• 【在细针穿刺和超快巴氏染色处理的术中涂片中,甲状腺乳头状癌的清晰核明显。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Yang GC,Greenebaum E
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: The Orphan Annie-eyed clear nucleus, defined as a large, optically clear nucleus, devoid of chromatin strands, with sharp chromatin rim, is a more specific feature than are nuclear grooves or intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions in papillary thyroid carcinoma. In addition, this characteristic nuclear feature is detectable at low magnification. Although these clear nuclei are routinely seen in paraffin sections, they are inconspicuously seen in conventionally processed touch-imprints and fine-needle aspiration (FNA) smears. Among our two institutions, there have been 148 thyroid cases processed by Ultrafast Papanicolaou stain (UFP), including 43 papillary carcinomas, 38 cellular follicular lesions, and 67 cases of nodular hyperplasia. We observed clear nuclei in all of the cases of UFP-processed FNA and intraoperative smears of papillary carcinoma but not of other thyroid lesions. The clear nuclei are most evident in tumor cells with direct contact to the glass slide and are not seen in tumor cells soaked in cystic fluid. UFP is a valuable way to detect Orphan Annie-eyed clear nuclei of papillary thyroid carcinoma early in the diagnostic evaluation, either at immediate on-site evaluation of FNA or at intraoperative consultation and before the availability of permanent sections.

    背景与目标: 孤儿安妮眼透明核,定义为一个大的,光学上透明的核,没有染色质链,具有尖锐的染色质边缘,是比甲状腺乳头状癌中核沟或核内细胞质包涵体更特异的特征。此外,这种特征性核特征在低放大倍率下是可检测到的。尽管这些清晰的核通常在石蜡切片中可见,但在常规处理的触摸印记和细针抽吸 (FNA) 涂片中却不明显。在我们的两个机构中,有148例经超快巴氏染色 (UFP) 处理的甲状腺病例,包括43例乳头状癌,38例细胞滤泡病变和67例结节性增生。我们在所有经UFP处理的FNA病例和乳头状癌的术中涂片中都观察到了清晰的核,但没有观察到其他甲状腺病变。透明的核在与载玻片直接接触的肿瘤细胞中最为明显,在浸泡在囊性液中的肿瘤细胞中未见。UFP是一种有价值的方法,可以在诊断评估的早期,无论是在FNA的现场评估还是在术中咨询以及在永久性切片之前,检测甲状腺乳头状癌的孤儿安妮眼透明核。
  • 【interleukin-1 α 诱导的黑色素瘤细胞运动的表征: I型和II型受体阻断单克隆抗体的抑制。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/00008390-199706000-00006 复制DOI
    作者列表:Dekker SK,Vink J,Bruijn JA,Mihm MC Jr,Vermeer BJ,Byers HR
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) induces cell motility in a variety of benign cell types and in some but not all malignant cell lines in vitro. This study characterizes the IL-1 alpha-induced motility of an aggressive human melanoma cell line that expresses both type I and type II IL-1 receptors. We tested the effect of monoclonal antibodies including function-blocking moAbs against the type I and type II IL-1 receptors on melanoma cell motility to determine which receptor is involved in signal transduction of IL-1 alpha-induced melanoma cell motility. IL-1 alpha significantly increases MM-RU melanoma cell migration in a dose-dependent manner using modified Boyden chamber assays at concentrations 10 to 100 times less than concentrations that significantly inhibit cell growth. Computer-assisted time-lapse image analysis reveals that the motility is inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by neutralizing antibodies against IL-1 alpha. Function-blocking monoclonal antibodies against either type I or type II IL-1 receptors show a significant inhibition of cytokine-induced enhanced cell migration. When both the anti-IL-1 receptor antibodies are added together, the motility-response is completely blocked to control levels. Taken together the data indicate that the IL-1 alpha-induced motility of MM-RU melanoma cells is mediated through both type I and type II IL-1 receptors. The significant inhibition of motility by neutralizing IL-1 alpha or blocking either one or both of the IL-1 receptors indicates an integration of IL-1-induced signals in the induction of melanoma cell migration.

    背景与目标: Interleukin-1 α (IL-1 α) 在体外诱导多种良性细胞类型和一些但不是全部恶性细胞系中的细胞运动。这项研究表征了表达I型和II型IL-1受体的侵袭性人类黑素瘤细胞系的IL-1 α 诱导的运动。我们测试了单克隆抗体 (包括针对I型和II型IL-1受体的功能阻断moab) 对黑色素瘤细胞运动的影响,以确定哪种受体参与IL-1 α 诱导的黑色素瘤细胞运动的信号转导。IL-1 α 以剂量依赖的方式显著增加MM-RU黑素瘤细胞迁移,使用改进的Boyden室测定法,浓度低于显著抑制细胞生长的浓度的10至100倍。计算机辅助延时图像分析表明,通过中和针对IL-1 α 的抗体,运动性以剂量依赖的方式受到抑制。针对I型或II型IL-1受体的功能阻断单克隆抗体显示出对细胞因子诱导的增强细胞迁移的显着抑制。当两种anti-IL-1受体抗体加在一起时,运动反应完全阻断到控制水平。总之,这些数据表明,IL-1 α 诱导的MM-RU黑素瘤细胞的运动是通过I型和II型IL-1受体介导的。通过中和IL-1 α 或阻断一种或两种IL-1受体而显着抑制运动,表明IL-1-induced信号在诱导黑色素瘤细胞迁移中的整合。
  • 【在位内膜和子宫内膜异位病变中微血管密度,增殖活性与血管内皮生长因子-A及其受体表达的关系。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1530/rep.1.01110 复制DOI
    作者列表:Bourlev V,Volkov N,Pavlovitch S,Lets N,Larsson A,Olovsson M
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Studies were performed to elucidate the possible relationship between microvessel density, proliferative activity and angiogenesis in eutopic endometrium from women with and without endometriosis and peritoneal endometriotic lesions. The question whether changes in these parameters in endometriotic lesions were reflected by the level of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) in serum and peritoneal fluid was also studied. Biopsy specimens of both eutopic endometrium and peritoneal endometriotic lesions from women with endometriosis (n = 25) as well as eutopic endometrium from women without endometriosis (n = 14) were analysed immunohistochemically regarding microvessel density, proliferative activity, and expression of VEGF-A and its receptors vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 1 and 2 (VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2) in stroma, glands and blood vessels. The VEGF-A concentration was measured in peritoneal fluid and serum. Secretory phase eutopic endometrium from women with endometriosis had significantly higher microvessel density, expression of VEGF-A in glandular epithelium and VEGFR-2 in endometrial blood vessels than those from women without endometriosis. Endometriotic lesions with high proliferative activity had a higher microvessel density and showed higher vascular expression of VEGFR-2 as well as being accompanied by higher levels of VEGF-A in peritoneal fluid and serum, compared with lesions with low proliferative activity. In conclusion, there seems to be a dysregulation of angiogenic activity in the eutopic endometrium of women with endometriosis and endometriotic lesions with high proliferative activity were accompanied by higher local angiogenic activity and higher levels of VEGF in serum and peritoneal fluid.
    背景与目标: : 进行了研究,以阐明患有和不患有子宫内膜异位症和腹膜子宫内膜异位病变的妇女的在位子宫内膜中微血管密度,增殖活性和血管生成之间的可能关系。还研究了血清和腹膜液中血管内皮生长因子-A (vegf-a) 的水平是否反映了子宫内膜异位病变中这些参数的变化的问题。免疫组织化学分析了子宫内膜异位症妇女 (n = 25) 的在位子宫内膜和腹膜子宫内膜异位病变的活检标本以及无子宫内膜异位症妇女 (n = 14) 的在位子宫内膜的活检标本,其微血管密度,增殖活性,并在间质、腺体和血管中表达vegf-a及其受体血管内皮生长因子受体1和2 (VEGFR-1和VEGFR-2)。在腹膜液和血清中测量vegf-a浓度。子宫内膜异位症妇女的分泌期在位子宫内膜的微血管密度,腺上皮和内膜血管VEGFR-2中vegf-a的表达明显高于无子宫内膜异位症妇女。与低增殖活性的病变相比,具有高增殖活性的子宫内膜异位病变具有更高的微血管密度,并且显示出更高的VEGFR-2血管表达,并且在腹膜液和血清中伴有较高的vegf-a水平。总之,子宫内膜异位症妇女的在位子宫内膜中似乎存在血管生成活性失调,而具有高增殖活性的子宫内膜异位病变伴有较高的局部血管生成活性以及血清和腹膜液中较高的VEGF水平。
  • 【公牛睾丸促性腺激素受体,血清促性腺激素和睾丸激素浓度的产后变化以及睾丸的功能发育。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1530/rep.1.00768 复制DOI
    作者列表:Bagu ET,Cook S,Gratton CL,Rawlings NC
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The primary objectives of this study were to follow the temporal patterns of testicular LH and FSH receptor (LH-R and FSH-R) concentrations and affinity (Ka) during sexual maturation in bulls and to see if such patterns could help explain the control of rapid testicular growth that occurs after 25 weeks of age, when serum gonadotropin concentrations are low. Separate groups of Hereford x Charolais calves (n = 6) were castrated every 4 weeks from 5 to 33 weeks of age and at 56 weeks of age. A week prior to castrations, from 5 to 33 weeks of age, blood was collected every 15 min for 10 h. The transition from indifferent supporting cells to Sertoli cells in seminiferous tubules was rapid between 13 and 25 weeks and rapid testis growth occurred after 25 weeks of age. Serum LH and FSH concentrations were transiently elevated at 12 weeks of age (P < 0.05). LH-R concentrations decreased from 13 to 25 weeks of age and increased to 56 weeks of age (P < 0.05). LH-RKa decreased from 9 to 17 weeks of age, increased to 29 weeks of age and declined to 33 weeks of age (P < 0.05). FSH-R concentrations declined from 17 to 25 weeks of age then increased to 56 weeks of age (P < 0.05). FSH-RKa increased from 17 to 25 weeks of age (P < 0.05). High concentrations of gonadotropins and their receptors may be critical to initiate testis growth postnatally and support it after 25 weeks of age in the face of low serum gonadotropin concentrations.
    背景与目标: : 这项研究的主要目的是跟踪公牛性成熟过程中睾丸LH和FSH受体 (lh-r和fsh-r) 浓度和亲和力 (Ka) 的时间模式,并观察这种模式是否有助于解释25周龄后睾丸快速生长的控制,当血清促性腺激素浓度较低时。从5到33周龄和56周龄,每4周对不同的Hereford x Charolais小牛 (n = 6) 进行cast割。阉割前一周,从5到33周龄,每15分钟收集一次血液,持续10小时。在13至25周之间,生精小管中从冷漠的支持细胞向Sertoli细胞的过渡迅速,并且在25周龄后睾丸迅速生长。血清LH和FSH浓度在12周龄时短暂升高 (P <0.05)。Lh-r浓度从13至25周龄降低,并增加至56周龄 (P <0.05)。Lh-rka从9周龄下降到17周龄,增加到29周龄,下降到33周龄 (P <0.05)。Fsh-r浓度从17至25周龄下降,然后增加至56周龄 (P <0.05)。Fsh-rka从17周增加到25周龄 (P <0.05)。面对低血清促性腺激素浓度,高浓度的促性腺激素及其受体对于启动出生后睾丸生长并在25周龄后支持睾丸生长可能至关重要。
  • 【子宫内膜肿瘤的侵袭性与金属蛋白酶2和金属蛋白酶2的组织抑制剂的表达有关。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1525-1438.2006.00717.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Graesslin O,Cortez A,Uzan C,Birembaut P,Quereux C,Daraï E
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) expression has been linked to gynecological tumor aggressiveness. The objective of this study was to determine MMP-2, MMP-7, and MMP-9 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2 expression in endometrial malignancies and their relation to clinical and histologic parameters. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor samples from 50 patients with endometrial carcinoma treated between 1999 and 2004 were stained with specific monoclonal antibodies. The tumors were grouped according to the FIGO classification. The staining results were compared to histologic and clinical data. Semiquantitative analysis of MMP and TIMP expression showed a significant difference in TIMP-2 expression according to the histologic subtype (P = 0.03) and also a trend towards a difference in MMP-9 expression (P = 0.05). MMP-2 expression increased and TIMP-2 expression fell as the histologic grade increased (P = 0.0007, P < 0.0001, respectively). MMP-2 expression correlated with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.04), while TIMP-2 expression correlated with the depth of myometrial invasion (P = 0.01), vasculolymphatic space involvement (P = 0.02), and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.0003). These results support the involvement of MMPs and TIMPs in endometrial tumor growth and progression. High MMP-2 and low TIMP-2 expression were the most potent markers of endometrial tumors with a high risk of local and distant spread.
    背景与目标: : 基质金属蛋白酶 (MMPs) 的表达与妇科肿瘤的侵袭性有关。这项研究的目的是确定子宫内膜恶性肿瘤中金属蛋白酶 (TIMP)-1和TIMP-2的MMP-2,MMP-7,MMP-9和组织抑制剂及其与临床和组织学参数的关系。用特异性单克隆抗体对来自50例1999年和2004例子宫内膜癌患者的福尔马林固定,石蜡包埋的肿瘤样品进行染色。根据FIGO分类对肿瘤进行分组。将染色结果与组织学和临床数据进行比较。MMP和TIMP表达的半定量分析显示,根据组织学亚型,TIMP-2表达存在显着差异 (P = 0.03),并且MMP-9表达存在差异的趋势 (P = 0.05)。随着组织学分级的增加,MMP-2表达增加,TIMP-2表达下降 (分别为P = 0.0007,P <0.0001)。MMP-2表达与淋巴结转移相关 (P = 0.04),而TIMP-2表达与肌层浸润深度相关 (P = 0.01),血管淋巴间隙受累 (P = 0.02) 和淋巴结转移 (P = 0.0003)。这些结果支持MMPs和TIMPs参与子宫内膜肿瘤的生长和进展。高MMP-2和低TIMP-2表达是子宫内膜肿瘤的最有效标志物,具有局部和远处扩散的高风险。
  • 【LRRK2 I2012T、G2019S和I2020T突变在特发性震颤患者中并不常见。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.neulet.2006.08.012 复制DOI
    作者列表:Deng H,Le W,Davidson AL,Xie W,Jankovic J
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Several mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene (LRRK2) have been identified both in familial and sporadic cases of Parkinson's disease (PD). G2019S, located at a kinase (MAPKKK) domain, is the most common mutation in the LRRK2 gene in PD, Two adjacent mutations (I2012T and I2020T) were mapped to the same domain suggesting shared pathogenic mechanism of these mutations. Since phenotypes of PD overlap with essential tremor (ET), we investigated LRRK2 G2019S, I2012T, and I2020T mutations in a cohort of 272 patients with ET. No mutations were found in our ET cohort and, therefore, we conclude that LRKK2 I2012T, G2019S and I2020T variants are rare causes of Caucasian ET.
    背景与目标: : 在帕金森氏病 (PD) 的家族性和散发性病例中,已经发现了富含亮氨酸的重复激酶2基因 (LRRK2) 的几个突变。G2019S位于激酶 (MAPKKK) 结构域,是PD中LRRK2基因中最常见的突变,两个相邻的突变 (I2012T和I2020T) 被定位到同一结构域,表明这些突变的共同致病机制。由于PD的表型与原发性震颤 (ET) 重叠,我们在272例ET患者队列中研究了LRRK2 G2019S,I2012T和I2020T突变。在我们的ET队列中未发现突变,因此,我们得出结论,LRKK2 I2012T,G2019S和I2020T变体是高加索ET的罕见原因。
  • 【急性鼠皮肤切口伤口的微循环显示出血管功能的时空变化。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2006.00142.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Bluff JE,O'Ceallaigh S,O'Kane S,Ferguson MW,Ireland G
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A mouse perfusion model using fluorescently labeled dextran has been developed to investigate the functionality of blood vessels during cutaneous wound healing. By immunostaining cryostat sections of perfused wounds with antibodies that identify vessels, we were able to assess their functionality. There was an increase in the proportion of CD31(+)-perfused vessels in all wound regions with time, although the vessels of the wound margins and superficial granulation tissue (GT) took the longest to become perfused. More than 50% of the latter vessels were not perfused at 10 days postwounding. This is consistent with the growth of functional vessels from the wound base proceeding to the more superficial GT. The CD34 marker was expressed by a subpopulation of CD31(+) vessels. However, in contrast to CD31(+) vessels, the functionality of CD34(+) vessels did not change significantly with time and 50-75% of CD34(+) vessels in the GT and wound margins were nonfunctional. This might be explained either by apoptosis of the CD34(+) vessels or the loss of the marker with time. This study has important implications for assays of wound-healing angiogenesis based on histology and immunohistochemical markers for vessels, because vessel functionality differs both spatially and temporally during wound healing.
    背景与目标: : 已经开发了使用荧光标记的葡聚糖的小鼠灌注模型,以研究皮肤伤口愈合过程中血管的功能。通过用识别血管的抗体对灌注伤口的低温恒温器切片进行免疫染色,我们能够评估其功能。尽管伤口边缘和浅表肉芽组织 (GT) 的血管灌注时间最长,但所有伤口区域中CD31 () 灌注血管的比例随时间增加。超过50% 的后一种血管在伤后10天没有灌注。这与从伤口基部到更浅表的GT的功能性血管的生长是一致的。CD34标记由CD31 () 血管的亚群表达。然而,与CD31(+) 血管相反,CD34(+) 血管的功能没有随时间显着变化,并且GT和伤口边缘中的50-75% CD34(+) 血管无功能。这可以通过CD34 () 血管的凋亡或标记物随时间的丢失来解释。这项研究对基于血管的组织学和免疫组织化学标记的伤口愈合血管生成测定具有重要意义,因为在伤口愈合过程中,血管功能在空间和时间上均不同。
  • 【氨基末端脑钠肽前体: 心力衰竭的诊断,预后和管理的生物标志物。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1586/14737159.6.5.649 复制DOI
    作者列表:Morello AM,Januzzi JL
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :There is a substantial need for a diagnostic tool to aid in the early diagnosis of heart failure and in the recognition of those at risk for its development, as well as in guidance of therapy. Testing for amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) has been recognized to have utility in the diagnosis, prognosis and management of heart failure. In addition, numerous other applications for NT-proBNP testing are now recognized, such as evaluation of patients with heart disease in the absence of heart failure, as well as the diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of patients with acute coronary syndromes or pulmonary thromboembolism.
    背景与目标: : 迫切需要一种诊断工具来帮助早期诊断心力衰竭,识别有发展风险的人以及指导治疗。氨基末端脑钠肽前体 (NT-proBNP) 的检测已被认为可用于心力衰竭的诊断,预后和管理。此外,NT-proBNP检测的许多其他应用现已得到认可,例如在没有心力衰竭的情况下评估心脏病患者,以及对急性冠状动脉综合征或肺血栓栓塞患者的诊断和预后评估。
  • 【超声心动图比较主动脉瓣环运动和二尖瓣环运动。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1475-097X.2006.00684.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Emilsson K,Egerlid R,Nygren BM
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Earlier studies have shown that the aortic root, in analogy with the mitral annulus, moves towards the left ventricular apex during systole. However, there are no earlier studies comparing the amplitude of the aortic annulus motion (AAM) with that of the mitral annulus (MAM), which was the main aim of the study. Another aim was to study the intra- and interobserver reproducibility (IIOR) of measuring AAM with M-mode and 2-D echocardiography as it is not obvious which of the methods that should be used. Twenty-one healthy subjects were examined by echocardiography. AAM and MAM were measured at different sites. IIOR was measured in 10 of the subjects. There was no significant difference between average AAM (15.3 +/- 1.5 mm) and average MAM (15.6 +/- 1.5 mm) and there was a rather good agreement between the variables. There was also no significant difference between AAM at the septal site (16.3 +/- 2 mm) and average MAM, but a significant difference between AAM at the lateral site (14.2 +/- 1.6 mm) and average MAM (P<0.001) and between the both sites of measuring AAM (P<0.001). The significant difference between the two sites of measuring AAM may have anatomical reasons but may also depend on difficulties in measuring AAM at the septal site where it has lower reproducibility than at the lateral site. IIOR of measuring AAM was good when using M-mode but poor when using 2-D echocardiography and AAM should preferably be measured using M-mode and not using 2-D echocardiography.
    背景与目标: : 早期的研究表明,与二尖瓣环类似,主动脉根部在收缩期向左心室心尖移动。但是,尚无较早的研究将主动脉瓣环运动 (AAM) 的幅度与二尖瓣环 (MAM) 的幅度进行比较,这是该研究的主要目的。另一个目的是研究使用M型和二维超声心动图测量AAM的观察者内和观察者间的可重复性 (ior),因为不清楚应使用哪种方法。通过超声心动图检查了21名健康受试者。在不同的地点测量了AAM和MAM。在10名受试者中测量了ior。平均AAM (15.3 +/-1.5毫米) 和平均MAM (15.6 +/-1.5毫米) 之间没有显着差异,并且变量之间有相当好的一致性。间隔部位的AAM (16.3 +/-2毫米) 与平均MAM之间也没有显着差异,但是,外侧部位的AAM (14.2 +/-1.6毫米) 和平均MAM (P<0.001) 之间以及测量AAM的两个部位之间的显着差异 (P<0.001)。测量AAM的两个部位之间的显着差异可能有解剖学原因,但也可能取决于在间隔部位测量AAM的难度,而间隔部位的重现性低于外侧部位。使用M模式时,测量AAM的ior很好,但使用二维超声心动图时较差,最好使用M模式而不是二维超声心动图测量AAM。
  • 【高度纯化的卵泡刺激素和人绒毛膜促性腺激素皮下自我给药治疗男性低促性腺激素性性腺功能减退。西班牙男性低促性腺激素性性腺功能减退合作小组。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1093/humrep/12.5.980 复制DOI
    作者列表:Burgués S,Calderón MD
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: The efficacy and safety of highly purified follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) associated with human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) was studied in 60 men with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. Of these men, 16 suffered from Kallmann's syndrome, 19 from idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and 25 from hypopituitarism. Basal testosterone concentrations were found to be far below the normal range. At baseline, 26 patients were able to ejaculate and all of them showed azoospermia, while the remaining patients were aspermic. All patients self-administered s.c. injections of FSH (150 IU x three/week) and HCG (2500 IU x two/week) for at least 6 months and underwent periodic assessments of testicular function. Testosterone concentrations increased rapidly during treatment and all but one patient reached normal values. Testicular volume showed a sustained increase reaching almost 3-fold its baseline value. At the end of treatment, 48 patients (80.0%) had achieved a positive sperm count. The maximum sperm concentration during treatment was 24.5 +/- 8.1 x 10(6)/ml (mean +/- SEM). The median time to induce spermatogenesis was 5 months. Eleven patients reported adverse events, generally not related to treatment. Three patients experienced gynaecomastia. No local reactions at injection site were observed. In conclusion, the s.c. self-administration of highly purified FSH + HCG was well tolerated and effective in stimulating spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis in these patients.

    背景与目标: 在60名性腺功能减退的男性中研究了与人绒毛膜促性腺激素 (HCG) 相关的高纯度卵泡刺激素 (FSH) 的功效和安全性。在这些男性中,有16名患有Kallmann综合征,19名患有特发性促性腺激素性低性腺功能减退症,25名患有垂体机能减退症。发现基础睾丸激素浓度远低于正常范围。在基线时,有26例患者能够射精,所有患者均表现出无精子症,而其余患者则为aspermic。所有患者自我管理注射FSH (150 IU × 3/周) 和HCG (2500 IU × 2/周) 至少6个月,并定期评估睾丸功能。治疗期间睾丸激素浓度迅速增加,除一名患者外,所有患者均达到正常值。睾丸体积显示持续增加,几乎达到其基线值的3倍。在治疗结束时,48例患者 (80.0%) 的精子数量达到阳性。处理期间的最大精子浓度为24.5 +/- 8.1 × 10(6)/ml (平均值 +/- SEM)。诱导精子发生的中位时间为5个月。11例患者报告不良事件,一般与治疗无关。3例患者出现妇科乳房发育。在注射部位未观察到局部反应。总之,s.C.高度纯化的FSH HCG的自我管理具有良好的耐受性,并可有效刺激这些患者的精子发生和类固醇生成。
  • 【鉴定160-kD分子作为基底膜区的组成部分和次要大疱性类天疱疮抗原。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12874675 复制DOI
    作者列表:Zhu XJ,Niimi Y,Bystryn JC
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The antigens in normal human skin defined by antibodies in patients with bullous pemphigoid (BP) were studied by Western immunoblots. Eighteen (90%) of 20 BP sera reacted to a 230-kD antigen. Seven (35%) of the sera reacted to a 160-kD antigen. Two of these reacted only to the 160-kD antigen and five also reacted to the 230-kD antigen. Antibodies to the 160-kD antigen were not present in 25 control sera obtained from normal individuals or patients with other bullous diseases. The 160-kD antigen was present in epidermal extracts of four different specimens of normal human skin but not in dermal extracts or extracts of control cells including melanoma, fibroblasts, lung carcinoma, and colon carcinoma. Monospecific sera with antibodies to either the 230-kD or to the 160-kD antigen reacted solely to their respective target antigens, but not to both, in extracts of epidermis that contained both antigens. The 160-kD antigen broke down to a 140-kD fragment, while the 230-kD antigen was unchanged in the absence of protease inhibitors. Western blot affinity purified antibody to the 160-kD antigen bound only to the basement membrane zone on the epidermal side of 1M NaCl split skin. These results indicate that a 160-kD antigen is a normal component of the basement membrane zone of human skin. The antigen is located on the epidermal side of skin split with 1M NaCl. It is a minor BP antigen, antibodies to which are present in some patients with BP.
    背景与目标: : 通过Western免疫印迹研究了大疱性类天疱疮 (BP) 患者中由抗体定义的正常人皮肤中的抗原。20个BP血清中的18个 (90%) 对230-kD抗原反应。七个 (35%) 的血清反应至160-kD抗原。其中两个仅对160-kD抗原反应,五个也对230-kD抗原反应。在从正常个体或其他大疱性疾病患者获得的对照血清中不存在针对160-kD抗原的抗体。160-kD抗原存在于正常人皮肤的四个不同标本的表皮提取物中,但不存在于真皮提取物或对照细胞的提取物中,包括黑色素瘤、成纤维细胞、肺癌和结肠癌。在含有两种抗原的表皮提取物中,具有针对230-kD或针对160-kD抗原的抗体的单特异性血清仅与它们各自的靶抗原反应,但不与两者反应。160-kD抗原分解为140-kD片段,而230-kD抗原在没有蛋白酶抑制剂的情况下不变。Western印迹亲和纯化的160-kD抗原抗体仅与1mnacl分裂皮肤的表皮侧的基底膜区结合。这些结果表明160-kD抗原是人皮肤基底膜区的正常成分。抗原位于1M NaCl分裂的皮肤的表皮侧。它是一种次要的BP抗原,在某些BP患者中存在抗体。
  • 【体外受精患者对沙眼衣原体膜成分的体液免疫反应和60 kDa热休克蛋白在卵泡液中的表达。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1093/humrep/12.5.925 复制DOI
    作者列表:Neuer A,Lam KN,Tiller FW,Kiesel L,Witkin SS
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Recent evidence suggests that Chlamydia trachomatis can persist in the female upper genital tract in an unculturable state. Since unsuspected C. trachomatis infection has been associated with adverse in-vitro fertilization (IVF) outcome we sought to detect further evidence of C. trachomatis in the genital tracts of women undergoing IVF. The prevalence and distribution of antibodies to the major structural proteins of C. trachomatis in paired follicular fluid and sera of women undergoing IVF were examined. Sera and follicular fluid samples from 149 women were assayed for immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgA antibodies to two C. trachomatis antigens, the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) and a recombinant lipopolysaccharide (rLPS) fragment. Additionally, the expression of human 60 kDa heat shock protein (hsp 60) in follicular fluid was determined. All cervical and follicular fluid samples were negative for C. trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction, ligase chain reaction and DNA probe. Sera from 60% of the subjects were positive for antichlamydial rLPS IgG; 36% were positive for anti-MOMP IgG. Similarly, rLPS-directed and MOMP-directed IgA were detected in sera of 34 and 14% of the subjects respectively. IgG antibodies to MOMP and rLPS were detected in 42 and 41% of the follicular fluid examined respectively. Anti-MOMP IgA was identified in 8.7% of the follicular fluid while 27.5% were positive for anti-rLPS IgA. Human hsp 60 expression was documented in 11.6% of the follicular fluid tested. IgA antibodies to both MOMP (P = 0.03) and rLPS (P = 0.02) in follicular fluid were associated with a failure to become pregnant after embryo transfer. IgG antibodies in sera and follicular fluid and IgA antibodies in sera were unrelated to IVF outcome. Similarly only anti-MOMP IgA (P = 0.02) and anti-rLPS IgA (P = 0.04) in follicular fluid were correlated with human hsp 60 expression in follicular fluid. The unique association between IgA antibodies to two chlamydial antigens in follicular fluid and both hsp 60 expression and IVF failure provides further support for the possibility that a persistent upper genital tract chlamydial infection contributes to IVF failure in some women.

    背景与目标: 最近的证据表明,沙眼衣原体可以在女性上生殖道中以不可培养的状态持续存在。由于未经怀疑的沙眼衣原体感染与不良的体外受精 (IVF) 结果有关,因此我们试图在接受IVF的妇女的生殖道中进一步发现沙眼衣原体的证据。检查了成对的卵泡液和接受IVF的妇女血清中沙眼衣原体主要结构蛋白的抗体的患病率和分布。对来自149名妇女的血清和卵泡液样品进行了免疫球蛋白 (Ig)G和IgA抗体的检测,该抗体针对两种沙眼衣原体抗原,主要外膜蛋白 (MOMP) 和重组脂多糖 (rLPS) 片段。此外,测定了人60 kDa热休克蛋白 (hsp 60) 在卵泡液中的表达。通过聚合酶链反应,连接酶链反应和DNA探针,所有宫颈和卵泡液样品均阴性沙眼衣原体。来自60% 名受试者的血清中抗衣原体rLPS IgG阳性; 36% 抗MOMP IgG阳性。同样,分别在34和14% 名受试者的血清中检测到rLPS导向和MOMP导向的IgA。分别在42和41% 的卵泡液中检测到针对MOMP和rLPS的IgG抗体。在卵泡液8.7% 中鉴定出抗MOMP IgA,而27.5% 对抗rLPS呈阳性igA。人类hsp 60的表达在测试的卵泡液11.6% 中被记录。卵泡液中MOMP (P = 0.03) 和rlp (P = 0.02) 的IgA抗体与胚胎移植后未能怀孕有关。血清和卵泡液中的IgG抗体和血清中的IgA抗体与IVF结果无关。同样,只有卵泡液中的抗MOMP IgA (P = 0.02) 和抗rLPS IgA (P = 0.04) 与人hsp 60在卵泡液中的表达相关。针对两种衣原体抗原的IgA抗体与hsp 60表达和IVF失败为某些女性持续的上生殖道衣原体感染导致IVF失败的可能性提供了进一步的支持。
  • 【高胰岛素血症可诱导自发性高血压大鼠的心肌梗塞和小动脉内侧肥大。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/s0895-7061(97)00052-6 复制DOI
    作者列表:Zimlichman R,Zaidel L,Nofech-Mozes S,Shkedy A,Matas Z,Shahar C,Eliahou HE
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: To investigate the effects of hyperinsulinemia on the myocardial vessels, long acting insulin (mixtard, a combination of 30% regular human insulin and 70% NPH human insulin) was injected daily for 8 weeks, intraperitoneally, in two strains of rats, normotensive WKY and hypertensive SHR. There were four groups in all, a control group, and an insulin-injected group in each strain. The drinking water contained 10% glucose to prevent hypoglycemia in the insulin-injected rats. At the end of the 8 weeks experimental period, after measuring blood pressure and taking blood for the determination of glucose, urea, creatinine, and insulin, the rats were killed. The organs were fixed in formaldehyde. The blood glucose levels were higher at the end of the experiment, in both the placebo- (saline)-injected and the insulin-injected rats. Blood pressure rose significantly only in the insulin-injected SHR. The intramyocardial arterioles in the insulin-injected SHR had a significantly thicker vascular wall than the placebo-injected SHR, as represented by the vessel wall to lumen ratio, because of hypertrophy of the media. When compared with the placebo injected WKY rats, there was a higher wall/lumen ratio of the intramyocardial arterioles in the insulin-injected WKY, but the difference did not reach significance. Heart weights factored by body weights was significantly higher in insulin-injected as compared with placebo-injected SHR. Myocardial infarctions were observed in four of eight rats in the insulin-injected SHR group despite the fact that there were no signs of atherosclerosis or intimal thickening. It is possible that the increase in heart weight and the probable increase in metabolic activity resulting from hyperinsulinemia, together with the increased oxygen demand of the myocardium and the arteriolar narrowing, may have contributed to the occurence of myocardial infarctions in the absence of atherosclerotic coronary occlusion.

    背景与目标: 为了研究高胰岛素血症对心肌血管的影响,每天在正常血压WKY和高血压SHR的两种大鼠中腹腔注射长效胰岛素 (mixtard,30% 常规人胰岛素和70% NPH人胰岛素的组合),持续8周。每个菌株共有四组,一个对照组和一个胰岛素注射组。饮用水中含有10% 葡萄糖,以防止注射胰岛素的大鼠发生低血糖。在8周的实验期结束时,测量血压并抽血以测定葡萄糖,尿素,肌酐和胰岛素后,将大鼠处死。器官用甲醛固定。在实验结束时,注射安慰剂 (盐水) 和注射胰岛素的大鼠的血糖水平均较高。仅在注射胰岛素的SHR中血压显着升高。由于培养基肥大,注射胰岛素的SHR中的心肌小动脉的血管壁比安慰剂注射的SHR明显厚,以血管壁与管腔的比率表示。与安慰剂注射的WKY大鼠相比,胰岛素注射的WKY中心肌内小动脉的壁/管腔比率更高,但差异没有达到显着性。与注射安慰剂的SHR相比,注射胰岛素的心脏重量因体重而显着更高。尽管没有动脉粥样硬化或内膜增厚的迹象,但在注射胰岛素的SHR组的八只大鼠中有四只观察到心肌梗塞。心脏重量的增加和由高胰岛素血症引起的代谢活动的可能增加,以及心肌的氧气需求增加和小动脉狭窄,可能在没有动脉粥样硬化的情况下导致心肌梗死的发生冠状动脉闭塞。
  • 【GABA在胎儿,产后和成人视网膜中的表达: 一项免疫组织化学研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1017/s0952523800012104 复制DOI
    作者列表:Nag TC,Wadhwa S
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: The expression of GABA in the human fetal (12-25 weeks of gestation), postnatal (five-month-old), and adult (35-year-old) retinas was investigated by immunohistochemistry. GABA expression was seen as early as 12 weeks in the undifferentiated cells of the inner neuroblast zone; a few optic nerve fiber layer axons were clearly labeled, suggesting that some of the stained cell bodies were prospective ganglion cells, others could be displaced amacrine cells. From 16-17 to 24-25 weeks, intense labeling was found in the amacrine, displaced amacrine, and some ganglion cells. During this time period, horizontal cells (identified by calbindin immunohistochemistry), undergoing migration (periphery) and differentiation (center), expressed GABA prominently. In the postnatal retina, some horizontal cells were moderately labeled, but very weakly in a few cells, in the adult. The Müller cells developed immunoreactivity first weakly at 12 weeks and then moderately from 16-17 weeks onward. The staining was also evident in the postnatal and adult retinas, showing labeled processes of these glial cells. Virtually no axons in the adult optic nerve and nerve fiber layer were stained; the staining was restricted to a few, large ganglion cells and displaced amacrine cellsSome amacrines were also labeled. The possibility that GABA might play a role in horizontal cell differentiation and maturation is highlighted. Other evidences suggest that GABA might play a role in metabolism during retinal development.

    背景与目标: 通过免疫组织化学研究了GABA在人类胎儿 (妊娠12-25周),产后 (5个月大) 和成人 (35岁) 视网膜中的表达。早在12周内在神经母细胞区的未分化细胞中就看到了GABA的表达; 清晰地标记了一些视神经纤维层轴突,这表明一些染色的细胞体是潜在的神经节细胞,另一些可能是置换的无长突细胞。从16-17到24-25周,在无长突,移位的无长突和一些神经节细胞中发现了强烈的标记。在此期间,水平细胞 (通过钙结合蛋白免疫组织化学鉴定) 经历了迁移 (外围) 和分化 (中心),显着表达GABA。在成年后的视网膜中,一些水平细胞被适度标记,但在少数细胞中却非常弱。M ü ller细胞首先在12周时出现免疫反应性,然后从16-17周开始适度发展。在产后和成年视网膜中,染色也很明显,显示了这些神经胶质细胞的标记过程。成人视神经和神经纤维层中几乎没有轴突被染色; 染色仅限于少数大神经节细胞和移位的无长突细胞,还标记了一些无长突。强调了GABA可能在水平细胞分化和成熟中起作用的可能性。其他证据表明,GABA可能在视网膜发育过程中发挥代谢作用。
  • 【益生菌和益生元在慢性炎症性肠病中的作用。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.3748/wjg.v12.i37.5941 复制DOI
    作者列表:Ewaschuk JB,Dieleman LA
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells of the colon exist in a highly complex, but harmonious relationship. Disturbances in this remarkable symbiosis can result in the development of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Although the etiology of IBD is not entirely understood, it is known that the chronic inflammation of Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and chronic pouchitis are a result of an overly aggressive immune response to the commensal intestinal flora in genetically susceptible hosts. Recent studies have enhanced our ability to understand the interaction between the host and its intestinal microflora and the role the microflora plays in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. As we begin to understand the benefits conferred to the intestine by the microflora, the notion of modifying the composition of the bacterial load to improve human health has arisen. A significant body of research now exists investigating the role of probiotics and prebiotics in ameliorating chronic intestinal inflammation. This article will begin with an overview of the role of the commensal microflora in maintaining mucosal immune homeostasis, and how a dysregulated immune response to the intestinal microflora results in IBD. This will be followed by a summary of the use of probiotics and prebiotics in experimental and human IBD.
    背景与目标: : 结肠的原核和真核细胞以高度复杂但和谐的关系存在。这种显着共生的干扰可能导致炎症性肠病 (IBD) 的发展。尽管IBD的病因尚不完全清楚,但众所周知,克罗恩病,溃疡性结肠炎和慢性胆囊炎的慢性炎症是对遗传易感宿主的共生肠道菌群过度激进的免疫反应的结果。最近的研究增强了我们了解宿主与其肠道菌群之间的相互作用以及微生物群在维持肠道稳态中的作用的能力。当我们开始了解微生物区系赋予肠道的益处时,就出现了改变细菌负荷的组成以改善人类健康的想法。目前存在大量研究,研究益生菌和益生元在改善慢性肠道炎症中的作用。本文将首先概述共生菌群在维持粘膜免疫稳态中的作用,以及对肠道菌群的免疫反应失调如何导致IBD。随后将总结益生菌和益生元在实验和人类IBD中的使用。

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