BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To examine the relative contribution of hyperactivity, conduct, and emotional problems in predicting criminal offending. METHOD:In all, 173 boys aged 6 to 8 years (assessed for hyperactivity, conduct, and emotional problems) were followed up 19 years later by examining criminal offense histories. RESULTS:Significant main effects for total and violent convictions were found, the strongest being for violent criminal offenses. Conduct problems predicted general offending (irrespective of the type of conviction), whereas emotional problems were the single best predictor of violent convictions. Hyperactivity was not a significant predictor in the models. CONCLUSION:The findings provide insight into the developmental mechanisms that mediate criminal behavior by showing that childhood emotional problems independently contribute to the risk of violent offending in later life.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Fluorine-19 is a spin-½ NMR isotope with high sensitivity and large chemical shift dispersion, which makes it attractive for high resolution NMR spectroscopy in solution. For studies of membrane proteins it is further of interest that (19)F is rarely found in biological materials, which enables observation of extrinsic (19)F labels with minimal interference from background signals. Today, after a period with rather limited use of (19)F NMR in structural biology, we witness renewed interest in this technology for studies of complex supramolecular systems. Here we report on recent (19)F NMR studies with the G protein-coupled receptor family of membrane proteins.

背景与目标： : 氟-19是一种自旋-½ NMR同位素，具有高灵敏度和大的化学位移分散性，这使其对溶液中的高分辨率NMR光谱具有吸引力。对于膜蛋白的研究，进一步令人感兴趣的是，在生物材料中很少发现 (19)F，这使得可以在背景信号干扰最小的情况下观察外部 (19)F标记。如今，在结构生物学中使用 (19)F NMR相当有限的时期之后，我们见证了对该技术对复杂超分子系统研究的新兴趣。在这里，我们报告了最近 (19)F NMR研究，其中包括膜蛋白的g蛋白偶联受体家族。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Passive immunotherapy with plasma derived from patients convalescent from SARS-CoV-2 infection can be a promising approach in the treatment of COVID-19 patients. It is important that Blood Establishments are prepared to satisfy requests for immune plasma by defining the requirements applicable to plasma donors and the standards for preparation, qualification, storage, distribution and control of use of the product. This position paper is aimed to give recommendations on biological characteristics of a plasma preparation from convalescent donors and to support the evaluation of this therapeutic approach in more rigorous investigations.

背景与目标： : SARS-CoV-2感染恢复期患者血浆被动免疫治疗可能是新型冠状病毒肺炎患者的一种有前途的方法。重要的是，通过定义适用于血浆供体的要求以及产品的制备，鉴定，储存，分配和使用控制的标准，血液机构应准备满足免疫血浆的要求。本文旨在就恢复期供体血浆制剂的生物学特性提出建议，并支持在更严格的研究中对这种治疗方法的评估。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:Since the beginning of the novel coronavirus outbreak, different strategies have been explored to stem the spread of the disease and appropriately manage patient flow. Triage, an effective solution proposed in disaster medicine, also works well to manage Emergency Department (ED) flow. The aim of this study was to describe the role of an ED Triage Center for patients with suspected novel coronavirus disease (Covid-19) and characterize the patient flow. METHODS:In March 2020, we established a Covid-19 triage center close to the Liège University EDs. From March 2 to March 23, we planned to analyze the specific flow of patients admitted to this triage zone and their characteristics in terms of inner specificities, work-up and management. During this period, all patients presented to the ED with symptoms suggestive of Covid-19 were included in the study. RESULTS:A total amount of 1071 patients presented to the triage center during the study period. 41.50% of the patients presented with flu-like symptoms. In 82.00% of the cases, no risk factor of virus transmission was found. The SARS-Cov2 positive patients represented 29.26% of the screened patients. 83.00% of patients were discharged home while 17.00% were admitted to the hospital. CONCLUSION:Our experience suggests that triage centers for the assessment and management of Covid-19 suspected patients is an essential key strategy to prevent the spread of the disease among non-symptomatic patients who present to the EDs for care. This allows for a disease-centered work-up and safer diversion of Covid-19 patients to specific hospital units.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :As the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues, one major point of uncertainty is the impact this novel pathogen will have during the upcoming 2020 to 2021 flu season. While the influenza virus is a known contributor to human morbidity and mortality, the question of how a coinfection between COVID-19 and influenza might manifest is of utmost concern. The aim of this study was to review the limited cases of COVID-19/influenza coinfection currently available in the literature, along with cases in the community of El Paso, TX, to determine whether any patterns of clinical presentation and morbidity emerged. An international review of the literature was conducted. Six published articles describing COVID-19/influenza coinfection were identified, with a total of 13 patients described therein. Three additional patients were identified from the El Paso, TX data. The most common presenting symptoms were fever and cough. The most common laboratory findings were elevated C-reactive protein and lymphocytopenia. Thirteen patients presented with viral pneumonia findings on CT, and nine had findings of ground-glass opacity. Finally, complications were reported in six patients, with most common complication being acute respiratory distress syndrome. The results of the review indicate that, due to the similarity in presentation between COVID-19 and influenza, further analysis will be required to understand the effects of coinfection on morbidity and mortality. However, the limited number of coinfection cases in the literature indicates that the implementation of COVID-19 control measures may continue to play a role in limiting the spread of these human respiratory pathogens.

背景与目标： : 随着冠状病毒病2019 (新型冠状病毒肺炎) 大流行的继续，一个主要的不确定性点是这种新型病原体在即将到来的2020 2021年流感季节将产生的影响。虽然流感病毒是人类发病率和死亡率的已知因素，新型冠状病毒肺炎和流感之间的共同感染如何表现的问题是最令人担忧的。这项研究的目的是回顾目前文献中有限新型冠状病毒肺炎/流感共感染病例，以及德克萨斯州埃尔帕索社区的病例，以确定是否出现任何临床表现和发病率模式。对文献进行了国际审查。确定了六篇描述新型冠状病毒肺炎/流感共感染的已发表文章，其中总共描述了13名患者。从德克萨斯州埃尔帕索的数据中发现了另外三名患者。最常见的症状是发热和咳嗽。最常见的实验室检查结果是C反应蛋白升高和淋巴细胞减少。13例患者在CT上表现为病毒性肺炎，9例出现毛玻璃混浊。最后，有6例患者报告了并发症，其中最常见的并发症是急性呼吸窘迫综合征。审查结果表明新型冠状病毒肺炎和流感在表现上的相似性，需要进一步分析以了解合并感染对发病率和死亡率的影响。然而，文献中合并感染病例的数量有限，这表明新型冠状病毒肺炎控制措施的实施可能继续在限制这些人类呼吸道病原体的传播方面发挥作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :More and more countries are showing a significant slowdown in the number of new COVID-19 infections due to effective governmentally instituted lockdown and social distancing measures. We have analyzed the growth behavior of the top 25 most affected countries by means of a local slope analysis and found three distinct patterns that individual countries follow depending on the strictness of the lockdown protocols: rise and fall, power law, or logistic. For countries showing power law growth we have determined the scaling exponents. For countries that showed a strong slowdown in the rate of infections we have extrapolated the expected saturation of the total number of infections and the expected final date. Three different extrapolation methods (logistic, parabolic, and cutoff power law) were used. All methods agree on the order of magnitude of saturation and end dates. Global infection rates are analyzed with the same methods. The relevance and accuracy of these extrapolations is discussed.

背景与目标： : 由于政府制定的有效封锁和社会疏远措施，越来越多的国家显示出新新型冠状病毒肺炎感染人数显著放缓。我们通过局部斜率分析分析了受影响最严重的前25个国家的增长行为，并根据锁定协议的严格性发现了各个国家遵循的三种不同模式: 兴衰，幂律或逻辑。对于显示幂律增长的国家，我们已经确定了比例指数。对于感染率大幅放缓的国家，我们推断了感染总数的预期饱和度和预期的最终日期。使用了三种不同的外推方法 (逻辑，抛物线和截止幂定律)。所有方法都在饱和度和结束日期的数量级上达成一致。用相同的方法分析全球感染率。讨论了这些外推的相关性和准确性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has made widespread impact recently. We aim to investigate the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 children with different severities and allergic status. METHODS:Data extracted from the electronic medical records, including demographics, clinical manifestations, comorbidities, laboratory and immunological results, and radiological images of 182 hospitalized COVID-19 children, were summarized and analyzed. RESULTS:The median age was 6 years, ranging from 3 days to 15 years, and there were more boys (male-female ratio about 2:1) within the studied 182 patients. Most of the children were infected by family members. Fever (43.4%) and dry cough (44.5%) were common symptoms, and gastrointestinal manifestations accounted for 11.0%, including diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, and vomiting. 71.4% had abnormal chest computed tomography (CT) scan images, and typical signs of pneumonia were ground-glass opacity and local patchy shadowing on admission. Laboratory results were mostly within normal ranges, and only a small ratio of lymphopenia (3.9%) and eosinopenia (29.5%) were observed. The majority (97.8%) of infected children were not severe, and 24 (13.2%) of them had asymptomatic infections. Compared to children without pneumonia (manifested as asymptomatic and acute upper respiratory infection), children with pneumonia were associated with higher percentages of the comorbidity history, symptoms of fever and cough, and increased levels of serum procalcitonin, alkaline phosphatase, and serum interleukins (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α. There were no differences in treatments, duration of hospitalization, time from first positive to first negative nucleic acid testing, and outcomes between children with mild pneumonia and without pneumonia. All the hospitalized COVID-19 children had recovered except one death due to intussusception and sepsis. In 43 allergic children with COVID-19, allergic rhinitis (83.7%) was the major disease, followed by drug allergy, atopic dermatitis, food allergy, and asthma. Demographics and clinical features were not significantly different between allergic and nonallergic groups. Allergic patients showed less increase in acute phase reactants, procalcitonin, D-dimer, and aspartate aminotransferase levels compared with all patients. Immunological profiles including circulating T, B, and NK lymphocyte subsets, total immunoglobulin and complement levels, and serum cytokines did not show any difference in allergic and pneumonia groups. Neither eosinophil counts nor serum total immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels showed a significant correlation with other immunological measures, such as other immunoglobulins, complements, lymphocyte subset numbers, and serum cytokine levels. CONCLUSION:Pediatric COVID-19 patients tended to have a mild clinical course. Patients with pneumonia had higher proportion of fever and cough and increased inflammatory biomarkers than those without pneumonia. There was no difference between allergic and nonallergic COVID-19 children in disease incidence, clinical features, and laboratory and immunological findings. Allergy was not a risk factor for developing and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection and hardly influenced the disease course of COVID-19 in children.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The original version of this article unfortunately contained two mistakes.

背景与目标： : 这篇文章的原始版本不幸包含两个错误。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) has led to an outbreak of multiple cases of pneumonia in Wuhan city in December 2019. The disease caused by this virus was named coronavirus disease 2019 or "COVID-19", which was declared by the World Health Organization as a global pandemic in March 2020. It typically presents with respiratory symptoms and febrile illness. However, there are few reported extrapulmonary and atypical presentations, such as hemoptysis, cardiac, neurological, gastrointestinal, ocular, and cutaneous manifestations, as well as venous and arterial thrombosis. Lack of awareness of these presentations might lead to misdiagnosis, delayed diagnosis, and isolation of suspected patients which increases the risk of transmission of infection between patients and doctors. All these issues will be discussed in this review.

背景与目标： : 新型冠状病毒 (SARS-CoV2) 导致2019年12月武汉市爆发多例肺炎。该病毒引起的疾病被命名为冠状病毒病2019或新型冠状病毒肺炎 ”，被世界卫生组织宣布为2020年3月全球大流行。它通常表现为呼吸道症状和发热性疾病。然而，很少有报道的肺外和非典型表现，例如咯血，心脏，神经，胃肠道，眼部和皮肤表现，以及静脉和动脉血栓形成。缺乏对这些表现的认识可能会导致误诊，延迟诊断和可疑患者的隔离，从而增加患者与医生之间传播感染的风险。所有这些问题都将在本次审查中讨论。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This paper aims to perform a theoretical reflection on the historical-social foundations of the COVID-19 pandemic. The "capital worldization", "capital-imperialism", "space-time compression", and "structural crisis of capital" categories are conjured from the historical materialistic-theoretical matrix, outlining a course that transcends the limits of Health Sciences to understand global health, of which the COVID-19 pandemic is an expression. We then return to the field of health, when the category of "social determination of health" allows elucidating the bases of the pandemic studied. We show that, other elements typical of the current phase of contemporary capitalism have become universal besides the SARS-CoV-2 characteristics or the dynamics of the rapid movement of people and objects around the world, unifying the health social determination process. :Este artigo possui o objetivo de realizar uma reflexão teórica sobre os fundamentos histórico-sociais da pandemia de COVID-19. A partir da matriz teórica materialista histórica, evoca-se as categorias da “mundialização do capital”, “capital-imperialismo”, “compressão espaço-tempo” e “crise estrutural do capital” traçando um percurso que ultrapassa os limites das Ciências da Saúde a fim de entender a saúde global, da qual a pandemia de COVID-19 é expressão. Posteriormente, faz-se o retorno ao campo da saúde, quando a categoria da “determinação social da saúde” permite elucidar as bases da pandemia estudada. Demonstra-se que, para além das características próprias do SARS-CoV-2 ou da dinâmica de rápido trânsito de pessoas e objetos pelo mundo, há outros elementos típicos da atual fase do capitalismo contemporâneo que se tornaram universais, unificando o processo de determinação social da saúde.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Hydroxychloroquine has been promoted for its use in treatment of COVID-19 patients based on in-vitro evidences. We searched the databases to include randomized and observational studies evaluating the effect of Hydroxychloroquine on mortality in COVID-19 patients. The outcome was summarized as odds ratios (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI).We used the inverse-variance method with a random effect model and assessed the heterogeneity using I2 test. We used ROBINS-I tool to assess methodological quality of the included studies. We performed the meta-analysis using 'Review manager software version 5.3'. We identified 6 observationalstudies satisfying the selection criteria. In all studies, Hydroxychloroquine was given as add on to the standard care and effect was compared with the standard care alone. A pooled analysis observed 251 deaths in 1331 participants of the Hydroxychloroquine arm and 363 deaths in 1577 participants of the control arm. There was no difference in odds of mortality events amongst Hydroxychloroquine and supportive care arm [1.25 (95% CI: 0.65, 2.38); I2 = 80%]. A similar trend was observed with moderate risk of bias studies [0.95 (95% CI: 0.44, 2.06); I2 = 85%]. The odds of mortality were significantly higher in patients treated with Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin than supportive care alone [2.34 (95% CI: 1.63, 3.34); I2 = 0%]. A pooled analysis of recently published studies suggests no additional benefit for reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients when Hydroxychloroquine is given as add-on to the standard care. Graphical Abstract.

背景与目标： : 基于体外证据，羟氯喹已被推广用于新型冠状病毒肺炎患者。我们搜索了数据库，包括评估羟氯喹对新型冠状病毒肺炎患者死亡率影响的随机和观察性研究。结果总结为具有95% 置信区间 (CI) 的优势比 (OR)。我们使用具有随机效应模型的逆方差方法，并使用I2检验评估异质性。我们使用ROBINS-I工具评估纳入研究的方法学质量。我们使用 “审查管理器软件版本5.3” 进行了荟萃分析。我们确定了6项符合选择标准的观察性研究。在所有研究中，将羟氯喹作为标准护理的补充，并将效果与单独的标准护理进行比较。汇总分析观察到羟氯喹组1331例参与者的251例死亡和对照组1577例参与者的363例死亡。羟氯喹和支持性护理组的死亡事件发生率无差异 [1.25 (95% CI: 0.65，2.38); I2 =   80%]。在中等偏倚风险研究中观察到类似的趋势 [0.95 (95% CI: 0.44，2.06); I2 =   85%]。羟氯喹 + 阿奇霉素治疗患者的死亡率显著高于单独支持治疗 [2.34 (95% CI: 1.63，3.34); I2 =   0%]。对最近发表的研究的汇总分析表明，当羟氯喹作为标准护理的补充时，对于降低新型冠状病毒肺炎患者的死亡率没有额外的益处。图形摘要。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIM:The aim of the present study was to describe the clinical presentation of patients aged ≥80 years with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and provide insights regarding the prognostic factors and the risk stratification in this population. METHODS:This was a single-center, retrospective, observational study, carried out in a referral center for COVID-19 in central Italy. We reviewed the clinical records of patients consecutively admitted for confirmed COVID-19 over a 1-month period (1-31 March 2020). We excluded asymptomatic discharged patients. We identified risk factors for death, by a uni- and multivariate Cox regression analysis. To improve model fitting and hazard estimation, continuous parameters where dichotomized by using Youden's index. RESULTS:Overall, 69 patients, aged 80-98 years, met the inclusion criteria and were included in the study cohort. The median age was 84 years (82-89 years is interquartile range); 37 patients (53.6%) were men. Globally, 14 patients (20.3%) presented a mild, 30 (43.5%) a severe and 25 (36.2%) a critical COVID-19 disease. A total of 23 (33.3%) patients had died at 30 days' follow up. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that severe dementia, pO2 ≤90 at admission and lactate dehydrogenase >464 U/L were independent risk factors for death. CONCLUSIONS:The present data suggest that risk of death could be not age dependent in patients aged ≥80 years, whereas severe dementia emerged is a relevant risk factor in this population. Severe COVID-19, as expressed by elevated lactate dehydrogenase and low oxygen saturation at emergency department admission, is associated with a rapid progression to death in these patients. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; ••: ••-••.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Worldwide, the COVID-19 epidemic has put health systems to the test. The excess mortality is partly due to the influx of patients requiring hospitalization and intensive care. We propose that the chronology of epidemic spread gives a window of time in which hospitals can act to prevent reaching capacity. METHODS:The out-of-hospital SAMU Emergency Medical System in an entry point into the French health care system. We recorded the number of patients managed, of patients transferred to emergency departments (ED), and of mobile intensive care units (MICUs) dispatched. Each criterion was compared to the mean of the same criterion over the previous 5 years. The alert threshold which indicated a public health crisis was defined as a 20% increase compared to the 5-year mean. RESULTS:The reference period, from January 2015 to December 2019, included 3 381 611 calls, and 1 137 856 patients. The study period, from 17 February to 28 March 2020, included 166 888 calls, and 56 708 patients. The daily numbers of patients managed crossed the threshold on February 25, and increased until the end of the study period. The daily number of patients transferred to ED crossed the threshold on March 16, and increased until the end of the period. The daily number of MICUs dispatched crossed the threshold on March 15, and increased until the end of the period. CONCLUSION:The COVID-19 epidemic reached our department in three consecutive waves which overwhelmed the health care system. The first wave preceded by 30 days the massive arrival of critical patients. Health care systems must take advantage of this delay to prepare for the third wave.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The aim was to recommend an integrated Total Worker Health (TWH) approach which embraces core human factors and ergonomic principles, supporting worker safety, health, and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. BACKGROUND:COVID-19 has resulted in unprecedented challenges to workplace safety and health for workers and managers in essential businesses, including healthcare workers, grocery stores, delivery services, warehouses, and distribution centers. Essential workers need protection, accurate information, and a supportive work environment with an unwavering focus on effective infection control. METHOD:The investigators reviewed emerging workplace recommendations for reducing workers' exposures to the novel coronavirus and the challenges to workers in protecting their health. Using a theoretical framework and guidelines for integrating safety and health management systems into an organization for TWH, the investigators adapted the framework's key characteristics to meet the specific worker safety and health issues for effective infection control, providing supports for increasing psychological demands while ensuring a safe work environment. RESULTS:The recommended approach includes six key characteristics: focusing on working conditions for infection control and supportive environments for increased psychological demands; utilizing participatory approaches involving workers in identifying daily challenges and unique solutions; employing comprehensive and collaborative efforts to increase system efficiencies; committing as leaders to supporting workers through action and communications; adhering to ethical and legal standards; and using data to guide actions and evaluate progress. CONCLUSION:Applying an integrative TWH approach for worker safety, health, and well-being provides a framework to help managers systematically organize and protect themselves, essential workers, and the public during the COVID-19 pandemic. APPLICATION:By using the systems approach provided by the six implementation characteristics, employers of essential workers can organize their own efforts to improve system performance and worker well-being during these unprecedented times.

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