BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a major microenvironmental molecule in the CNS, and there have been few reports about its neuroprotective activity. As neuronal cell death by excitotoxicity is a crucial phase in many neuronal diseases, we examined the effect of various CS preparations on neuronal cell death induced by the excitotoxicity of glutamate analogs. CS preparations were added to cultured neurons before and after the administration of glutamate analogs. Then, the extents of both neuronal cell death and survival were estimated. Pre-administration of a highly sulfated CS preparation, CS-E, significantly reduced neuronal cell death induced by not only NMDA but also (S)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid or kainate. Neither CS preparations other than CS-E nor other highly sulfated polysaccharides such as heparin and dextran sulfate exerted any neuroprotective effects. NMDA-induced current in neurons was not changed by pre-administration of CS-E, but the pattern of protein-tyrosine phosphorylation was changed. In addition, the elevation of caspase 3 activity was significantly suppressed in CS-E-treated neurons. These results indicate that CS-E prevents neuronal cell death mediated by various glutamate receptors, and suggest that phosphorylation-related intracellular signals and the suppression of caspase 3 activation are implicated in neuroprotection by CS-E.

背景与目标： 硫酸软骨素 (CS) 是中枢神经系统中的主要微环境分子，关于其神经保护活性的报道很少。由于兴奋性毒性引起的神经元细胞死亡是许多神经元疾病的关键阶段，因此我们研究了各种CS制剂对谷氨酸类似物的兴奋性毒性引起的神经元细胞死亡的影响。在施用谷氨酸类似物之前和之后，将CS制剂添加到培养的神经元中。然后，估计神经元细胞死亡和存活的程度。预先施用高度硫酸化的CS制剂CS-E，不仅显着降低了NMDA诱导的神经元细胞死亡，而且还降低了 (S)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic酸或kainate诱导的神经元细胞死亡。除cs-e以外的CS制剂或其他高度硫酸化的多糖 (例如肝素和硫酸葡聚糖) 均未发挥任何神经保护作用。预先施用CS-E不会改变NMDA诱导的神经元电流，但改变了蛋白质酪氨酸磷酸化的模式。此外，在CS-E处理的神经元中，caspase 3活性的升高被显着抑制。这些结果表明CS-E阻止了由各种谷氨酸受体介导的神经元细胞死亡，并表明与磷酸化相关的细胞内信号和caspase 3激活的抑制与CS-E的神经保护有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Systematic trends in examinee performance across the testing day (sequence effects) could indicate that artifacts of the testing situation have an impact on scores. This research investigated the presence of sequence effects for United States Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE) Step 2 clinical skills (CS) examination components. METHOD:Data from Step 2 CS examinees were analyzed using analysis of covariance and hierarchical linear modeling procedures. RESULTS:Sequence was significant for three of the components; communication and interpersonal skills, data gathering, and documentation. A significant gender x sequence interaction was found for two components. CONCLUSIONS:The presence of sequence effects suggests that scores on early cases are influenced by factors that are unrelated to the proficiencies of interest. More research is needed to fully understand these effects.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We thank Sani Rachman Soleman et al. for three specific points of criticism concerning our investigation of the ecological association between low birth weight (LBW) and radioactive contamination in Japan after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accidents: 1. Ecological variables are not justified enough to adjust potential confounding. 2. The spatiotemporal regression model does not consider temporal reduction in radiation dose rate. 3. Dose-response plot between dose rates and odds ratios overestimates R2 and underestimates p-value. This criticism is a good starting point to explain some of the technical backgrounds of our approach in more detail.

背景与目标： : 我们感谢Sani Rachman Soleman等人对我们调查福岛第一核电站 (FDNPP) 事故后日本低出生体重 (LBW) 与放射性污染之间的生态关联的三个具体批评: 1。生态变量不足以调整潜在的混杂因素。2.时空回归模型不考虑辐射剂量率的时间降低。3.剂量率和优势比之间的剂量-反应图高估了R2，低估了p值。这种批评是一个很好的起点，可以更详细地解释我们方法的一些技术背景。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Optimal methods for peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) collection should yield a small volume product containing minimal platelets and a large number of mononuclear cells (MNC). The Fenwal CS-3000 Plus blood cell separator was modified in an attempt to meet these objectives. Modifications of the CS-3000 Plus included use of the small volume collection chamber (SVCC), increasing the interface/offset detector setting to 150 and decreasing the centrifuge speed to 1400 rpm. Thirty-eight patients undergoing 224 PBSC collections were studied. Mobilization methods included 4 g/m2 cyclophosphamide (CY), CY + 250 micrograms/m2 subcutaneous granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or GM-CSF alone. The median collection volume was 58 ml containing a median of 21 ml of red blood cells. Platelet collection efficiency was < 4.4% and the median number of extracted platelets was 0.6 x 10(11)/apheresis. Median reduction in the platelet count post-apheresis was 15%. MNC purity was 95.5% and MNC collection efficiency was 61%. Yield of MNC was 1 x 10(8)/kg/apheresis. Collected progenitor cells correlated with both the WBC and MNC content of the apheresis product. The modified CS-3000 Plus with the SVCC is effective for PBSC collection following three different mobilization regimens and is, therefore, recommended for routine collection of PBSC.

背景与目标： : 收集外周血干细胞 (PBSC) 的最佳方法应产生包含最小血小板和大量单核细胞 (MNC) 的小体积产品。为了达到这些目的，对Fenwal CS-3000加血细胞分离器进行了修改。CS-3000 Plus的修改包括使用小体积收集室 (SVCC)，将界面/偏移检测器设置增加到150，并将离心机速度降低到1400 rpm。研究了38例接受224 PBSC收集的患者。动员方法包括4g/m2环磷酰胺 (CY)，CY 250微克/m2皮下粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子 (gm-csf) 或单独的gm-csf。58毫升含有21毫升的红细胞的中值收集体积。血小板收集效率 <4.4%，提取的血小板中位数为0.6 × 10(11)/单采。15% 了单采后血小板计数的中位数减少。MNC纯度95.5%，MNC收集效率61%。MNC的产量为1 × 10(8)/kg/单采。收集的祖细胞与单采产物的WBC和MNC含量相关。改良的SVCC CS-3000 Plus在三种不同的动员方案之后对PBSC收集有效，因此推荐用于PBSC的常规收集。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:CS-706 is a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-selective inhibitor with an in vitro selectivity ratio (COX-1:COX-2) similar to that of celecoxib. It has exhibited analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties in animal models. OBJECTIVES:This study evaluated the tolerability of single doses of CS-706 and compared the analgesic efficacy of CS-706 with that of celecoxib and placebo in the dental pain model. METHODS:This was a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, active- and placebo-controlled study. Healthy male and female subjects with moderate to severe pain intensity (PI) after dental surgery were randomized ( approximately 50 per group) to receive a single oral dose of CS-706 10, 50, 100, or 200 mg; celecoxib 400 mg; or placebo. PI and pain relief (PR) were measured on categorical and visual analog scales through 24 hours after the dose. The primary efficacy variable was the time-weighted sum of PR scores at 4 hours after the dose (TOPAR4). The onset of analgesia was assessed by calculating the pain intensity difference (PID). Perceptible and meaningful pain relief were assessed using a 2-stopwatch method. RESULTS:The majority of subjects were female (62.0%) and white (59.5%). Subjects' mean (SD) age was 22.6 (3.9) years, and their mean body mass index was 25.3 (5.1) kg/m(2). All doses of CS-706 were associated with significant analgesic efficacy compared with placebo based on the primary end point, TOPAR4 (P<0.001), and on all secondary end points (P<0.05, comparisons of all CS-706 doses vs placebo) with the exception of time to 100% PR for CS-706 10 mg. Single 50-, 100-, and 200-mg doses of CS-706 also were significantly more effective than celecoxib for TOPAR4 (P=0.036, P=0.004, and P=0.006, respectively). The onset of analgesia (PID >or= 1) for all CS-706 doses occurred within 1 hour after dosing (P<0.001 vs placebo). The median duration of analgesia, measured as the time to administration of rescue medication, was significantly greater for all doses of CS-706 compared with placebo (5.7 hours for CS-706 10 mg, >24 hours for CS-706 50, 100, and 200 mg, and 1.7 hours for placebo; P<0.001 for CS-706 50, 100, and 200 mg). These data suggest that once-daily administration of CS-706 may be effective in providing relief of acute pain. The incidence of adverse events was similar among all treatment groups. Adverse events occurring in >or= 5 % of subjects in any treatment group were nausea, vomiting, dry socket, dizziness, headache, and paresthesia. CONCLUSION:Single doses of CS-706 had significant analgesic efficacy compared with celecoxib and placebo in the relief of postoperative dental pain in the healthy subjects enrolled in this study.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :For patients with Morbus Hodgkin and CS I/II of the low risk group and primary radiotherapy recommended treatment fields are: regional field for isolated high cervical involvement, mantle field for isolated mediastinal involvement and extended mantle field for the other patients. Omission of the infradiaphragmatic irradiation volume for PS I/II may be regarded as an advantage, which must be compared with the risk of a staging laparotomy, whereas the low risk of undertreatment of a small part of patients with CS I/II PS III probably does not outweigh the risk of the laparotomy. Equal efficacy of chemotherapy alone for these patients has not been proven sufficiently and important questions concerning long-term risks are unanswered. Ongoing studies will show, whether combinations with reduced chemotherapy or other types of chemotherapy and local radiotherapy are superior. Details of the mantle field borders and blocking are described. In most patients with adjuvant radiotherapy after complete remission after chemotherapy, the recommended target volume includes only the regions with proven involvement before chemotherapy. Details of the mediastinal treatment volume for patients with adjuvant radiotherapy after chemotherapy for bulky mediastinal disease are given. According to some recent analysis of a large body of dose-effect data, the recommended target doses in primary irradiation are between 36 and 40 Gy for regions with proven involvement and between 30 and 36 Gy for electively treated regions. The recommended target dose per fraction is between 1.5 and 1.8 Gy and less than 2 Gy in various critical tissues. According to the recent recommendations, the maximal total doses in mantle field radiotherapy to the spinal cord should be 38 Gy for radiotherapy alone and 36 Gy for radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy. The maximal total dose to the whole heart should be 15 Gy and for the other parts between 30 and 35 Gy. After chemotherapy with MOPP oder MOPP-like regimes, there is a cumulative risk of leukaemia between 2.2 and 11.9%. After radiotherapy alone, there is only a very low risk of leukaemia after radiotherapy and chemotherapy to the risk after chemotherapy. Most long-term studies show an increased risk of solid second malignancies associated with radiotherapy with a relative risk of approximately two. In the analyzed studies, the cumulative risk of solid second malignancy after seven to 15 years is between 7 and 11.2% after radiotherapy, between 7 and 11.7% after chemotherapy and between 7 and 11.7% after radiotherapy and chemotherapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

背景与目标： : 对于低危组和初级放疗的Morbus Hodgkin和CS I/II患者，推荐的治疗领域是: 孤立的高宫颈受累的区域领域，孤立的纵隔受累的外罩领域和其他患者的外罩领域。省略PS I/II的diaphragm肌下辐射量可能是一个优势，必须将其与分期剖腹手术的风险进行比较，而一小部分CS I/II PS III的患者治疗不足的风险较低可能不会超过剖腹手术的风险。仅化疗对这些患者的同等疗效尚未得到充分证明，有关长期风险的重要问题尚未得到解答。正在进行的研究将表明，减少化疗或其他类型的化疗和局部放疗的组合是否更好。描述了地幔场边界和阻塞的详细信息。在大多数化疗后完全缓解后进行辅助放疗的患者中，推荐的目标体积仅包括化疗前已证实受累的区域。详细介绍了大纵隔疾病化疗后辅助放疗患者的纵隔治疗量。根据对大量剂量效应数据的最新分析，对于已证实受累的区域，主要照射的推荐目标剂量在36至40 Gy之间，而对于选择性治疗的区域，建议的目标剂量在30至36 Gy之间。每部分推荐的目标剂量在1.5至1.8 Gy之间，并且在各种关键组织中小于2 Gy。根据最近的建议，套膜场放疗对脊髓的最大总剂量应为单纯放疗38 Gy，放疗联合化疗36 Gy。整个心脏的最大总剂量应为15 Gy，其他部分应为30至35 Gy。用MOPP或MOPP样方案化疗后，在2.2和11.9% 之间存在白血病的累积风险。单独放疗后，只有放疗和化疗后的白血病风险极低。大多数长期研究表明，与放疗相关的实体第二恶性肿瘤的风险增加，相对风险约为2。在分析的研究中，7至15年后发生实体第二恶性肿瘤的累积风险在放疗后7至11.2% 之间，化疗后7至11.7% 之间，放疗和化疗后7至11.7% 之间。(摘要截断在400字)

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The Preoperative Clinic at Children's Hospital Boston has established a unique collaborative approach to ensure that individualized perioperative plans of care are created for patients, which goes beyond traditional preoperative screening. This article describes the Preoperative Clinic's operational model and explains the significant role the health care record review nurse plays in developing these perioperative plans of care.

背景与目标： : 波士顿儿童医院的术前诊所建立了独特的协作方法，以确保为患者制定个性化的围手术期护理计划，这超出了传统的术前筛查范围。本文介绍了术前诊所的操作模式，并解释了卫生保健记录审查护士在制定这些围手术期护理计划中的重要作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare hereditary human disorder clinically associated with severe sun sensitivity and predisposition to skin cancer. Some XP patients also show clinical characteristics of Cockayne syndrome (CS), a disorder associated with defective preferential repair of DNA lesions in transcriptionally active genes. Cells from the two XP-patients who belong to complementation group D and exhibit additional clinical symptoms of CS are strikingly more sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of UV-light than cells from classical XP-D patients. To explain the severe UV-sensitivity it was suggested that XP-D-CS cells have a defect in preferential repair of UV-induced 6-4 photoproducts (6-4PP) in active genes. We investigated the capacity of XP-D and XP-D-CS cells to repair UV-induced DNA lesions in the active adenosine deaminase gene (ADA) and in the inactive 754 gene by determining (i) the removal of specific lesions, i.e. cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) and 6-4PP, or (ii) the formation of BrdUrd-labeled repair patches. No differences in repair capacity were observed between XP-D and XP-D-CS cells. In both cell types repair of CPD was completely absent whereas 6-4PP were inefficiently removed from the ADA gene and the 754 gene with similar kinetics. However, whereas XP-D cells were able to restore UV-inhibited RNA synthesis after a UV-dose of 2 J/m2, RNA synthesis in XP-D-CS cells remained repressed up to 24 h after irradiation. Our results are inconsistent with the hypothesis that differences in the capacity to perform preferential repair of UV-induced photolesions in active genes between XP-D and XP-D-CS cells are the cause of the extreme UV-sensitivity of XP-D-CS cells. Rather, the enhanced sensitivity of XP-D-CS cells may be associated with a defect in transcription regulation superimposed on the repair defect.

背景与目标： : 着色性干皮病 (XP) 是一种罕见的遗传性人类疾病，临床上与严重的阳光敏感性和皮肤癌易感性相关。一些XP患者还表现出Cockayne综合征 (CS) 的临床特征，这是一种与转录活性基因中DNA损伤的优先修复缺陷相关的疾病。来自两名XP患者的细胞属于补充D组，并表现出CS的其他临床症状，与经典xp-d患者的细胞相比，对紫外线的细胞毒性作用更为敏感。为了解释严重的紫外线敏感性，建议XP-d-cs细胞在活性基因中优先修复紫外线诱导的6-4光产物 (6-4PP) 方面存在缺陷。我们通过确定 (i) 去除特定病变，即环丁烷嘧啶二聚体 (CPD) 和6-4PP，研究了XP-D和XP-D-CS细胞修复活性腺苷脱氨酶基因 (ADA) 和非活性754基因中紫外线诱导的DNA损伤的能力，或 (ii) 形成BrdUrd标记的修复斑块。在XP-D和XP-D-CS细胞之间未观察到修复能力的差异。在两种细胞类型中，完全没有CPD的修复，而以相似的动力学从ADA基因和754基因中无效地去除6-4PP。然而，尽管xp-d细胞在2 J/m2的紫外线剂量后能够恢复受紫外线抑制的RNA合成，但在照射后24小时内，xp-d-cs细胞中的RNA合成仍受到抑制。我们的结果与以下假设不一致: xp-d和xp-d-cs细胞之间活性基因中紫外线诱导的光损伤的优先修复能力差异是xp-d-cs细胞极度紫外线敏感性的原因。相反，xp-d-cs细胞的敏感性增强可能与叠加在修复缺陷上的转录调控缺陷有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Marine picocyanobacteria belonging to Synechococcus are major contributors to the global carbon cycle, however the genomic information of its cold-adapted members has been lacking to date. To fill this void the genome of a cold-adapted planktonic cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. CS-601 (SynAce01) has been sequenced. The genome of the strain contains a single chromosome of approximately 2.75 MBp and GC content of 63.92%. Gene prediction yielded 2984 protein coding sequences and 44 tRNA genes. The genome contained evidence of horizontal gene transfer events during its evolution. CS-601 appears as a transport generalist with some specific adaptation to an oligotrophic marine environment. It has a broad repertoire of transporters of both inorganic and organic nutrients to survive in inhospitable environments. The cold adaptation of the strain exhibited characteristics of a psychrotroph rather than psychrophile. Its salt adaptation strategy is likely to rely on the uptake and synthesis of osmolytes, like glycerol or glycine betaine. Overall, the genome reveals two distinct patterns of adaptation to the inhospitable environment of Antarctica. Adaptation to an oligotrophic marine environment is likely due to an abundance of genes, probably acquired horizontally, that are associated with increased transport of nutrients, osmolytes, and light harvesting. On the other hand, adaptations to low temperatures are likely due to prolonged evolutionary changes.

背景与目标： : 属于Synechococcus的海洋短蓝细菌是全球碳循环的主要贡献者，但是迄今为止，其冷适应成员的基因组信息一直缺乏。为了填补这个空白，已经对一种冷适应的浮游蓝细菌Synechococcus sp. CS-601 (SynAce01) 的基因组进行了测序。该菌株的基因组包含约2.75 MBp和GC含量的63.92% 的单个染色体。基因预测产生2984个蛋白质编码序列和44个tRNA基因。基因组包含进化过程中水平基因转移事件的证据。CS-601似乎是运输通才，对贫营养海洋环境有一定的适应。它具有广泛的无机和有机养分转运体，可在恶劣的环境中生存。菌株的冷适应表现出嗜冷性而不是嗜冷性的特征。它的盐适应策略可能依赖于渗透剂的吸收和合成，例如甘油或甘氨酸甜菜碱。总体而言，基因组揭示了两种不同的适应南极荒凉环境的模式。适应贫营养海洋环境可能是由于大量的基因 (可能是水平获得的) 与营养物质，渗透剂和光收集的增加有关。另一方面，适应低温可能是由于长期的进化变化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The present study involves the adsorption of hexavalent Chromium(Cr(VI)) using chitosan grafted graphene oxide (CS-GO) nanocomposite in batch mode. The CS-GO nanocomposite material was prepared by ultrasonic irradiation technique. The CS-GO adsorbent was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Tunnelling electron microscopy (TEM), followed by Cr(VI) adsorption studies. The adsorption capacity of 104.16 mg/g was achieved at pH 2.0, in the contact time of 420 min. The adsorption process was described by the pseudo second order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm model. The nano-microstructural investigation validates the successful adsorption of Cr(VI) on CS-GO nanocomposite. The CS-GO material is recyclable up to 10 cycles with the minimum loss in adsorption capacity.

背景与目标： : 本研究涉及使用壳聚糖接枝氧化石墨烯 (cs-go) 纳米复合材料以间歇方式吸附六价铬 (Cr(VI))。通过超声辐照技术制备了cs-go纳米复合材料。通过x射线衍射 (XRD)，傅里叶变换红外 (FTIR) 光谱，扫描电子显微镜 (SEM) 和隧道电子显微镜 (TEM) 对cs-go吸附剂进行了表征，随后进行了Cr(VI) 吸附研究。在ph   2.0下，接触时间为420  min，吸附容量为104.16  mg/g。吸附过程由伪二阶动力学和Langmuir等温线模型描述。纳米微结构研究证实了Cr(VI) 在CS-GO纳米复合材料上的成功吸附。Cs-go材料可回收长达10个循环，吸附容量损失最小。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Tracking the location of medical devices in interventional X-ray data solves different problems. For example the motion information of the devices is used to determine cardiac or respiratory motion during X-ray guided procedures or device features are used as landmarks to register images. In this publication an approach using a 3D deformable catheter model is presented and used to track a coronary sinus (CS) catheter in 3D plus time through a complete rotational angiography sequence. The benefits of using voxel based models with attenuation information for 2D/3D registration are investigated in comparison to binary catheter models. The 2D/3D registration of the model allows to extract a 3D catheter shape from every individual 2D projection. The tracking accuracy is evaluated on simulated and clinical rotational angiography data of the contrast enhanced left atrium. The quantitative evaluation of the experiments delivers an average registration accuracy for all catheter electrodes of 0.23 mm in 2D and 0.95 mm in 3D when using an attenuation model of the catheter. The overall tracking accuracy is lower when using binary catheter models.

背景与目标： : 跟踪介入x射线数据中医疗设备的位置解决了不同的问题。例如，设备的运动信息用于确定x射线引导过程期间的心脏或呼吸运动，或者设备特征被用作标记以配准图像。在该出版物中，提出了一种使用3D可变形导管模型的方法，该方法用于通过完整的旋转血管造影序列在3D加时间内跟踪冠状窦 (CS) 导管。与二进制导管模型相比，研究了使用具有衰减信息的基于体素的模型进行2D/3D配准的好处。模型的2D/3D配准允许从每个单独的2D投影中提取3D导管形状。在对比增强左心房的模拟和临床旋转血管造影数据上评估跟踪准确性。当使用导管的衰减模型时，实验的定量评估为2D 0.23毫米和3D 0.95毫米的所有导管电极提供平均配准精度。使用二进制导管模型时，整体跟踪精度较低。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This is a preliminary study of the depth distribution of (137)Cs radionuclides in cultivated anthrosol soil of a 15-year old peach tree plantation at the experimental field "Radmilovac" near Belgrade. Before planting, the soil was ploughed at the depth of 1 m. The soil had not been annually ploughed, irrigated and treated with mineral fertilizers for three years before sampling. Activity concentration for (137)Cs ranged from 1.8 Bq kg(-1) to 35 Bq kg(-1). Along the soil depth it varied highly, reaching as high a total variation coefficient as 83 %. Radiocaesium distribution patterns depended on the extent of soil mixing in the plough layer, as it was mechanically transferred from the surface to the lower soil layers during cultivation. (137)Cs was associated with humus content and fixation to clay fractions in the soil. Our results single out soil's hygroscopic water as a valuable parameter for (137)Cs behaviour that could be used commonly if the measurement is standardised.

背景与目标： : 这是对贝尔格莱德附近 “Radmilovac” 实验场的15年桃树人工林栽培的anthrosol土壤中 (137)Cs放射性核素深度分布的初步研究。在种植之前，将土壤犁入1 m的深度。在采样之前，三年没有每年对土壤进行耕作，灌溉和用矿物肥料处理。(137)Cs的活性浓度范围为1.8 bqkg (-1) 至35bqkg (-1)。沿土壤深度变化很大，总变异系数达到83%。放射性铯的分布模式取决于耕层中土壤混合的程度，因为在耕作过程中将其从地表机械转移到较低的土壤层。(137)Cs与土壤中的腐殖质含量和对粘土组分的固定有关。我们的结果将土壤的吸湿水作为 (137)Cs行为的有价值的参数，如果对测量进行标准化，则通常可以使用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The radioactive cesium ((134,137)Cs) concentration in brown rice is correlated with that in the straw/husk. The distribution of (134,137)Cs, resembles that of potassium (K), a homologous element of Cs, in the rice plant body. The relative isotopic abundance of (40)K is 0.0117 %; thus, 1 g K contains 30.4 Bq ⁴⁰K, and the mass of 4,000 Bq (40)K is 0.0154 g, indicating that the K concentration can be calculated from (40)K concentration. We examined if the radioactive Cs concentration in brown rice can be estimated from (40)K concentrations in straw, and especially might be predicted from the (40)K:(134,137)Cs ratio in straw. We determined the concentrations of (40)K and radioactive Cs in straw and brown rice, and found a strong correlated-equation (y = 72.922 x(-0.759); r = 0.907) between the radioactive Cs concentration in brown rice and the ⁴⁰K:(134,137)Cs ratio in straw. The estimated-radioactive Cs concentration in brown rice can be as much as double, depending on the K nutritional status changing the ⁴⁰K:(134,137)Cs ratio in straw. We herein propose a nutritional diagnosis that radioactive Cs concentrations in brown rice can be predicted from the ⁴⁰K:(134,137)Cs ratio in shoots.

背景与目标： : 糙米中的放射性铯 ((134,137)Cs) 浓度与稻草/果壳中的放射性铯浓度相关。(134,137)Cs的分布类似于Cs的同源元素钾 (K) 在水稻植株中的分布。(40)K的相对同位素丰度为0.0117%; 因此，1g K包含30.4 Bq的 (40)K，4,000 Bq (40)K的质量为0.0154g，表明可以从 (40)K浓度计算出K浓度。我们研究了是否可以从秸秆中的 (40)K浓度估算糙米中的放射性Cs浓度，尤其是可以从秸秆中的 (40)K :( 134,137)Cs比预测。我们确定了稻草和糙米中 (40)K和放射性Cs的浓度，并发现了糙米中放射性Cs浓度与稻草中 (K :( 134,137)Cs比) 之间的强相关方程 (y = 72.922 x(-0.759); r = 0.907)。糙米中估计的放射性Cs浓度可能高达两倍，这取决于K的营养状况改变了秸秆中K :( 134,137)Cs的比率。我们在此提出了一种营养诊断，即可以从芽中的 “k :( 134,137)Cs” 比率预测糙米中的放射性Cs浓度。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Modulators of sphingosine phosphate receptor-1 (S1P(1)) have recently been focused as a suppressant of autoimmunity. We have discovered a 4-ethylthiophene-based S1P(1) agonist 1-({4-Ethyl-5-[5-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]-2-thienyl}methyl)azetidine-3-carboxylic acid (CS-2100, 8) showing potent S1P(1) agonist activity against S1P(3) and an excellent in vivo potency. We report herein the synthesis of CS-2100 (8) and pharmacological effects such as S1P(1) and S1P(3) agonist activity in vitro, peripheral blood lymphocyte lowering effects and the suppressive effects on adjuvant-induced arthritis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in animal models. The pharmacokinetic data were also reported. CS-2100 (8) had >5000-fold greater agonist activity for human S1P(1) (EC(50); 4.0 nM) relative to S1P(3) (EC(50); >20,000 nM). Following administration of single oral doses of 0.1 and 1 mg/kg of CS-2100 (8) in rats, lymphocyte counts decreased significantly, with a nadir at 8 and/or 12 h post-dose and recovery to vehicle control levels by 24-48 h post-dose. CS-2100 (8) is efficacious in the adjuvant-induced arthritis model in rats (ID(50); 0.44 mg/kg). In the EAE model compared to the vehicle-treated group, significant decreases in the cumulative EAE scores were observed for 0.3 and 1 mg/kg CS-2100 (8) groups in mice. While CS-2100 (8) showed potent efficacy in various animal disease models, it was also revealed that the central 1,2,4-oxadiazole ring of CS-2100 (8) was decomposed by enterobacteria in intestine of rats and monkeys, implicating the latent concern about an external susceptibility in its metabolic process in the upcoming clinical studies.

背景与目标： 鞘氨醇磷酸受体-1 (S1P(1)) 的调节剂最近被用作自身免疫的抑制剂。我们发现了基于4-乙基噻吩的S1P(1) 激动剂1-({4-乙基-5-[5-(4-苯氧基苯基)-1,2，4-恶二唑-3-基]-2-噻吩基} 甲基) azetidine-3-carboxylic酸 (CS-2100，8) 显示出有效的S1P(1) 激动剂对S1P(3) 的活性和优异的体内效价。我们在此报告CS-2100 (8) 的合成和药理作用，如S1P(1) 和S1P(3) 激动剂的体外活性，在动物模型中，外周血淋巴细胞的降低作用和对佐剂诱导的关节炎和实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎 (EAE) 的抑制作用。还报道了药代动力学数据。CS-2100 (8) 对人S1P(1) (EC(50)) 的激动剂活性高> 5000倍; 4.0 nM) 相对于S1P(3) (EC(50); >20,000 nM)。在大鼠中单次口服0.1和1 mg/kg CS-2100 (8) 后，淋巴细胞计数显着下降，给药后8小时和/或12小时达到最低点，给药后24-48小时恢复到媒介物控制水平。CS-2100 (8) 在大鼠佐剂诱导的关节炎模型中有效 (ID(50); 0.44 mg/kg)。在EAE模型中，与媒介物治疗组相比，在小鼠中，0.3和1 mg/kg CS-2100 (8) 组的EAE累积评分显著降低。而CS-2100 (8) 在各种动物疾病模型中显示出有效的功效，还揭示了CS-2100 (8) 的中央1,2，4-恶二唑环在大鼠和猴子的肠道中被肠杆菌分解，这在即将进行的临床研究中暗示了对其代谢过程中外部敏感性的潜在关注。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In the present paper, porcine pancreas lipase (PPL) was immobilized to a new version of magnetite via a novel stepwise dithiocarbamate/chitosan-based method in alternation to glutaraldehyde. Magnetic chitosan nanocomposite was post-modified to produce dithiocarbamate moieties on the surface through amine functions. Then, immobilization of lipase was successfully achieved on the surface of magnetically separable Fe3O4@CS/NHCS2H via a post-modification. Each step of immobilization was carefully monitored by characterization and all were successfully proved. Comparison of immobilized enzyme with free enzyme showed that the method of immobilization is efficient.

背景与目标： : 在本文中，猪胰腺脂肪酶 (PPL) 通过一种新型的逐步二硫代氨基甲酸酯/壳聚糖基方法与戊二醛交替固定在磁铁矿的新版本上。磁性壳聚糖纳米复合材料经过后改性，通过胺功能在表面上产生二硫代氨基甲酸酯部分。然后，通过后改性成功地将脂肪酶固定在磁性可分离的Fe3O4 @ CS/NHCS2H的表面上。通过表征仔细监测固定的每个步骤，并成功证明了所有步骤。固定化酶与游离酶的比较表明，固定化方法是有效的。