BACKGROUND & AIMS: Background and aims:Individuals with addictive disorders are usually characterized by impaired executive control, persistent craving and excessive reward-seeking. However, it is unclear whether there is a deviation in the connection pattern among the neural systems implicated in these problem behaviors. Methods:One hundred thirty-six online gaming players were recruited in the current study (68 Internet gaming disorder (IGD) subjects and 68 recreational game users (RGUs) who served as controls matched on age, sex, years of education, and years of gaming). Dynamic interactions among the reward system (striatum), control system (prefrontal cortex), and the interoceptive awareness system (insula) were calculated and compared when subjects were facing gaming cues. Results:The results revealed that RGUs showed a significant positive correlation in the putamen-middle frontal gyrus (MFG)-insula neural pathway when facing gaming cues, which was missing in the IGD subjects. Additionally, dynamic causal modeling (DCM) analysis revealed that the MFG region was more inhibited by the putamen in the IGD subjects relative to the RGUs. Conclusions:These findings suggest that the inhibitory neuromodulation of the putamen to the prefrontal cortex in IGD individuals undermines the balance among the tripartite systems. Our findings provide novel neurobiological evidence for understanding the internal connection bias of the addicted individual's neural system and how the addictive disorder impairs executive control; consequently, the pathway from the striatum to the prefrontal cortex may serve as a potential biomarker to predict the risk of developing an addiction.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The most challenging aspect of treating alcohol and drug addiction is the relapsing course of these disorders. Although substitution therapies for nicotine and opioid dependence have proven to be relatively effective, there is a need for new pharmacotherapies designed to decrease the frequency and severity of relapse. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the potential utility of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists as treatments for substance abuse as shown in preclinical models and preliminary clinical trials. It is hypothesized that NMDA receptors mediate the common adaptive processes that are involved the development, maintenance, and expression of drug and alcohol addiction. Modulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission with NMDA receptor antagonists offers a novel treatment approach. It is proposed that NMDA antagonists may have multiple functions in treating addictions, including an attenuation of withdrawal effects, normalization of the affective changes following initiation of abstinence which arise from neurochemical changes resulting from chronic addiction, and an attenuation of conditioned responses arising from drug-related stimuli.

背景与目标： : 治疗酒精和药物成瘾最具挑战性的方面是这些疾病的复发过程。尽管尼古丁和阿片类药物依赖的替代疗法已被证明是相对有效的，但仍需要旨在降低复发频率和严重程度的新药物疗法。本文的目的是概述N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸 (NMDA) 受体拮抗剂作为药物滥用治疗的潜在用途，如临床前模型和初步临床试验所示。假设NMDA受体介导共同的适应过程，这些过程涉及药物和酒精成瘾的发展，维持和表达。用NMDA受体拮抗剂调节谷氨酸能神经传递提供了一种新的治疗方法。有人提出，NMDA拮抗剂在治疗成瘾方面可能具有多种功能，包括减弱戒断效应，戒断开始后情绪变化的正常化 (由慢性成瘾引起的神经化学变化引起) 以及药物引起的条件性反应的减弱相关刺激。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study assessed the utility of adding the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) to demographic and clinical diagnostic information for the purpose of predicting subsequent substance use disorder service use, and use of other healthcare services by 260 veterans admitted for outpatient substance use disorder treatment. Data collected included demographics, clinical diagnoses, assessment data from the ASI, as well as measures of six-month health service utilization (e.g., substance use disorder services, other mental health services, outpatient medical visits, urgent care visits, inpatient psychiatric and medical). Multivariate analysis using Tobit regression models showed six out of seven ASI scales were significant predictors, and that combining ASI data with demographics and clinical data significantly improved prediction of health care services. It also was found that certain psychiatric and medical diagnoses were related to service use measures, and that a diagnosis of depression was related to overall healthcare utilization.

背景与目标： : 这项研究评估了将成瘾严重程度指数 (ASI) 添加到人口统计学和临床诊断信息中的效用，以预测随后的物质使用障碍服务的使用情况，以及260名接受门诊物质使用障碍治疗的退伍军人使用其他医疗服务的情况。收集的数据包括人口统计学，临床诊断，ASI的评估数据以及六个月卫生服务利用率的衡量标准 (例如，物质使用障碍服务，其他精神卫生服务，门诊就诊，紧急护理就诊，住院精神病和医疗)。使用Tobit回归模型进行的多变量分析显示，七个ASI量表中有六个是重要的预测指标，并且将ASI数据与人口统计学和临床数据相结合可以显着改善对医疗保健服务的预测。还发现某些精神病学和医学诊断与服务使用措施有关，而抑郁症的诊断与总体医疗保健利用有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Tobacco smoking is a leading preventable cause of death in the United States and produces a major health and economic burden. Although the majority of smokers want to quit, few are successful. These data highlight the need for additional research into the neurobiology of tobacco dependence. Addiction to nicotine, the main psychoactive component of tobacco, is influenced by multiple factors that include individual differences in genetic makeup. Twin studies have demonstrated that genetic factors can influence vulnerability to nicotine addiction, and subsequent research has identified genes that may alter sensitivity to nicotine. In humans, genome-wide and candidate gene association studies have demonstrated that genes encoding nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) proteins are associated with multiple smoking phenotypes. Similarly, research in mice has provided evidence that naturally occurring variability in nAChR genes is associated with changes in nicotine sensitivity. Furthermore, the use of genetic knockout mice has allowed researchers to determine the nAChR genes that mediate the effects of nicotine, whereas research with knockin mice has demonstrated that changes to nAChR genes can dramatically alter nicotine sensitivity. This review will examine the genetic factors that alter susceptibility to nicotine addiction, with an emphasis on the genes that encode nAChR proteins.

背景与目标： : 在美国，吸烟是可预防的主要死亡原因，并造成重大的健康和经济负担。尽管大多数吸烟者都想戒烟，但很少有人成功。这些数据强调了对烟草依赖的神经生物学进行更多研究的必要性。烟草的主要精神成分尼古丁成瘾受多种因素影响，包括遗传构成的个体差异。双胞胎研究表明，遗传因素会影响尼古丁成瘾的脆弱性，随后的研究发现了可能改变尼古丁敏感性的基因。在人类中，全基因组和候选基因关联研究表明，编码烟碱乙酰胆碱受体 (nAChR) 蛋白的基因与多种吸烟表型相关。同样，对小鼠的研究提供了证据，表明nAChR基因的自然变化与尼古丁敏感性的变化有关。此外，基因敲除小鼠的使用使研究人员能够确定介导尼古丁作用的nAChR基因，而对敲除小鼠的研究表明，nAChR基因的改变可以显着改变尼古丁的敏感性。这篇综述将研究改变尼古丁成瘾易感性的遗传因素，重点是编码nAChR蛋白的基因。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The final common pathway of addiction (the dopamine hypothesis of reward) has recently been evolving, with the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system now seen as key to natural rewards and drug-seeking behaviour, though perhaps having less of a role in the maintenance of such behaviour. The perception of a common pathway has meant that treatments for one drug of addiction have 'crossed-over' and become possible treatments for other addictive drugs.

背景与目标： : 成瘾的最终共同途径 (奖赏的多巴胺假说) 最近一直在发展，中皮质边缘多巴胺能系统现在被视为自然奖赏和寻求药物行为的关键，尽管在维持这种行为方面的作用可能较小。对共同途径的感知意味着对一种成瘾药物的治疗已经 “交叉”，并成为其他成瘾药物的可能治疗。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The most critical unresolved issue associated with psychoanalysis is whether its core precepts belong in today's substance use armamentarium. Psychoanalytic theories have resisted the criterion of falsifiability, putting them at odds with the current paradigm for treating addiction. However, Freud's earliest pronouncement on the subject, "making the patient a collaborator in his own treatment" (i.e., therapeutic alliance) not only holds up to scientific scrutiny, but is a robust determinant in improving treatment outcomes. Psychoanalytic constructs today appear as conjectures, but recognition of the primacy of the collaborative therapeutic relationship is one example of how psychoanalytic observations have influenced current research.

背景与目标： : 与精神分析相关的最关键的未解决问题是其核心戒律是否属于当今的物质使用武器。精神分析理论抵制了可证伪性的标准，使其与当前治疗成瘾的范式背道而驰。然而，弗洛伊德关于这一主题的最早声明 “使患者成为自己治疗的合作者” (即治疗联盟) 不仅具有科学依据，而且是改善治疗结果的有力决定因素。今天，精神分析结构似乎是猜想，但是对合作治疗关系的首要地位的认识是精神分析观察如何影响当前研究的一个例子。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Nineteen heroin-dependent male volunteers were administered buprenorphine sublingually, in ascending daily doses of 2, 4, and 8 mg. They were maintained on 8 mg daily through study day 18. On study days 19 through 36, subjects in group 1 continued to receive burprenorphine daily; subjects in group 2 received buprenorphine or placebo on alternate days. On days 37 through 52, all subjects received placebo. Subjects receiving buprenorphine on alternate days reported significantly greater urge for an opioid, increased dysphoria scores, and pupillary dilation on placebo days. After abrupt termination of buprenorphine, no withdrawal signs were detected with the Himmelsbach scale. However, subjects reported mild-to-moderate opioid withdrawal symptoms, peaking at 3 to 5 and lasting for 8 to 10 days. Daily administration of buprenorphine provided greater control of subtle opioid withdrawal symptoms, but subjects could tolerate a between-dose interval of 48 hours.

背景与目标： : 19名海洛因依赖型男性志愿者以每天2、4和8 mg的剂量向舌下注射丁丙诺啡。在研究第18天，他们每天维持8 mg。在研究的第19至36天，第1组的受试者继续每天接受burprenorphine; 第2组的受试者每隔几天接受丁丙诺啡或安慰剂。在第37至52天，所有受试者均接受安慰剂。每隔几天接受丁丙诺啡的受试者报告说，在安慰剂日，阿片类药物的冲动明显增加，烦躁不安评分增加和瞳孔扩张。丁丙诺啡突然终止后，Himmelsbach量表未检测到戒断迹象。然而，受试者报告了轻度至中度阿片类药物戒断症状，在3至5点达到峰值，持续8至10天。每天服用丁丙诺啡可更好地控制微妙的阿片类药物戒断症状，但受试者可以耐受48小时的剂量间隔。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:This study aimed to examine the differences in personality characteristics between adolescents with and without Internet addiction and substance use experience as defined by the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ), and to compare personality characteristics among groups of adolescents with both Internet addiction and substance use experience (comorbid group), those with only Internet addition (Internet addiction group), those with only substance use experience (substance experience group), and those without Internet addiction or substance use experience (control group). METHOD:In the cross-sectional investigation, we recruited 3662 students (2328 boys and 1334 girls) from high schools in southern Taiwan. Our investigation was conducted using the TPQ, the Chen Internet Addiction Scale, and Questionnaires for Experience in Substance Use. RESULTS:Adolescents with Internet addiction were more likely to have substance use experience. High novelty seeking (NS), high harm avoidance (HA), and low reward dependence (RD) predicted a higher proportion of adolescents with Internet addiction. High NS, low HA, and low RD predicted a higher proportion of adolescents with substance use experience. Of the 4 groups, the Internet addiction group had the highest HA scores and the comorbid group had the lowest HA scores. CONCLUSION:Adolescents with high NS and low RD should be provided with effective strategies for preventing Internet addiction and substance use. In addition, the Internet addiction group and the comorbid group should be provided with different preventative strategies focused on HA.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The purpose of this study was to describe prior use of detoxification and addiction-treatment programs among injection drug users (IDUs) in Kabul, Afghanistan. From 2005-2006, IDUs (n = 464) recruited into this cross-sectional study completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire and whole blood rapid testing with fingerstick samples for HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis C antibody and B surface antigen testing. Participants were predominantly male (99.8%), Afghan (98.9%), and had little formal education. Correlates of detoxification and addiction treatment were identified with logistic regression. The majority (94.0%, n = 435) felt great/urgent need for treatment, of whom 56.3% (n = 245) reported inability to access treatment. Prior detoxification was associated with new needle use with each injection (AOR = 1.91, 95% CI: 1.12-3.26) and prior incarceration (AOR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.04-3.13). The study's limitations are noted. Rapid scale-up and subsidy of needle and syringe programs and opioid agonist treatment is urgently needed in Kabul.

背景与目标： : 这项研究的目的是描述阿富汗喀布尔注射吸毒者 (idu) 中先前使用的排毒和成瘾治疗计划。从2005-2006年开始，招募到该横断面研究的idu (n = 464) 完成了面试官管理的问卷调查和全血快速测试，并用手指棒样本进行HIV，梅毒，丙型肝炎抗体和b型表面抗原测试。参与者主要是男性 (99.8%)，阿富汗 (98.9%)，很少接受正规教育。通过逻辑回归确定了排毒和成瘾治疗的相关性。大多数 (94.0%，n = 435) 感到非常/迫切需要治疗，其中56.3% (n = 245) 报告无法获得治疗。每次注射 (AOR = 1.91，95% CI: 1.12-3.26) 和先前监禁 (AOR = 1.81，95% CI: 1.04-3.13) 时，事先排毒与新针头使用有关。注意到这项研究的局限性。喀布尔迫切需要快速扩大和补贴针头和注射器计划以及阿片类激动剂治疗。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Addiction-focused mutual-help group participation is associated with better substance use disorder (SUD) treatment outcomes. However, little has been documented regarding which types of mutual-help organizations patients attend, what levels of participation may be beneficial, and which patients, in particular, are more or less likely to participate. Furthermore, much of the evidence supporting the use of these organizations comes from studies examining participation and outcomes concurrently, raising doubts about cause-effect connections, and little is known about influences that may moderate the degree of any general benefit. METHOD:Alcohol-dependent outpatients (N=227; 27% female; M age=42) enrolled in a randomized-controlled telephone case monitoring trial were assessed at treatment intake and at 1, 2, and 3 years postdischarge. Lagged-panel, hierarchical linear models tested whether mutual-help group participation in the first and second year following treatment predicted subsequent outcomes and whether these effects were moderated by gender, concurrent axis I diagnosis, religious preference, and prior mutual-help experience. Robust regression curve analysis was used to examine dose-response relationships between mutual-help and outcomes. RESULTS:Mutual-help participation was associated with both greater abstinence and fewer drinks per drinking day and this relationship was not found to be influenced by gender, Axis I diagnosis, religious preference, or prior mutual-help participation. Mutual-help participants attended predominantly Alcoholics Anonymous and tended to be Caucasian, be more educated, have prior mutual-help experience, and have more severe alcohol involvement. Dose-response curve analyses suggested that even small amounts of participation may be helpful in increasing abstinence, whereas higher doses may be needed to reduce relapse intensity. CONCLUSIONS:Use of mutual-help groups following intensive outpatient SUD treatment appears to be beneficial for many different types of patients and even modest levels of participation may be helpful. Future emphasis should be placed on ways to engage individuals with these cost-effective resources over time and to gather and disseminate evidence regarding additional mutual-help organizations.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The kidney is one of the target organs involved as a consequence of the systemic complications seen in drug abusers. This may manifest itself in one of the following formsacute hepatitis with modest proteinuria (less than 2 Gm. per day); bacterial endocarditis with hematuria, azotemia, and a focal or diffuse glomerulonephritis; the nephrotic syndrome with focal mesangial sclerosis and diffuse interstitial nephritis often pursuing a fulminant course terminating in uremia; acute renal failure secondary to rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria; polyarteritis nodosa with renal involvement; and obstructive uropathy secondary to fungus ball in the urinary tract.

背景与目标： 由于吸毒者的全身并发症，肾脏是涉及的靶器官之一。这可能表现为以下形式之一的急性肝炎，具有适度的蛋白尿 (每天少于2 Gm); 细菌性心内膜炎，伴有血尿，氮质血症和局灶性或弥漫性肾小球肾炎; 肾病综合征，伴有局灶性系膜硬化和弥漫性间质性肾炎，通常在尿毒症中进行暴发性病程; 横纹肌溶解和肌红蛋白尿继发的急性肾功能衰竭; 结节性多动脉炎伴肾脏受累; 和继发于尿道真菌球的梗阻性尿病。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIMS:To investigate childhood influences on onset of injection drug use. DESIGN:Matched case-control study. SETTING:Edinburgh, Scotland. PARTICIPANTS:A total of 432 individuals presenting at a community health facility with injection drug use and 432 age- and sex-matched non-injecting controls recruited through the same facility. MEASUREMENTS:Main exposures considered were family structure and experience of public care, carer substance use, physical and sexual victimization and conduct problems, all measured at personal interview. The outcome was history of adult injection drug use recorded in medical records corroborated at personal interview. FINDINGS:Compared to two-parent families all other family structures were associated with increased risk of injection drug use, the greatest increased risk being associated with public care. Violence, criminality and financial problems in the family were also associated with increased risk, as were all types of carer substance use. The greatest increased risk was associated with markers of early conduct problems, particularly school exclusion and childhood contact with the criminal justice system. In multivariable analyses the strongest risk factors for later injecting were always having lived with a relative or family friend (not always a parent) and in care/adopted/foster home at any point [odds ratio (OR) = 2.66, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02-6.92 and OR = 2.17, 95% CI: 0.91-5.17, respectively], experienced violence from parent or carer (OR = 2.06, 95% CI: 1.26, 3.38) and early evidence of conduct problems [ever excluded from school (OR = 2.73, 95% CI: 1.68, 4.45); childhood criminality (ever arrested by police pre-adult OR = 3.05, 95% CI: 1.90, 4.89, ever been in borstal/young offenders/list D school OR = 4.70, 95% CI: 2.02, 10.94)]. After adjustment for family structure and conduct problems, sexual victimization was associated weakly with injecting onset (OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 0.76-2.19). More than 70% of injection drug use onset appeared attributable to the risk factors identified. CONCLUSIONS:Injection drug use in adults is associated strongly with prior childhood adversity, in particular not living with both parents and early conduct problems. Prevention initiatives should also consider these risk factors.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Fine mapping of calcineurin (PPP3CA) gene identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and simple sequence repeat polymorphisms that are associated with addiction vulnerability. A trinucleotide repeat marker, located in the 5'untranslated region (5'UTR) of the PPP3CA mRNA, exhibited significantly different genotype and allele frequencies between abusers and controls in the NIDA African-American sample. The polymorphism showed allelic-specific expression in mRNA extracted from postmortem brain specimens. Novel alternatively spliced isoforms of PPP3CA were identified and their expressions were found altered in brain regions of postmortem Alzheimer's disease patients. These data underscore the importance of calcineurin gene in the molecular mechanism of addiction and Alzheimer's diseases.

背景与目标： 钙调神经磷酸酶 (PPP3CA) 基因的精细定位确定了与成瘾脆弱性相关的单核苷酸多态性 (snp) 和简单序列重复多态性。位于PPP3CA mRNA的5' 非翻译区 (5'UTR) 的三核苷酸重复标记在NIDA非裔美国人样品中的滥用者和对照之间表现出显着不同的基因型和等位基因频率。多态性显示从死后脑标本中提取的mRNA中的等位基因特异性表达。鉴定出PPP3CA的新型剪接同工型，并在死后阿尔茨海默氏病患者的大脑区域发现它们的表达发生了变化。这些数据强调了钙调神经磷酸酶基因在成瘾和阿尔茨海默氏病分子机制中的重要性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study aims to compare serum cotinine levels in e-cigarette and combustible cigarette smokers, in an attempt to quantify the potential chronic nicotine addiction risk that e-cigarettes pose. We analyzed 428 participants in 2015-2016 NHANES: 379 (87.03%) smoked combustible cigarettes alone and 49 (12.97%) smoked e-cigarettes. Serum cotinine levels were measured by isotope-dilution high-performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometric method with a detection limit of 0.015 ng/ml. Electronic cigarette smokers were younger than combustible cigarette smokers (mean age 36.79 versus 42.69 years, P = 0.03), more likely to be male (64.93% versus 48.32%, P = 0.09) and significantly less likely to live with other smokers (50.17% versus 90.07%, P < 0.01). Serum cotinine levels increased linearly with self-reported days of smoking in both electronic cigarette and combustible cigarette smokers, after accounting for living with a smoker. The analysis of the subgroup who reported daily use show non-statistically significantly higher serum cotinine levels in electronic cigarette smokers versus combustible cigarette smokers (β adj = 52.50, P = 0.10). This analysis of recent US data demonstrates that electronic cigarettes expose users to nicotine levels proportionate to, and potentially higher than combustible cigarettes, and thus pose a serious risk of chronic nicotine addiction. This could be particularly relevant in otherwise tobacco naive individuals; future risk of tobacco-related dependence, addiction and relapse, as well as of tobacco-related cancers in these subjects needs to be investigated.

背景与目标： : 本研究旨在比较电子烟和可燃吸烟者的血清可替宁水平，以试图量化电子烟构成的潜在慢性尼古丁成瘾风险。我们分析了2015-2016 NHANES的428名参与者: 379 (87.03%) 单独吸烟可燃香烟和49 (12.97%) 吸烟电子香烟。通过同位素稀释高效液相色谱/大气压化学电离串联质谱法测量血清可替宁水平，检出限为0.015 ng/ml。电子烟吸烟者比可燃吸烟者年轻 (平均年龄36.79岁对42.69岁，P = 0.03)，更可能是男性 (64.93% 对48.32%，P = 0.09)，并且与其他吸烟者一起生活的可能性显着降低 (50.17% 对90.07%，P <0.01)。在考虑与吸烟者一起生活之后，电子烟和可燃吸烟者的血清可替宁水平均随自我报告的吸烟天数线性增加。对报告每日使用的亚组的分析显示，与可燃吸烟者相比，电子香烟吸烟者的血清可替宁水平非统计学上显著升高 (β  adj = 52.50，P = 0.10)。对美国最近数据的分析表明，电子烟使使用者暴露于与可燃香烟成比例且可能高于可燃香烟的尼古丁水平，因此构成了慢性尼古丁成瘾的严重风险。在其他情况下，这可能特别重要。需要调查这些受试者中与烟草相关的依赖，成瘾和复发以及与烟草相关的癌症的未来风险。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This review analyzes the roles of lipid transmitters, especially those derived from the cleavage of membrane phospholipids, in cocaine-associated behaviors. These lipid signals are important modulators of information processing in the brain, affecting transmitter release, neural plasticity, synaptogenesis, neurogenesis, and cellular energetics. This broad range of actions makes them suitable targets for pharmaceutical development of cocaine addiction therapies because they participate in the main cellular processes underlying the neuroadaptations associated with chronic use of this psychostimulant. The main lipid transmitters reviewed here include a) acylethanolamides and acylglycerols acting on cannabinoid receptors, such as anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol; b) acylethanolamides that do not act on cannabinoid receptors, such as oleoylethanolamide; c) eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid, including prostaglandins; and d) lysophosphatidic acid, focusing on the role of its LPA-1 receptor. Direct experimental evidence for the significance of these lipids in cocaine-related behaviors is presented and discussed. Additionally, the roles for both their biosynthesis and degradation pathways, as well as the participation of their receptors, are examined. Overall, lipid transmitter signaling can offer new targets for the development of therapies for cocaine addiction.

背景与目标： : 这篇综述分析了脂质递质，尤其是源自膜磷脂裂解的脂质递质在可卡因相关行为中的作用。这些脂质信号是大脑中信息处理的重要调节剂，影响递质释放，神经可塑性，突触发生，神经发生和细胞能量学。这种广泛的作用使它们成为可卡因成瘾疗法药物开发的合适目标，因为它们参与了与长期使用这种精神兴奋剂相关的神经适应的主要细胞过程。此处审查的主要脂质递质包括a) 作用于大麻素受体的酰基乙醇胺和酰基甘油，例如anandamide和2-花生四烯基甘油; b) 不作用于大麻素受体的酰基乙醇胺，例如油酰乙醇酰胺; c) 源自花生四烯酸的类花生酸，包括前列腺素; 和d) 溶血磷脂酸，重点研究其LPA-1受体的作用。提出并讨论了这些脂质在可卡因相关行为中的重要性的直接实验证据。此外，还检查了它们的生物合成和降解途径的作用以及它们受体的参与。总体而言，脂质递质信号可以为开发可卡因成瘾疗法提供新的靶标。