BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Experiments on spontaneously contracting strips from sinoatrial region of the hearts of 2-month-old albino mice showed that cesium (Cs(+)), a blocker of hyperpolarization-activated I(f) current, in a concentration of 1 mM produced the greatest negative chronotropic effect on the duration of diastolic depolarization phase (75%), its rate (59%), and action potential duration (29%). The threshold concentration of Cs(+) was approximately 0.15 mM. In a concentration of about 8.5 mM, spontaneous generation of action potentials stopped. The effect was reversible. Thus, blockade of I(f) current by Cs(+) reduced the rate of action potential generation in cells of mouse sinoatrial node by app. 42% in comparison with controls.

背景与目标： : 对2个月大的白化病小鼠心脏窦房区自发收缩条带的实验表明，铯 (Cs ()) 是超极化激活的I(f) 电流的阻滞剂，在1 mm浓度下，对舒张去极化期的持续时间 (75%)，其速率 (59%) 和动作电位持续时间 (29%) 产生最大的负变时性影响。Cs(+) 的阈值浓度约为0.15 mM。在约8.5 mM的浓度下，自发产生动作电位停止。效果是可逆的。因此，Cs () 对I(f) 电流的阻断降低了app在小鼠窦房结细胞中产生动作电位的速率。与对照相比42%。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Ethylene plays a key role in sex determination of cucumber flowers. Gynoecious cucumber shoots produce more ethylene than monoecious shoots. Because monoecious cucumbers produce both male and female flower buds in the shoot apex and because the relative proportions of male and female flowers vary due to growing conditions, the question arises as to whether the regulation of ethylene biosynthesis in each flower bud determines the sex of the flower. Therefore, the expression of a 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase gene, CS-ACS2, was examined in cucumber flower buds at different stages of development. The results revealed that CS-ACS2 mRNA began to accumulate just beneath the pistil primordia of flower buds at the bisexual stage, but was not detected prior to the formation of the pistil primordia. In buds determined to develop as female flowers, CS-ACS2 mRNA continued to accumulate in the central region of the developing ovary where ovules and placenta form. In gynoecious cucumber plants that produce only female flowers, accumulation of CS-ACS2 mRNA was detected in all flower buds at the bisexual stage and at later developmental stages. In monoecious cucumber, flower buds situated on some nodes accumulated CS-ACS2 mRNA, but others did not. The proportion of male and female flowers in monoecious cucumbers varied depending on the growth conditions, but was correlated with changes in accumulation of CS-ACS2 mRNA in flower buds. These results demonstrate that CS-ACS2-mediated biosynthesis of ethylene in individual flower buds is associated with the differentiation and development of female flowers.

背景与目标： : 乙烯在黄瓜花的性别决定中起着关键作用。雌雄同株的黄瓜芽比雌雄同株的芽产生更多的乙烯。由于雌雄同株黄瓜在茎尖上同时产生雄花和雌花芽，并且由于生长条件的不同，雄花和雌花的相对比例也不同，因此出现了每个花芽中乙烯生物合成的调节是否决定了花的性别的问题。因此，在不同发育阶段的黄瓜花蕾中检查了1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸合酶基因CS-ACS2的表达。结果表明，CS-ACS2 mRNA在两性阶段开始在花蕾的雌蕊原基下方积累，但在雌蕊原基形成之前未检测到。在确定发育为雌花的芽中，CS-ACS2 mRNA继续在胚珠和胎盘形成的发育中的卵巢中央区域积累。在仅产生雌花的雌雄性黄瓜植物中，在两性阶段和后期发育阶段的所有花蕾中都检测到CS-ACS2 mRNA的积累。在雌雄同株黄瓜中，位于某些节点上的花蕾CS-ACS2 mRNA积累，而其他节点则没有。雌雄同株黄瓜中雄花和雌花的比例因生长条件而异，但与花蕾中CS-ACS2 mRNA积累的变化有关。这些结果表明，单个花蕾中乙烯的CS-ACS2-mediated生物合成与雌花的分化和发育有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Neutral stimuli associated with unconditioned stimuli (USs) acquire the ability to act as conditioned stimuli (CSs), which can elicit behaviors similar to the US with which they are associated. The neural mechanisms by which this occurs are not fully known. We have previously proposed a model stipulating CSs function as such because they acquire the capacity to activate dopamine (DA) neurons at the level of the ventral tegmental area (VTA). In the present experiments we hypothesized that a food-associated CS (light), which demonstrably functions as such by eliciting conditioned responses (CRs), comes to acquire the capacity to activate VTA DA neurons. In Experiment 1, rats were allowed to eat or not eat food (food being the US). In Experiment 2, rats were trained to retrieve food pellets after light presentations (the CS) and then tested for the expression of the food checking response (the CR) with only CS presentations. In Experiment 1, eating food (exposure to the US) caused a significantly greater number of VTA DA (TH-labeled) cells to express c-Fos than not eating. In Experiment 2, CS (light) presentations caused a significant amount of conditioned approach and a significantly greater number of VTA TH-labeled (DA) cells to express c-Fos. These findings support our model stipulating that conditioned approach learning occurs when CSs acquire the capacity to cause conditioned activation of VTA DA neurons.

背景与目标： : 与非条件刺激 (USs) 相关的中性刺激具有充当条件刺激 (CSs) 的能力，这可以引发与它们相关的行为相似的行为。发生这种情况的神经机制尚不完全清楚。我们先前已经提出了一种模型，规定了CSs功能，因为它们具有在腹侧被盖区 (VTA) 水平激活多巴胺 (DA) 神经元的能力。在本实验中，我们假设与食物相关的CS (光) 通过引起条件性反应 (CRs) 而明显发挥作用，从而获得了激活VTA DA神经元的能力。在实验1中，允许大鼠吃或不吃食物 (食物是美国)。在实验2中，训练大鼠在光照显示 (CS) 后取回食物颗粒，然后仅用CS显示测试食物检查响应 (CR) 的表达。在实验1中，进食食物 (暴露于美国) 导致比不进食更多的VTA DA (TH标记) 细胞表达c-Fos。在实验2中，CS (光) 表现导致大量的条件化方法和大量的VTA TH标记 (DA) 细胞表达c-Fos。这些发现支持我们的模型，该模型规定，当CSs获得引起VTA DA神经元条件性激活的能力时，就会发生条件性方法学习。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Mechanical stress is an important regulator of chondrocyte function, but it is unknown how chondrocytes respond to mechanical stress. This study was performed to clarify the underlying mechanisms in human chondrocytes. DESIGN:Using a Flexercell strain unit (25% maximal elongation, 0.05 Hz-cyclic manner, and 48 h), mechanical stimulation was applied to confluent CS-OKB cells, human chondrocytic cells. To analyze transcriptional changes in response to mechanical stress, differential display reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (DDRT-PCR) and Northern blot analysis were performed. RESULTS:Among several differentially displayed fragments, one fragment (927 bp) tentatively named as SIC (Stress-Induced Chondrocytic) 1 was isolated from the human chondrocytic cell line and identified as one of the high molecular mass heat shock proteins. CONCLUSION:Mechanical stress induces the expression of a high molecular mass heat shock protein corresponding to SIC 1 in human chondrocytic cells. SIC 1 may play an important role in the mechanical stress-responded metabolism of human chondrocytes.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The present study tests the potentiality of a novel microwave based regenerating permeable reactive barrier (MW-PRB) system as combined treatment for Cs-contaminated groundwater. Granular activated carbon (GAC) was selected as adsorptive materials in batch and column MW-regeneration experiments. Experimental and modeling data were elaborated for technical and economic considerations in order to assess the MW-PRB feasibility jointly with essential information regarding its real field applicability. Batch experiments investigated the effects of 10 adsorption-MW regeneration cycles under different MW irradiation conditions (applied electric field = 200-460 V m-1; irradiation times = 1-15 min) by assessing GAC variation properties in term of regeneration yield (δ), specific area and weight loss (WL) variation. Column tests were carried using a dedicated setup essentially including a column filled with GAC implanted in a MW oven cavity (MW electric field of 385 V m-1, irradiation times 5-15 min). Lab-scale results shown the ability of MW in Cs removal from GAC as demonstrated by regeneration yield (δ = 79-110%) and WL (6.78% for 10 cycles) values. This was confirmed in dynamic conditions by data from MW-column tests highlighting the highest Cs removal of ~80% when the maximum regeneration time was applied. Residual Cs concentration in breakthrough curves fitted well with the proposed Yoon and Nelson model (R2 = ~0.97). Results from techno-economic analysis revealed the MW-PRB viability and its advantages also in comparison with conventional PRB systems, demonstrating the concept of combined MW-PRB treatment. Saved cost obtained demonstrated in fact the potential cost effectiveness of MW-PRB system and, consequently, the implementation of novel approach is encouraged. Calculated PRB longevity vs groundwater velocity curves are useful in order to predict long-term PRB performance and the response of the remediation activities, as well as for guiding the design and the scaling-up of MW-PRB treatment.

背景与目标： : 本研究测试了一种新型的基于微波的再生可渗透反应屏障 (mw-prb) 系统作为Cs污染地下水的联合处理的潜力。在批量和色谱柱MW再生实验中，选择颗粒活性炭 (GAC) 作为吸附材料。为了考虑技术和经济因素，详细制定了实验和建模数据，以评估mw-prb的可行性以及有关其实际现场适用性的基本信息。通过评估GAC在再生产率 (δ)，比面积和重量损失 (WL) 变化方面的变化特性，分批实验研究了在不同MW辐照条件下 (施加电场 = 200-460 V m-1; 辐照时间 = 1-15 min) 10个吸附MW再生循环的影响。使用专用设置进行柱测试，该专用设置基本上包括填充有植入MW炉腔中的GAC的柱 (MW电场为385 V m-1，照射时间5-15分钟)。实验室规模的结果显示了MW从GAC去除Cs的能力，如再生产率 (δ = 79-110%) 和WL (6.78% 10个循环) 值所证明的。在动态条件下，通过MW柱测试的数据证实了这一点，当应用最大再生时间时，该数据突出了 ~ 80% 的最高Cs去除。穿透曲线中的残余Cs浓度与提出的Yoon和Nelson模型 (R2 = 〜0.97) 非常吻合。技术经济分析的结果揭示了mw-prb的可行性及其与常规PRB系统相比的优势，证明了mw-prb联合处理的概念。所获得的节省成本实际上证明了mw-prb系统的潜在成本效益，因此，鼓励采用新颖的方法。计算出的PRB寿命与地下水速度的关系曲线可用于预测PRB的长期性能和补救活动的响应，以及指导mw-prb处理的设计和扩大规模。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In this work we used an "in-diffusion" method to study the effects of pH, solution concentration and packing density on Cs diffusion by packing local Taiwan laterite (LTL) into modified capillary columns with 5mm diameter. These packed columns were first pre-equilibrated with synthetic groundwater (GW) for 3 weeks. The diffusion experiments were then carried out at ambient condition for 2 weeks. Our experimental results showed that the Cs diffusion profile fits Fick's second law very well in given experimental conditions, indicating the validity of modified capillary column method. Generally speaking, Cs diffusion in LTL decreases as the pH increases and as Cs concentration decreases. The apparent diffusion coefficient (D(a)) increases from 5.52 x 10(-12) (10(-7)M) to 2.18 x 10(-11) (10(-3)M)m(2)/s, while the effective diffusion coefficient (D(e)) shows slight variation as the Cs concentration changes. Both the derived D(a) and D(e) values decrease as the pH increases, implying that the diffusion mechanisms of Cs nuclide in alkaline and acid environment are different. In addition, our results show that Cs diffusion is unaffected by the given packing density, indicating the interlaminary space is not the major determinant of Cs adsorption and diffusion in LTL.

背景与目标： : 在这项工作中，我们使用 “扩散内” 方法通过将本地台湾红土 (LTL) 填充到直径5毫米的改性毛细管柱中，研究了pH，溶液浓度和填充密度对Cs扩散的影响。首先将这些填充柱与合成地下水 (GW) 预平衡3周。然后在环境条件下进行扩散实验2周。我们的实验结果表明，在给定的实验条件下，Cs扩散曲线非常符合Fick第二定律，表明改进的毛细管柱方法的有效性。一般来说，随着ph值的增加和Cs浓度的降低，LTL中的Cs扩散减小。表观扩散系数 (D(a)) 从5.52 × 10(-12) (10(-7)M) 增加到2.18 × 10(-11) (10(-3)M)m(2)/s，而有效扩散系数 (D(e)) 随着Cs浓度的变化而略有变化。随着ph值的增加，衍生的D(a) 和D(e) 值均降低，这表明Cs核素在碱性和酸性环境中的扩散机理不同。此外，我们的结果表明，Cs扩散不受给定堆积密度的影响，这表明层间空间不是LTL中Cs吸附和扩散的主要决定因素。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Lipemia in samples can cause analytical errors in coagulation tests using photometric assays. To define the level of this interference, some studies assessed lipemic interferences by in vitro 'spiking' of different types of lipids obtaining interesting information, but spiked samples do not represent a real-world situation as natively lipemic samples do. METHODS:A total of 101 samples flagged as 'lipemic' by a Sysmex CS-5100 coagulometer were analyzed for PT, aPTT, fibrinogen Clauss assay, antithrombin activity, D-dimer concentration, before and after a double high-speed centrifugation procedure to reduce lipemic interference. We evaluated using Bland-Altman test if high-speed centrifugation and retesting are justified, considering that's a resource-consuming procedure; when a statistically significant difference was found, quality specification for imprecision was considered and compared to the observed delta. RESULTS:Statistically significant differences were found for PT, antithrombin activity and fibrinogen. Considering the Bland-Altman plot, fibrinogen results were split into two groups, and statistically significant difference was confirmed only for samples >2 g/L. CONCLUSIONS:For PT and antithrombin activity a mean percentual difference between the two determinations lower than within-subject biologic variation and one of the Fraser's quality specifications can be considered as a confounding 'noise' factor that is neither analytically nor clinically relevant. If the instrument determines a result on the first run, for PT, aPTT, D-dimer concentration and antithrombin activity tests, the double plasma high-speed centrifugation is unnecessary. It is instead necessary if fibrinogen >2 g/L or if the instrument cannot determine a result on the first run.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This paper presents measurements of cesium 137 ((137)Cs) in the Syrian environment during the period between 2006 and 2010. More than 1,000 samples of soil, water, plants and aquatic life were collected from different locations. The measurements were realized using gamma spectroscopy, and the results showed that radioactivity concentrations were low overall. Concentrations ranged from below detection limits to several tens Bq kg(-1) (dry matter) or 9.8 mBq L(-1) (water), which were well below maximum allowable levels in food or drinking water as established according to Syrian national standards or the WHO/FAO Codex guidelines. However, high (137)Cs activity levels were observed in soil samples collected at a high elevation (Kadmous highs), where a mean concentration of 1,900 Bq kg(-1) was obtained.

背景与目标： : 本文介绍了2006年至2010年间叙利亚环境中铯137 ((137)Cs) 的测量结果。从不同地点收集了1,000多个土壤，水，植物和水生生物样品。使用伽马能谱实现了测量，结果表明放射性浓度总体较低。浓度范围从低于检测限值到几十Bq kg(-1) (干物质) 或9.8 mBq L(-1) (水)，远低于根据叙利亚国家标准或世界卫生组织/粮农组织法典准则确定的食品或饮用水中的最大允许水平。然而，在高海拔 (Kadmous high) 收集的土壤样品中观察到高 (137)Cs活性水平，其中平均浓度为1,900 Bq kg(-1)。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a major microenvironmental molecule in the CNS, and there have been few reports about its neuroprotective activity. As neuronal cell death by excitotoxicity is a crucial phase in many neuronal diseases, we examined the effect of various CS preparations on neuronal cell death induced by the excitotoxicity of glutamate analogs. CS preparations were added to cultured neurons before and after the administration of glutamate analogs. Then, the extents of both neuronal cell death and survival were estimated. Pre-administration of a highly sulfated CS preparation, CS-E, significantly reduced neuronal cell death induced by not only NMDA but also (S)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid or kainate. Neither CS preparations other than CS-E nor other highly sulfated polysaccharides such as heparin and dextran sulfate exerted any neuroprotective effects. NMDA-induced current in neurons was not changed by pre-administration of CS-E, but the pattern of protein-tyrosine phosphorylation was changed. In addition, the elevation of caspase 3 activity was significantly suppressed in CS-E-treated neurons. These results indicate that CS-E prevents neuronal cell death mediated by various glutamate receptors, and suggest that phosphorylation-related intracellular signals and the suppression of caspase 3 activation are implicated in neuroprotection by CS-E.

背景与目标： 硫酸软骨素 (CS) 是中枢神经系统中的主要微环境分子，关于其神经保护活性的报道很少。由于兴奋性毒性引起的神经元细胞死亡是许多神经元疾病的关键阶段，因此我们研究了各种CS制剂对谷氨酸类似物的兴奋性毒性引起的神经元细胞死亡的影响。在施用谷氨酸类似物之前和之后，将CS制剂添加到培养的神经元中。然后，估计神经元细胞死亡和存活的程度。预先施用高度硫酸化的CS制剂CS-E，不仅显着降低了NMDA诱导的神经元细胞死亡，而且还降低了 (S)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic酸或kainate诱导的神经元细胞死亡。除cs-e以外的CS制剂或其他高度硫酸化的多糖 (例如肝素和硫酸葡聚糖) 均未发挥任何神经保护作用。预先施用CS-E不会改变NMDA诱导的神经元电流，但改变了蛋白质酪氨酸磷酸化的模式。此外，在CS-E处理的神经元中，caspase 3活性的升高被显着抑制。这些结果表明CS-E阻止了由各种谷氨酸受体介导的神经元细胞死亡，并表明与磷酸化相关的细胞内信号和caspase 3激活的抑制与CS-E的神经保护有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Systematic trends in examinee performance across the testing day (sequence effects) could indicate that artifacts of the testing situation have an impact on scores. This research investigated the presence of sequence effects for United States Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE) Step 2 clinical skills (CS) examination components. METHOD:Data from Step 2 CS examinees were analyzed using analysis of covariance and hierarchical linear modeling procedures. RESULTS:Sequence was significant for three of the components; communication and interpersonal skills, data gathering, and documentation. A significant gender x sequence interaction was found for two components. CONCLUSIONS:The presence of sequence effects suggests that scores on early cases are influenced by factors that are unrelated to the proficiencies of interest. More research is needed to fully understand these effects.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We thank Sani Rachman Soleman et al. for three specific points of criticism concerning our investigation of the ecological association between low birth weight (LBW) and radioactive contamination in Japan after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accidents: 1. Ecological variables are not justified enough to adjust potential confounding. 2. The spatiotemporal regression model does not consider temporal reduction in radiation dose rate. 3. Dose-response plot between dose rates and odds ratios overestimates R2 and underestimates p-value. This criticism is a good starting point to explain some of the technical backgrounds of our approach in more detail.

背景与目标： : 我们感谢Sani Rachman Soleman等人对我们调查福岛第一核电站 (FDNPP) 事故后日本低出生体重 (LBW) 与放射性污染之间的生态关联的三个具体批评: 1。生态变量不足以调整潜在的混杂因素。2.时空回归模型不考虑辐射剂量率的时间降低。3.剂量率和优势比之间的剂量-反应图高估了R2，低估了p值。这种批评是一个很好的起点，可以更详细地解释我们方法的一些技术背景。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Optimal methods for peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) collection should yield a small volume product containing minimal platelets and a large number of mononuclear cells (MNC). The Fenwal CS-3000 Plus blood cell separator was modified in an attempt to meet these objectives. Modifications of the CS-3000 Plus included use of the small volume collection chamber (SVCC), increasing the interface/offset detector setting to 150 and decreasing the centrifuge speed to 1400 rpm. Thirty-eight patients undergoing 224 PBSC collections were studied. Mobilization methods included 4 g/m2 cyclophosphamide (CY), CY + 250 micrograms/m2 subcutaneous granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or GM-CSF alone. The median collection volume was 58 ml containing a median of 21 ml of red blood cells. Platelet collection efficiency was < 4.4% and the median number of extracted platelets was 0.6 x 10(11)/apheresis. Median reduction in the platelet count post-apheresis was 15%. MNC purity was 95.5% and MNC collection efficiency was 61%. Yield of MNC was 1 x 10(8)/kg/apheresis. Collected progenitor cells correlated with both the WBC and MNC content of the apheresis product. The modified CS-3000 Plus with the SVCC is effective for PBSC collection following three different mobilization regimens and is, therefore, recommended for routine collection of PBSC.

背景与目标： : 收集外周血干细胞 (PBSC) 的最佳方法应产生包含最小血小板和大量单核细胞 (MNC) 的小体积产品。为了达到这些目的，对Fenwal CS-3000加血细胞分离器进行了修改。CS-3000 Plus的修改包括使用小体积收集室 (SVCC)，将界面/偏移检测器设置增加到150，并将离心机速度降低到1400 rpm。研究了38例接受224 PBSC收集的患者。动员方法包括4g/m2环磷酰胺 (CY)，CY 250微克/m2皮下粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子 (gm-csf) 或单独的gm-csf。58毫升含有21毫升的红细胞的中值收集体积。血小板收集效率 <4.4%，提取的血小板中位数为0.6 × 10(11)/单采。15% 了单采后血小板计数的中位数减少。MNC纯度95.5%，MNC收集效率61%。MNC的产量为1 × 10(8)/kg/单采。收集的祖细胞与单采产物的WBC和MNC含量相关。改良的SVCC CS-3000 Plus在三种不同的动员方案之后对PBSC收集有效，因此推荐用于PBSC的常规收集。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:CS-706 is a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-selective inhibitor with an in vitro selectivity ratio (COX-1:COX-2) similar to that of celecoxib. It has exhibited analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties in animal models. OBJECTIVES:This study evaluated the tolerability of single doses of CS-706 and compared the analgesic efficacy of CS-706 with that of celecoxib and placebo in the dental pain model. METHODS:This was a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, active- and placebo-controlled study. Healthy male and female subjects with moderate to severe pain intensity (PI) after dental surgery were randomized ( approximately 50 per group) to receive a single oral dose of CS-706 10, 50, 100, or 200 mg; celecoxib 400 mg; or placebo. PI and pain relief (PR) were measured on categorical and visual analog scales through 24 hours after the dose. The primary efficacy variable was the time-weighted sum of PR scores at 4 hours after the dose (TOPAR4). The onset of analgesia was assessed by calculating the pain intensity difference (PID). Perceptible and meaningful pain relief were assessed using a 2-stopwatch method. RESULTS:The majority of subjects were female (62.0%) and white (59.5%). Subjects' mean (SD) age was 22.6 (3.9) years, and their mean body mass index was 25.3 (5.1) kg/m(2). All doses of CS-706 were associated with significant analgesic efficacy compared with placebo based on the primary end point, TOPAR4 (P<0.001), and on all secondary end points (P<0.05, comparisons of all CS-706 doses vs placebo) with the exception of time to 100% PR for CS-706 10 mg. Single 50-, 100-, and 200-mg doses of CS-706 also were significantly more effective than celecoxib for TOPAR4 (P=0.036, P=0.004, and P=0.006, respectively). The onset of analgesia (PID >or= 1) for all CS-706 doses occurred within 1 hour after dosing (P<0.001 vs placebo). The median duration of analgesia, measured as the time to administration of rescue medication, was significantly greater for all doses of CS-706 compared with placebo (5.7 hours for CS-706 10 mg, >24 hours for CS-706 50, 100, and 200 mg, and 1.7 hours for placebo; P<0.001 for CS-706 50, 100, and 200 mg). These data suggest that once-daily administration of CS-706 may be effective in providing relief of acute pain. The incidence of adverse events was similar among all treatment groups. Adverse events occurring in >or= 5 % of subjects in any treatment group were nausea, vomiting, dry socket, dizziness, headache, and paresthesia. CONCLUSION:Single doses of CS-706 had significant analgesic efficacy compared with celecoxib and placebo in the relief of postoperative dental pain in the healthy subjects enrolled in this study.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :For patients with Morbus Hodgkin and CS I/II of the low risk group and primary radiotherapy recommended treatment fields are: regional field for isolated high cervical involvement, mantle field for isolated mediastinal involvement and extended mantle field for the other patients. Omission of the infradiaphragmatic irradiation volume for PS I/II may be regarded as an advantage, which must be compared with the risk of a staging laparotomy, whereas the low risk of undertreatment of a small part of patients with CS I/II PS III probably does not outweigh the risk of the laparotomy. Equal efficacy of chemotherapy alone for these patients has not been proven sufficiently and important questions concerning long-term risks are unanswered. Ongoing studies will show, whether combinations with reduced chemotherapy or other types of chemotherapy and local radiotherapy are superior. Details of the mantle field borders and blocking are described. In most patients with adjuvant radiotherapy after complete remission after chemotherapy, the recommended target volume includes only the regions with proven involvement before chemotherapy. Details of the mediastinal treatment volume for patients with adjuvant radiotherapy after chemotherapy for bulky mediastinal disease are given. According to some recent analysis of a large body of dose-effect data, the recommended target doses in primary irradiation are between 36 and 40 Gy for regions with proven involvement and between 30 and 36 Gy for electively treated regions. The recommended target dose per fraction is between 1.5 and 1.8 Gy and less than 2 Gy in various critical tissues. According to the recent recommendations, the maximal total doses in mantle field radiotherapy to the spinal cord should be 38 Gy for radiotherapy alone and 36 Gy for radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy. The maximal total dose to the whole heart should be 15 Gy and for the other parts between 30 and 35 Gy. After chemotherapy with MOPP oder MOPP-like regimes, there is a cumulative risk of leukaemia between 2.2 and 11.9%. After radiotherapy alone, there is only a very low risk of leukaemia after radiotherapy and chemotherapy to the risk after chemotherapy. Most long-term studies show an increased risk of solid second malignancies associated with radiotherapy with a relative risk of approximately two. In the analyzed studies, the cumulative risk of solid second malignancy after seven to 15 years is between 7 and 11.2% after radiotherapy, between 7 and 11.7% after chemotherapy and between 7 and 11.7% after radiotherapy and chemotherapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

背景与目标： : 对于低危组和初级放疗的Morbus Hodgkin和CS I/II患者，推荐的治疗领域是: 孤立的高宫颈受累的区域领域，孤立的纵隔受累的外罩领域和其他患者的外罩领域。省略PS I/II的diaphragm肌下辐射量可能是一个优势，必须将其与分期剖腹手术的风险进行比较，而一小部分CS I/II PS III的患者治疗不足的风险较低可能不会超过剖腹手术的风险。仅化疗对这些患者的同等疗效尚未得到充分证明，有关长期风险的重要问题尚未得到解答。正在进行的研究将表明，减少化疗或其他类型的化疗和局部放疗的组合是否更好。描述了地幔场边界和阻塞的详细信息。在大多数化疗后完全缓解后进行辅助放疗的患者中，推荐的目标体积仅包括化疗前已证实受累的区域。详细介绍了大纵隔疾病化疗后辅助放疗患者的纵隔治疗量。根据对大量剂量效应数据的最新分析，对于已证实受累的区域，主要照射的推荐目标剂量在36至40 Gy之间，而对于选择性治疗的区域，建议的目标剂量在30至36 Gy之间。每部分推荐的目标剂量在1.5至1.8 Gy之间，并且在各种关键组织中小于2 Gy。根据最近的建议，套膜场放疗对脊髓的最大总剂量应为单纯放疗38 Gy，放疗联合化疗36 Gy。整个心脏的最大总剂量应为15 Gy，其他部分应为30至35 Gy。用MOPP或MOPP样方案化疗后，在2.2和11.9% 之间存在白血病的累积风险。单独放疗后，只有放疗和化疗后的白血病风险极低。大多数长期研究表明，与放疗相关的实体第二恶性肿瘤的风险增加，相对风险约为2。在分析的研究中，7至15年后发生实体第二恶性肿瘤的累积风险在放疗后7至11.2% 之间，化疗后7至11.7% 之间，放疗和化疗后7至11.7% 之间。(摘要截断在400字)

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The Preoperative Clinic at Children's Hospital Boston has established a unique collaborative approach to ensure that individualized perioperative plans of care are created for patients, which goes beyond traditional preoperative screening. This article describes the Preoperative Clinic's operational model and explains the significant role the health care record review nurse plays in developing these perioperative plans of care.

背景与目标： : 波士顿儿童医院的术前诊所建立了独特的协作方法，以确保为患者制定个性化的围手术期护理计划，这超出了传统的术前筛查范围。本文介绍了术前诊所的操作模式，并解释了卫生保健记录审查护士在制定这些围手术期护理计划中的重要作用。