好，这表明电极阵列的不对准可能会阻止双边优势，并不利地影响对语音呈现的感知。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To compare peri-implant bone and soft-tissue levels of immediately non-occlusally loaded vs. non-submerged early loaded implants in partially edentulous patients up to 14 months after placement. MATERIAL AND METHODS:Fifty-two patients were randomized in five Italian private practices: 25 in the immediately loaded group and 27 in the early loaded group. To be immediately loaded, single implants had to be inserted with a torque of > or = 30 N cm, and splinted implants with a torque of > or = 20 N cm. Immediately loaded implants were provided with non-occluding temporary restorations within 48 h. After 2 months, the provisional restorations were placed in full occlusion. Implants were early loaded after 2 months. Final restorations were provided 8 months after placement. Blinded assessors evaluated peri-implant bone and soft-tissue levels. RESULTS:Fifty-two implants were immediately loaded and 52 were early loaded. No drop-out occurred. One single immediately loaded implant failed 2 months after placement. Both groups gradually lost peri-implant bone in a highly statistically significant manner at 2, 8, and 14 months. After 14 months, patients of both groups lost an average of 1.1 mm of peri-implant bone. There were no statistically significant differences between the two loading strategies for peri-implant bone and soft-tissue level changes (P > 0.05). After 14 months, the position of the soft tissues did not change significantly from baseline (delivery of the final restorations 8 months after placement). CONCLUSIONS:There were no statistically or clinically significant differences between immediate and early loading of dental implants with regard to peri-implant bone and soft-tissue levels as evaluated in the present study.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To determine the prevalence and distribution of dilaceration in all tooth groups by using radiographs. STUDY DESIGN:The sample included 953 periapical intraoral radiographs and 488 panoramic radiographs from different caucasian patients. The ages of the patients ranged from 18-65 years. Dilaceration of the root was detected by measuring the degree of deviation from the long axis (deviation ł 90 degrees), and evaluating the "bull's eye" appearance. The prevalence of root dilaceration for each tooth-type was expressed in percentages. RESULTS:The teeth showing the highest prevalence of root dilaceration were mandibular third molars (24.1%), maxillary first molars (15.3%), second molars (11.4%) and third molars (8.1%). In the mandible, dilacerations were less common than in the maxilla. CONCLUSIONS:In the adult population examined in Croatia, dilaceration was most frequently found to affect posterior teeth.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The Athens University, School of Dentistry, accepted the challenge to organize the Dental Health Services in the Athens 2004 Olympic and Paralympic Games in order to provide the best quality of oral health services to the athletes, coaches, escort members and Olympic Village personnel. Data from the whole activity protocol of the Athens 2004 Games Dental Health Services - the reception, admission and treatment protocols, the facilities and the infrastructure, the number of cases treated per specialty and the experience gained - were recorded. During the Olympic Games, there were more than 1400 dental cases in more than 650 patients, elite athletes, escort members, coaches and staff of the Olympic Village. Among them 313 fillings, 100 root canal therapies, 57 mouthguards and 9 dental trauma cases were treated. During the Paralympic Games, there were more than 240 dental cases in more than 220 patients. Among them 73 fillings, 12 root canal therapies, 21 extractions and 3 dental trauma cases were treated. In such events, highly trained dentists are needed and if possible, specialized in operative dentistry or endodontics. The role of team dentist seems to be of great importance.

背景与目标： : 雅典大学牙科学院接受了在雅典2004奥运会和残奥会上组织牙科保健服务的挑战，以便为运动员，教练，护送成员和奥运村人员提供最优质的口腔保健服务。记录了来自雅典2004运动会牙科保健服务的整个活动协议的数据-接收，准入和治疗协议，设施和基础设施，每个专业治疗的病例数以及获得的经验。奥运会期间，奥运村650多名患者、优秀运动员、护卫队员、教练员和工作人员共发生了1400多例牙病病例。其中补牙313例，根管治疗100例，护齿57例，牙外伤9例。残奥会期间，220多名患者中有240多个牙科病例。其中73例补牙，12例根管治疗，21例拔牙和3例牙外伤。在这种情况下，需要训练有素的牙医，如果可能的话，需要专门从事牙科手术或牙髓学。团队牙医的角色似乎非常重要。