• 【ADHD知识、误解和治疗可接受性。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1177/1087054713493316 复制DOI
    作者列表:Sciutto MJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Despite the availability of several effective treatments, many children with ADHD do not receive adequate services. A variety of factors may influence help-seeking behavior among families of children with ADHD. This study explores two factors that may influence help-seeking decisions: knowledge and misconceptions of ADHD and treatment acceptability. METHOD:A total of 196 participants completed measures of ADHD knowledge and use of information sources prior to rating the acceptability of two interventions: stimulant medication and sugar elimination diets. RESULTS:Higher levels of ADHD misconceptions were associated with lower acceptance of medication and higher acceptance of dietary interventions. However, analysis of individual misconceptions suggests that specific misconceptions are differentially related to perceptions of individual treatments. CONCLUSION:It may be important for clinicians to assess and deliberately target specific misconceptions as part of treatment for ADHD.
    背景与目标:
  • 【具有缓慢认知节奏和ADHD症状的儿童和青少年的执行功能。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1177/1087054713495442 复制DOI
    作者列表:Araujo Jiménez EA,Jané Ballabriga MC,Bonillo Martin A,Arrufat FJ,Serra Giacobo R
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to observe whether the independent presence of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT) directly impacts on the Executive Function (EF), and to determine whether there are deficits in EF that are unique to ADHD predominantly inattentive (ADHD-I) or SCT. METHOD:Seventy-six participants aged 6 to 17 years and their parents were assessed using a diagnostic interview, an instrument that assesses the EF, and another instrument that assesses the SCT. Two hierarchical linear regression models were performed. The first one analyzed the independent relationship between SCT and EF, and the second model added the symptomatology of ADHD-I. RESULTS:The SCT has a statistically significant direct relation on the EF deficits and remains in the second model even with the inclusion of the ADHD-I. CONCLUSION:The SCT and ADHD-I symptoms independently promote executive deficits. Children with ADHD-I symptoms showed deficits in most areas of the EF. Deficits in inhibition and initiative are unique to inattention.
    背景与目标:
  • 【ADHD患者和对照组中NOS1基因型与白质微结构的女性特异性关联。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/jcpp.12742 复制DOI
    作者列表:van Ewijk H,Bralten J,van Duin EDA,Hakobjan M,Buitelaar JK,Heslenfeld DJ,Hoekstra PJ,Hartman C,Hoogman M,Oosterlaan J,Franke B
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The nitric oxide synthase gene (NOS1) exon 1f (ex1f) VNTR is a known genetic risk factor for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), particularly in females. NOS1 plays an important role in neurite outgrowth and may thus influence brain development, specifically white matter (WM) microstructure, which is known to be altered in ADHD. The current study aimed to investigate whether NOS1 is associated with WM microstructure in (female) individuals with and without ADHD. METHODS:Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) scans were collected from 187 participants with ADHD (33% female) and 103 controls (50% female), aged 8-26 years, and NOS1-ex1f VNTR genotype was determined. Whole-brain analyses were conducted for fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) to examine associations between NOS1 and WM microstructure, including possible interactions with gender and diagnosis. RESULTS:Consistent with previous literature, NOS1-ex1f was associated with total ADHD and hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms, but not inattention; this effect was independent of gender. NOS1-ex1f was also associated with MD values in several major WM tracts in females, but not males. In females, homozygosity for the short allele was linked to higher MD values than carriership of the long allele. MD values in these regions did not correlate with ADHD symptoms. Results were similar for participants with and without ADHD. CONCLUSIONS:NOS1-ex1f VNTR is associated with WM microstructure in females in a large sample of participants with ADHD and healthy controls. Whether this association is part of a neurodevelopmental pathway from NOS1 to ADHD symptoms should be further investigated in future studies.
    背景与目标:
  • 【注意缺陷多动障碍 (ADHD) 儿童血浆脑源性神经营养因子 (BDNF) 水平升高。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.08.005 复制DOI
    作者列表:Shim SH,Hwangbo Y,Kwon YJ,Jeong HY,Lee BH,Lee HJ,Kim YK
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Recent reports have suggested a pathophysiological role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We evaluated the plasma levels of BDNF in patients with ADHD. METHODS:Plasma BDNF levels were measured in 41 drug naive ADHD patients and 107 normal controls. The severity of ADHD symptoms was determined by patient scores on the ADHD rating scale (ARS) and the computerized ADHD diagnostic system (ADS). RESULTS:ANCOVA with age and gender as covariates showed that the mean plasma BDNF levels were significantly higher in ADHD patients than in normal controls (F=16.968, p<0.001). There were also significant differences in plasma BDNF levels of ADHD patients and those of normal controls for males and females (Mann-Whitney U-test, p=0.001 and 0.041, respectively). We also found a significant correlation between plasma BDNF levels and omission errors in ADS outcome-variable T-scores (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS:Our study suggests that there is an increase of plasma BDNF levels in untreated ADHD patients, and that plasma BDNF levels had a significant positive correlation with the severity of inattention symptoms. Further studies are required to elucidate the source and role of circulating BDNF in ADHD.
    背景与目标:
  • 【ADHD不会加剧与大量产前酒精暴露相关的神经心理缺陷。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1037/a0033994 复制DOI
    作者列表:Glass L,Ware AL,Crocker N,Deweese BN,Coles CD,Kable JA,May PA,Kalberg WO,Sowell ER,Jones KL,Riley EP,Mattson SN,Collaborative Initiative on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (CIFASD).
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Neuropsychological functioning of individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or heavy prenatal alcohol exposure has been well documented independently. This study examined the interaction between both factors on cognitive performance in children. METHOD:As part of a multisite study, 344 children (8-16 y, M = 12.28, SD = 2.52) completed a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Four subject groups were tested: children with histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure (AE) and ADHD (AE+, n = 90), alcohol-exposed without ADHD, (AE-, n = 38), nonexposed with ADHD (ADHD, n = 80), and nonexposed without ADHD (CON, n = 136). RESULTS:Separate 2(AE) × 2(ADHD) MANCOVAs revealed significant main and interactive effects of ADHD and AE on overall WISC-IV, D-KEFS, and CANTAB performance. Individual ANOVAs revealed significant interactions on 2 WISC-IV indices [Verbal Comprehension (VCI), Perceptual Reasoning (PRI)], and four D-KEFS and CANTAB subtests [Design Fluency, Verbal Fluency, Trail Making, Spatial Working Memory]. Follow-up analyses demonstrated no difference between AE+ and AE- groups on these measures. The combined AE+/- group demonstrated more severe impairment than the ADHD group on VCI and PRI, but there were no other differences between clinical groups. CONCLUSIONS:These results support a combined AE+/- group for neuropsychological research and indicate that, in some cases, the neuropsychological effects seen in ADHD are altered by prenatal alcohol exposure. The effects of alcohol exposure on verbal comprehension and perceptual reasoning were greater than those related to having ADHD without alcohol exposure, although both conditions independently resulted in cognitive impairment compared to controls. Clinically, these findings demonstrate task-dependent patterns of impairment across clinical disorders.
    背景与目标:
  • 【患有/不患有ADHD的慢性抽动症儿童的执行功能: 新见解。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s00787-007-1005-5 复制DOI
    作者列表:Roessner V,Becker A,Banaschewski T,Rothenberger A
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:In Chronic Tic Disorders (CTD) associated Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is very common. Hence, it is important to clarify how both conditions are related to cognitive dysfunctions in patients with CTD+ADHD comorbidity. Recent studies on neuropsychology revealed equivocal results, mostly due to methodological shortcomings like problems in sample composition. Thus better and more detailed information on this topic is needed to improve diagnostic and treatment approaches. METHOD:Three tasks related to different domains of executive functions (the Matching Familiar Figures Test, the Stroop color-word interference task, and a computerized version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test) have been performed in two independent samples (altogether n = 138 children) both including four groups of children (CTD-only, CTD+ADHD, ADHD-only, healthy controls) matched for age and IQ. To specify the influence of either tics or ADHD-symptoms on executive functions and to answer the question of their interactive or additive relationship two-way analyses of variance (MANOVA) for the factors CTD (yes,-no) x ADHD (yes,no) were conducted. Eta squared was calculated to reveal the effect sizes for each factor. For a deeper understanding of group differences and to better enable the comparison with data in literature, additional analyses of variance (ANOVA) with posthoc testing were applied. RESULTS:In summary, there was a main effect only for the factor ADHD reflected by decreased performance, while no main effect of the factor CTD could be found. Admittedly, the effects were not uniform in both samples. However, in all three tasks and both samples, uniformly no interaction between the main factors has been observed. CONCLUSIONS:In cases of coexisting CTD+ADHD the factor ADHD shows the main negative impact on neuropsychological performance and this impact seems to be independent of any feature of the coexisting tics (additive model). This supports the notion to primarily treat the ADHD-symptoms in order to increase cognitive self regulatory abilities of these children. Contrarily, tics seem to have little impact on cognitive performance in most cases.
    背景与目标:
  • 【以色列7-9岁儿童中ADHD的患病率。犹太人和阿拉伯人口之间的比较。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Ornoy A,Ovadia M,Rivkin D,Milshtein E,Barlev L
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:The world prevalence of ADHD ranges between 5-10%. The prevalence in Israel was generally studied from prescriptions of methylphenidate and not from cohorts of children. METHODS:We assessed the prevalence of ADHD among a cohort of early school age children in the Jewish and Arab populations using DSM-IV criteria and evaluated the difference between teachers' and parental assessment. We also studied in the Jewish population the differences in several social-behavioral parameters between children with and without ADHD. RESULTS:The rate of ADHD among the Jewish children was 9.5% and among the Arab children it was significantly lower - 7.35%. Teachers' evaluation in the Jewish population was 2.3 times higher than parental evaluation but in the Arab population it was closer to that of the parents, being only 12% higher. In addition, there were more regulatory, behavioral and learning problems among the Jewish children with ADHD compared to children without ADHD. CONCLUSIONS:The rates of ADHD in school age children among both Jews and Arabs fall within the average rate in other countries. The high difference between teachers' and parental assessment of ADHD in the Jewish population emphasizes that ADHD diagnosis should rely on the joint behavioral assessment of both. The prevalence of ADHD in Jewish early school age children is slightly higher than in Arab children and the inattentive type is the most common. There is a discrepancy between teachers' and parents' evaluation of children's behavior in the Jewish population, but this discrepancy is less in the Arab population.
    背景与目标:
  • 【实践中的创新: 调整专门的ADHD育儿计划,以用于 “难以到达” 和 “难以治疗” 的学龄前儿童。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/camh.12069 复制DOI
    作者列表:McEwan F,Thompson M,Laver-Bradbury C,Jefferson H,Koerting J,Smith E,Knowles M,McCann D,Daley D,Barton J,Latter S,Elsey H,Sonuga-Barke E
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Effective implementation of parent training programmes for preschool Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder type is constrained by barriers limiting take-up and effective engagement by 'hard to reach' and 'difficult to treat' families. METHOD:We describe an evidence-driven adaptation and piloting of an existing empirically supported preschool ADHD parenting programme to address these problems. RESULTS:The New Forest Parenting programme was changed substantially in terms of length; content and delivery on the basis of information gathered from the literature, from parents and practitioners, further modifications were made after the pilot study. CONCLUSIONS:The adapted-NFPP is currently being assessed for efficacy in a large multicentre randomized controlled trial.
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  • 【[注意缺陷多动障碍 (ADHD) 男孩的愤怒调节]。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1024/1422-4917.35.3.189 复制DOI
    作者列表:Bonekamp E,von Salisch M
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:We explored the reaction of boys with ADHD when they are angry at a friend. Due to their impulsivity and difficulty in focussing their attention, it may be expected that such boys be inclined to resort more frequently to confrontational and harmful strategies of anger regulation and less often to negotiation, reappraisal, or distancing strategies. METHODS:A sample of 23 boys diagnosed with ADHD (without co-morbid Oppositional Defiant Disorder or Conduct Disorder) between eight and thirteen years of age were compared to an age-matched sample of 23 boys with non-clinical behaviour. Strategies of anger regulation were assessed by means of a self-report questionnaire: Strategies of Anger Regulation for Children (SAR-C). RESULTS:The self-report reveals no difference between boys with ADHD and those without in terms of confrontation and harmful strategies. As expected, boys with ADHD reported less frequent use of distancing strategies. They also indicated less frequent negotiation of the event with the friend or re-appraisal thereof. CONCLUSIONS:Results indicate that boys with ADHD tend to report anger regulation strategies that require impulse control less often than their counterparts without ADHD. The groups did not differ in terms of their use of confrontational strategies that involved the acting out of their aggressive anger impulse because boys with ADHD (but without a co-morbid ODD or CD) may not intend to harm their friends in the long run and thus do not consider their behaviour to be aggressive.
    背景与目标:
  • 【飞行员成人ADHD自我报告量表 (ASRS) 评估成人ADHD症状的有效性。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1080/10401230600801077 复制DOI
    作者列表:Adler LA,Spencer T,Faraone SV,Kessler RC,Howes MJ,Biederman J,Secnik K
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The goal of this study was to validate the pilot Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (pilot ASRS) versus standard clinician ratings on the ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD RS). METHOD:Sixty adult ADHD patients took the self-administered ADHD RS and then raters administered the standard ADHD RS. Internal consistency of symptom scores was assessed by Cronbach's alpha. Agreement of raters was established by intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) between scales. RESULTS:Internal consistency was high for both patient and rater-administered versions (Cronbach's alpha 0.88, 0.89, respectively). The ICC between scales for total scores was also high (0.84); ICCs for subset symptom scores were also high (both 0.83). There was acceptable agreement for individual items (% agreement: 43%-72%) and significant kappa coefficients for all items (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS:The pilot Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale symptom checklist is a reliable and valid scale for evaluating ADHD for adults and shows a high internal consistency and high concurrent validity with the rater-administered ADHD RS.
    背景与目标:
  • 【温德犹他评分量表: 成人多动症诊断工具还是人格指数?】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1177/1087054708320384 复制DOI
    作者列表:Hill BD,Pella RD,Singh AN,Jones GN,Gouvier WD
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) is used to retroactively assess ADHD symptoms. This study sought to determine whether the WURS actually functions as an index of dysfunctional personality traits. METHOD:Five hundred twenty-two adult participants completed the WURS and at least one of the following measures: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III), Trails Making Test (Forms A and B), Conners' Continuous Performance Test, d2 Test of Attention, and the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). RESULTS:The WURS correlated significantly with all PAI clinical and treatment scales; however, of the neuropsychological measures, only the CPT significantly correlated with the WURS score. Multiple regression analyses revealed a significant model that included clinical and treatment scales from the PAI as well as working memory and processing speed indexes from the WAIS-III that accounted for 39% of the variance in WURS scores. CONCLUSION:Performance on the WURS was more related to dysfunctional personality traits than to actual attentional performance in this young adult sample. (J. of Att. Dis. 2009; 13(1) 87-94).
    背景与目标:
  • 【注意缺陷和多动障碍 (ADHD) 的 [遗传发现]。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1024/1422-4917.34.6.425 复制DOI
    作者列表:Schimmelmann BG,Friedel S,Christiansen H,Dempfle A,Hinney A,Hebebrand J
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Attention-Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common child and adolescent psychiatric disorder with a prevalence rate of 3-7%. Formal genetic studies provided an estimated heritability of 0.6-0.8 and an approximately five-fold elevated risk for ADHD in first-degree relatives. Currently, four genome scans have led to the identification of chromosomal regions potentially relevant in ADHD; especially the evidence for linkage to chromosome 5p13 is convincing. Meta-analyses of a large number of candidate gene studies suggest association with gene variants of the dopaminergic receptors DRD4 and DRD5, the serotonergic receptor HTR1B, and the synaptosomal receptor protein (SNAP-25). Hyperactivity has been investigated particularly in animal models, focusing on knockout- and quantitative trait loci (QTL) designs, with promising results for the dopaminergic system. It is likely that several gene polymorphisms with moderate to small effect sizes contribute to the phenotype ADHD; different combinations of such predisposing variants presumably underlie ADHD in different individuals. Therefore, large samples for molecular genetic studies are mandatory to detect these polymorphisms. Accordingly, several of today's findings have to be regarded as preliminary. The understanding of ADHD's neurobiology may be advanced by new technologies, such as SNP-based genome scans performed with gene chips comprising 10,000-1,000,000 SNPs, as well as using more sophisticated animal model designs.
    背景与目标: : 注意力缺陷多动障碍 (ADHD) 是一种常见的儿童和青少年精神疾病,患病率为3-7%。正式的遗传研究提供了0.6-0.8的估计遗传力,一级亲属的ADHD风险增加了大约五倍。目前,四次基因组扫描已导致鉴定与ADHD潜在相关的染色体区域; 尤其是与5p13染色体连锁的证据令人信服。对大量候选基因研究的荟萃分析表明,与多巴胺能受体DRD4和DRD5,血清素能受体HTR1B和突触体受体蛋白 (SNAP-25) 的基因变异有关。特别是在动物模型中研究了多动症,重点是敲除和数量性状基因座 (QTL) 设计,并为多巴胺能系统带来了可喜的结果。几种具有中等至小效应大小的基因多态性可能会导致ADHD表型; 这种易感变异的不同组合可能是不同个体ADHD的基础。因此,用于分子遗传学研究的大样本必须检测这些多态性。因此,今天的一些发现必须被视为初步的。对ADHD的神经生物学的理解可以通过新技术来推进,例如使用包含10,000 1,000,000 SNP的基因芯片进行的基于SNP的基因组扫描,以及使用更复杂的动物模型设计。
  • 【ADHD、ASD和ASD   +  ADHD的视觉搜索: 重叠或分离性疾病?】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s00787-020-01535-2 复制DOI
    作者列表:Seernani D,Damania K,Ioannou C,Penkalla N,Hill H,Foulsham T,Kingstone A,Anderson N,Boccignone G,Bender S,Smyrnis N,Biscaldi M,Ebner-Priemer U,Klein C
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Recent debates in the literature discuss commonalities between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) at multiple levels of putative causal networks. This debate requires systematic comparisons between these disorders that have been studied in isolation in the past, employing potential markers of each disorder to be investigated in tandem. The present study, choose superior local processing, typical to ASD, and increased Intra-Subject Variability (ISV), typical to ADHD, for a head-to-head comparison of the two disorders, while also considering the comorbid cases. It directly examined groups of participants aged 10-13 years with ADHD, ASD with (ASD+) or without (ASD-) comorbid ADHD and a typically developing (TD) group (total N = 85). A visual search task consisting of an array of paired words was designed. The participants needed to find the specific pair of words, where the first word in the pair was the cue word. This visual search task was selected to compare these groups on overall search performance and trial-to-trial variability of search performance (i.e., ISV). Additionally, scanpath analysis was also carried out using Recurrence Quantification Analysis (RQA) and the Multi-Match Model. Results show that only the ASD- group exhibited superior search performance; whereas, only the groups with ADHD symptoms showed increased ISV. These findings point towards a double dissociation between ASD and ADHD, and argue against an overlap between ASD and ADHD.
    背景与目标: : 文献中最近的辩论在假定的因果网络的多个层面上讨论了注意力缺陷/多动障碍 (ADHD) 和自闭症谱系障碍 (ASD) 之间的共同点。这场辩论需要对过去隔离研究的这些疾病进行系统的比较,并采用每种疾病的潜在标志物进行串联研究。本研究选择了ASD典型的优越局部处理方法和ADHD典型的增加的受试者内变异性 (ISV),以对两种疾病进行头对头比较,同时还考虑了合并症病例。它直接检查了年龄在10-13岁之间的ADHD,患有 (ASD) 或不患有 (ASD-) 共患ADHD的ASD和典型发育 (TD) 组 (总N = 85) 的参与者组。设计了一个由成对单词数组组成的视觉搜索任务。参与者需要找到特定的单词对,其中该对中的第一个单词是提示单词。选择此视觉搜索任务是为了比较这些组的整体搜索性能和搜索性能 (即ISV) 的试验间差异。此外,还使用递归量化分析 (RQA) 和多匹配模型进行了scanpath分析。结果表明,只有ASD组表现出优异的搜索性能; 而只有具有ADHD症状的组显示ISV增加。这些发现表明ASD和ADHD之间存在双重分离,并反对ASD和ADHD之间存在重叠。
  • 【在特殊教育中表现出实质性ADHD行为的儿童的行为和学业进展: 为期1年的随访。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1177/1087054712474687 复制DOI
    作者列表:Stoutjesdijk R,Scholte EM,Swaab H
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Exploring differences in behavioral and academic progress between children displaying substantive ADHD behaviors (M age of 9.4 years) in special schools (n = 38) and in inclusive education (n = 26). The contribution of pedagogical strategies to positive outcomes was also examined. METHOD:Measurements used were the Teachers' Report Form, the Social Emotional Questionnaire, assessments of academic achievement, and the Pedagogical Methods Questionnaire. Mixed-model ANOVAs and Pearson's correlations were used to analyze the data. RESULTS:Significant progress was found regarding disorder-specific problem behavior and in all academic areas, but no interaction effect was found between time and setting. Correlations indicated that positive behavior reinforcement and emotional support are the pedagogical strategies that contributed most to behavioral adaptation. CONCLUSION:Children displaying substantive ADHD behaviors in both groups develop equally well in the areas of behavioral and academic functioning where significant progress was found.
    背景与目标:
  • 【开放标签lisdexamfetametamine二甲酸酯在ADHD成人中的有效性和持续时间。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1177/1087054713485421 复制DOI
    作者列表:Adler LA,Lynch LR,Shaw DM,Wallace SP,O'Donnell KE,Ciranni MA,Briggie AM,Faraone SV
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:(a) Evaluate the efficacy and duration of effect of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX) in adult ADHD. (b) Assess the reliability and validity of the Adult ADHD Medication Smoothness of Effect Scale (AMSES) and Adult ADHD Medication Rebound Scale (AMRS). METHOD:Adults ( N = 40) with ADHD were treated with LDX for up to 12 weeks. The primary efficacy measure was the ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS). The psychometric properties of the AMSES and AMRS are analyzed and compared with the ADHD-RS, ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) v1.1 Symptom Checklist, and Time-Sensitive ADHD Symptom Scale (TASS). RESULTS:ADHD-RS scores were significantly improved with LDX. The AMSES and AMRS had high internal consistency and were correlated with the ADHD-RS, ASRS v1.1 Symptom Checklist, and TASS. CONCLUSION:LDX is effective in treating adult ADHD and has a smooth drug effect throughout the day with limited symptom rebound. The AMSES and AMRS are valid and reliable measures.
    背景与目标:

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