BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The objective of our study was to evaluate the outcome of lobular neoplasia diagnosed at 11-gauge stereotactic vacuum-assisted biopsy (SVAB). MATERIALS AND METHODS:Retrospective review of 1,819 lesions sampled with 11-gauge SVAB yielded 27 patients with lobular neoplasia as the most severe pathologic entity diagnosed. Patients with lobular neoplasia associated with atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), or infiltrating carcinoma were excluded. Twenty patients underwent surgical excisional biopsy, and seven patients were followed mammographically for a mean of 52 months (range, 14-67 months). Mammographic lesion type, number of specimens obtained per lesion, and specific histologic features related to lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) were assessed. Results were compared with histologic findings at surgery or mammographic follow-up. RESULTS:Nineteen lesions presented mammographically as microcalcifications, four as masses, three as masses with associated microcalcifications, and one as architectural distortion. A mean of 13 specimens were obtained per lesion. Carcinoma was found at surgical excision in 19% of the lesions (5/27). Lesions were upgraded to DCIS (n = 2), invasive lobular carcinoma (n = 2), and mixed invasive ductal and lobular carcinoma (n = 1). In addition to the diagnosis of lobular neoplasia at SVAB, one patient presented with synchronous infiltrating ductal carcinoma in the contralateral breast, and two patients developed metachronous infiltrating ductal carcinoma in a different quadrant of the ipsilateral breast. Twelve of the 27 lesions included LCIS. These lesions were evaluated pathologically to distinguish the classic (10/12) from the pleomorphic (2/12) form of this entity. Ten of the 12 LCIS cases underwent surgical excisional biopsy with four of the five upgrades occurring in these patients. Only one of these patients was shown to have the pleomorphic type of LCIS. Lesions in seven patients who underwent mammographic follow-up remained stable. CONCLUSION:The known association of lobular neoplasia with high-risk and malignant lesions at surgical biopsy requires careful consideration when lobular neoplasia is diagnosed as the most severe histologic entity at SVAB. The diagnosis of lobular neoplasia at 11-gauge SVAB is not reliable in view of the 19% upgrade rate at the time of surgical excisional biopsy in our study. No predictive mammographic features allowed distinction between the patients with lesions that were upgraded at the time of surgery from those whose lesions were not upgraded.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The leaves of «moderately hardy» (spinach), «very hardy» (ivy) and «extremely hardy» (spruce) plants [classification according to Levitt {1980)] show characteristic differences with respect to changes in membrane lipid composition and chloroplast ultrastructure which are correlated with the degree of the frost resistance achieved by each type of tissue during adaptation to sub-zero temperatures. Spinach leaves showed no increase in their total lipid content upon frost hardening. On the contrary, the amount of galactolipids decreased considerably, whereas that of phospholipids only slightly increased. No shift from the saturated palmitic acid to the three-fold unsaturated linolenic acid was observed. The membrane lipid content of ivy leaves and spruce needles increased to a similar extent during frost hardening. However, in contrast to spruce needles, a distinct preferential accumulation of the phospholipids was observed in ivy leaves, resulting in an increased PL/GL ratio. A considerable shift from saturated (palmitic) to unsaturated fatty acids was detected in both plants, due mainly to an increase in the proportion of linoleic acid in ivy and of linolenic acid in spruce. In spite of the considerable increase in lipid content, no increase in chloroplast number per cell could be detected in ivy leaves, although the length of the thylakoids was nearly doubled and the plastids appeared to be in a division stage: however, no real division could ever be observed. On the contrary, an increase in the number of chloroplasts and mitochondria was observed in spruce needles. Membrane augmentation became further evident by the many large invaginations of the chloroplast envelope formed when the frost-hardened leaves of ivy or spruce were exposed to sub-zero temperatures which they could just survive.

背景与目标： : 中度耐寒 (菠菜) 的叶子，非常耐寒 (常春藤) 和极端耐寒 (云杉) 植物 [根据Levitt {1980分类] 在膜脂质组成和叶绿体超微结构的变化方面表现出特征差异，这与每种类型的组织在适应亚-零温度。菠菜叶在霜冻硬化后总脂质含量没有增加。相反，半乳糖脂的数量大大减少，而磷脂的数量仅略有增加。没有观察到从饱和棕榈酸到三倍不饱和亚麻酸的转变。在霜冻硬化期间，常春藤叶和云杉针的膜脂质含量增加到类似的程度。然而，与云杉针相反，在常春藤叶片中观察到磷脂的明显优先积累，导致PL/GL比增加。在两种植物中检测到从饱和 (棕榈酸) 到不饱和脂肪酸的相当大的转变，主要是由于常春藤中亚油酸和云杉中亚麻酸的比例增加。尽管脂质含量显着增加，但常春藤叶片中每个细胞的叶绿体数量没有增加，尽管类囊体的长度几乎增加了一倍，并且质体似乎处于分裂阶段: 但是，无法观察到真正的分裂。相反，在云杉针中观察到叶绿体和线粒体的数量增加。当常春藤或云杉的霜冻叶片暴露于零度以下的温度下，它们可以生存时，叶绿体包膜的许多大内陷就进一步明显增加了膜。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Sex and gender are the major determinants of health and disease in both men and women. The aim of this review paper was to examine differences in gender and sex in relation to the prevalence and effects of food allergy. There are still major gaps in our knowledge about the kinds of processes which shape men's and women's perceptions and experiences of food allergy. The expression and experience of health and illness may be moderated by variables such as biological vulnerability, exposure to health risks, perception of symptoms, evaluation of risk, information processing and role expectations. This review highlights the complex links between biological sex, gender, and health in general and offers a synthesis of how these may interact to produce sex and gender differences in biopsychosocial manifestations of food allergy. Implications for research and public health practice are discussed.

背景与目标： : 性别和性别是男女健康和疾病的主要决定因素。本文的目的是研究与食物过敏的患病率和影响有关的性别和性别差异。我们对塑造男人和女人对食物过敏的看法和经历的过程的了解仍然存在重大差距。健康和疾病的表达和经历可以通过诸如生物脆弱性，暴露于健康风险，对症状的感知，风险评估，信息处理和角色期望等变量来调节。这篇综述强调了生物性别，性别和健康之间的复杂联系，并提供了有关它们如何相互作用以在食物过敏的生物心理社会表现中产生性别和性别差异的综合。讨论了对研究和公共卫生实践的影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Thirty-five patients with definite multiple sclerosis (MS) were studied. They underwent neuropsychological testing and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The MRI findings at different brain areas levels were compared with the neuropsychological findings. A quantitative system was used to measure MRI-MS lesions. In this series, a positive correlation was established between memory and learning disturbances measured by Battery 144, and the lesions measured by MRI (total, hemispheric and, particularly, periventricular lesions). MRI can detect MS lesions, and this study shows that a correlation between MRI and neuropsychological findings is possible if quantitative methods are used to distinguish different MS involvement areas in relation to neuropsychological tasks. These findings suggest that hemispheric lesions in MS produce cognitive disturbances and MRI could be a useful tool in predicting memory and learning impairment.

背景与目标： : 研究了35例确诊的多发性硬化症 (MS) 患者。他们接受了神经心理学测试和磁共振成像 (MRI)。将不同脑区水平的MRI表现与神经心理学表现进行比较。定量系统用于测量MRI-MS病变。在该系列中，通过电池144测量的记忆和学习障碍与通过MRI测量的病变 (总，半球，特别是脑室周围病变) 之间建立了正相关。MRI可以检测MS病变，这项研究表明，如果使用定量方法区分与神经心理学任务有关的不同MS受累区域，则MRI与神经心理学发现之间的相关性是可能的。这些发现表明，MS的半球病变会产生认知障碍，MRI可能是预测记忆和学习障碍的有用工具。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIM:Biliary atresia (BA) is a neonatal liver disease defined as chronic progressive fibrotic obliteration of extrahepatic bile ducts. The objective of this study was to determine the association of serum connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) with clinical outcome and liver stiffness measurement. METHODS:Eighty-two BA patients post-Kasai operation and 28 healthy controls were recruited. BA patients were categorized into two groups based on their portal hypertension (PH) status. Serum CTGF levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Liver stiffness scores were measured by transient elastography. RESULTS:BA patients had greater CTGF levels (905.9 ± 57.7 vs 238.3 ± 23.5 pg/mL, P < 0.001) and higher liver stiffness values than controls (28.2 ± 2.6 vs 5.0 ± 0.5 kPa, P < 0.001). Serum CTGF levels were remarkably elevated in BA patients with PH compared to those without PH (1092.4 ± 73.9 vs 582.6 ± 45.7 pg/mL, P < 0.001). Furthermore, BA patients with PH had significantly higher liver stiffness values compared to those without PH (37.3 ± 3.0 vs 10.6 ± 1.1 kPa, P < 0.001). Additionally, serum CTGF was positively correlated with liver stiffness (r = 0.875, P < 0.001) and total bilirubin (r = 0.462, P < 0.001). There was an inverse correlation between serum CTGF and serum albumin (r = -0.579, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION:High serum CTGF was associated with a poor outcome in BA patients. Accordingly, serum CTGF and transient elastography may serve as non-invasive biomarkers reflecting the disease severity in postoperative BA patients.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Human thyrotropin (TSH) receptor steady-state transcript levels were analyzed by Northern blot analysis in thyroids of patients with thyroid carcinoma, with hyperfunctioning adenoma and in normal controls. In control tissue and benign tumors expression levels of TSH receptor mRNA were high whereas in anaplastic carcinomas no normal TSH receptor mRNA was detected. In papillary and follicular tumors it varied from normal to markedly reduced levels. Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and thyroglobulin (Tg) mRNA were strongly expressed in normal tissue and in hyperfunctioning adenomas but were completely lost in all anaplastic tumors. In papillary tumors expression of TPO and Tg mRNA varied from normal to a complete loss of expression of either TPO, Tg or both. Tg and TPO steady-state expression did not correlate to TSH receptor transcript levels. C-myc mRNA was highly expressed in anaplastic carcinomas, very variable in normal controls and in differentiated thyroid tumors and low in hyperfunctioning adenomas. In summary, TSH receptor mRNA is persistently expressed in all differentiated thyroid tissues and tumors but lost in undifferentiated carcinomas. Its persistence far along the transformation pathway further supports the concept that this gene which inserts the thyrocytes in the physiological regulatory network is almost constitutively expressed in this cell.

背景与目标： : 通过Northern印迹分析在甲状腺癌，功能亢进性腺瘤患者和正常对照组的甲状腺中分析了人促甲状腺激素 (TSH) 受体稳态转录本水平。在对照组织和良性肿瘤中，TSH受体mRNA的表达水平很高，而在间变性癌中，未检测到正常的TSH受体mRNA。在乳头状和滤泡状肿瘤中，其水平从正常到明显降低不等。甲状腺过氧化物酶 (TPO) 和甲状腺球蛋白 (Tg) mRNA在正常组织和功能亢进的腺瘤中强烈表达，但在所有间变性肿瘤中完全消失。在乳头状肿瘤中，TPO和Tg mRNA的表达从正常到TPO，Tg或两者的完全丧失。Tg和TPO稳态表达与TSH受体转录水平无关。C-myc mRNA在间变性癌中高表达，在正常对照和分化的甲状腺肿瘤中非常可变，而在功能亢进的腺瘤中则低。总之，TSH受体mRNA在所有分化的甲状腺组织和肿瘤中持续表达，但在未分化的癌中丢失。它在转化途径上的持久存在进一步支持了这样的概念，即将甲状腺细胞插入生理调节网络中的基因几乎在该细胞中组成性表达。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Concentrations of serum anti-Haemophilus influenzae type b (anti-Hib) capsular polysaccharide (CPS) >/=0.15 and >/=1.0 microgram/mL are widely used as surrogates for protection against invasive Hib disease. However, the relationship between serum anti-Hib CPS following immunization and protection against colonization is not known, making it difficult to evaluate new Hib vaccines or combination vaccines. In the Dominican Republic, nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 546 9-month-old infants who had received Hib conjugate vaccine at ages 2, 4, and 6 months and from 600 unvaccinated infants of the same age. The prevalence of Hib colonization was lower among vaccinated infants than among unvaccinated infants (0.9% vs. 2.3%). Among vaccinated infants, protection against colonization was significantly correlated with anti-Hib CPS concentrations >/=5 microgram/mL 1 month following the third dose of vaccine. These results suggest that the concentration of serum anti-Hib CPS needed for protection against colonization is greater than that needed for protection for invasive disease.

背景与目标： : 血清抗流感嗜血杆菌b型 (抗Hib) 荚膜多糖 (CPS) 的浓度>/= 0.15和>/= 1.0微克/毫升被广泛用作预防侵袭性Hib疾病的替代物。然而预防接种后血清抗Hib CPS与抗定植保护之间的关系尚不清楚，因此难以评估新的Hib疫苗或组合疫苗。在多米尼加共和国，从546名在2、4和6个月龄接受Hib结合疫苗的9个月大婴儿和600名同龄未接种疫苗的婴儿中收集鼻咽拭子。接种疫苗的婴儿中Hib定植的患病率低于未接种疫苗的婴儿 (0.9% 对2.3%)。在接种疫苗的婴儿中，在第三剂疫苗接种后1个月，抗定植的保护作用与抗Hib CPS浓度>/= 5微克/毫升显着相关。这些结果表明，预防定植所需的血清抗Hib CPS浓度高于预防侵袭性疾病所需的血清抗Hib CPS浓度。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Pulse cytophotometric analysis of bone marrow cells from 175 patients with leukemia or lymphoma showed abnormalities of cellular DNA distribution in 29 patients for an overall incidence of 16.6 percent. Comparative standard cytogenetic examination indicated that high-degree chromosomal aberrations (less than or equal to 44, greater than or equal to 53 chromosomes) can generally be detected on DNA histograms, whereas patients with diploid, pseudodiploid, 45-hypodiploid, and 47-hyperdiploid abnormalities usually escape recognition by this technique. There were 11 patients with normal diploid or near-diploid karyotypes exhibiting marked DNA deviations; this discrepancy may reflect lack of proliferation of some leukemic clones which is a prerequisite for cytogenetic identification.

背景与目标： : 来自175例白血病或淋巴瘤患者的骨髓细胞的脉冲细胞光度分析显示，29例患者的细胞DNA分布异常，总发生率为16.6%。比较标准的细胞遗传学检查表明，通常可以在DNA直方图上检测到高度染色体畸变 (小于或等于44，大于或等于53条染色体)，而二倍体，假二倍体，45倍二倍体和47倍二倍体的患者-超二倍体异常通常会通过这种技术逃脱识别。有11例正常二倍体或近二倍体核型的患者表现出明显的DNA偏差; 这种差异可能反映出某些白血病克隆缺乏增殖，这是细胞遗传学鉴定的先决条件。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Combining the measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) and the classification of the trabecular structure in cancellous bone improves the estimation of the degree of osteoporosis. A fractal method for the automatic quantitative classification of the trabecular structure in midvertebral slices of lumbar vertebrae is introduced. This method is based on the computation of the fractal dimension (box counting method) for varying binarization thresholds. Radiographic images from 30 lumbar vertebrae and CT images from an additional 16 lumbar vertebrae were analysed by calculating the dimension D in dependency of the threshold value T. The function D(T) was normalized by the average image grey value, eliminating the bone mineral density from the computations. The results show that the images of the lumbar vertebrae have fractal properties, and the function D(T) has a typical behaviour that allows the discrimination of the degree of osteoporosis. With two parameters extracted from the function D(T) the correlation coefficients with BMD were both -79% for the radiographic images, and -93% and -91% for the CT data, respectively.

背景与目标： : 结合骨密度 (BMD) 的测量和松质骨中小梁结构的分类，可以改善对骨质疏松症程度的估计。介绍了一种用于腰椎中段椎板小梁结构自动定量分类的分形方法。此方法基于分形维数 (盒计数法) 的计算来改变二值化阈值。通过根据阈值T计算尺寸D来分析来自30个腰椎的放射线图像和来自另外16个腰椎的CT图像。函数D(T) 通过平均图像灰度值进行归一化，从而从计算中消除了骨矿物质密度。结果表明，腰椎图像具有分形特性，函数D(T) 具有典型的行为，可以区分骨质疏松症的程度。利用从函数D(T) 中提取的两个参数，射线照相图像与BMD的相关系数分别为-79%，CT数据与-93% 和-91%。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common tumor of the lower genitourinary tract in children in the first 2 decades of life. Most cases of genitourinary rhabdomyosarcoma are of the embryonal histologic subtype and include tumors of the bladder, prostate, testes and paratesticular sites, penis, perineum, vagina, and uterus. The natural history, pattern of metastatic spread, treatment, and prognosis of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma vary with the anatomic site of the lesion. In children with rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder or prostate, presenting signs and symptoms include urinary or fecal retention, dysuria, urinary tract infection, and hematuria. Paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma produces painless scrotal swelling, which may be ignored until the tumor has reached a large size. Vaginal tumors may manifest as a prolapsing mass in the introitus. Radiologic studies of children with genitourinary rhabdomyosarcoma reflect the nonspecific gross features of the tumor, which may be ill defined with infiltrative margins or well circumscribed by a pseudocapsule of compressed tissue. The botryoid variant of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma results when submucosal tumor produces a polypoid mass resembling a cluster of grapes within a hollow structure. Botryoid morphology is characteristic, but not specific, for rhabdomyosarcoma within the vagina or urinary bladder, since yolk sac tumor and "tumoral" cystitis may have a similar appearance. Invasion of adjacent structures by the primary tumor may make the precise anatomic origin of genitourinary rhabdomyosarcoma difficult to determine on cross-sectional images. Recent refinements in multidisciplinary therapeutic regimens combining chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery have dramatically improved outcome for children with genitourinary rhabdomyosarcoma. Diagnostic imaging plays an important role in monitoring response to therapy.

背景与目标： 横纹肌肉瘤是儿童生命的前20年最常见的下泌尿生殖道肿瘤。泌尿生殖系统横纹肌肉瘤的大多数病例属于胚胎组织学亚型，包括膀胱，前列腺，睾丸和睾丸旁部位，阴茎，会阴，阴道和子宫的肿瘤。儿童横纹肌肉瘤的自然病史，转移扩散方式，治疗和预后随病变的解剖部位而变化。在患有膀胱或前列腺横纹肌肉瘤的儿童中，出现的体征和症状包括尿或粪便retention留，排尿困难，尿路感染和血尿。睾丸旁横纹肌肉瘤会产生无痛性阴囊肿胀，直到肿瘤达到较大的大小，才可以忽略。阴道肿瘤可能表现为前倾肿块。对泌尿生殖系横纹肌肉瘤儿童的放射学研究反映了肿瘤的非特异性总体特征，可能因浸润性边缘而定义不清，或者被压缩组织的假包膜所限制。当粘膜下肿瘤在中空结构中产生类似于葡萄簇的息肉样团块时，会导致胚胎横纹肌肉瘤的葡萄状变体。对于阴道或膀胱内的横纹肌肉瘤，葡萄状体形态是特征性的，但不是特异性的，因为卵黄囊肿瘤和 “肿瘤性” 膀胱炎可能具有相似的外观。原发性肿瘤对邻近结构的侵袭可能使泌尿生殖系横纹肌肉瘤的精确解剖起源难以在横截面图像上确定。结合化疗，放射治疗和手术的多学科治疗方案的最新改进极大地改善了泌尿生殖系统横纹肌肉瘤儿童的预后。诊断成像在监测对治疗的反应中起着重要作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Cancer patients commonly suffer from weight loss since rapid tumor growth can cause catabolic metabolism and depletion of energy stores such as abdominal fat. In locally advanced pancreatic cancer this is even more pronounced due to abdominal pain, fatigue, nausea or malnutrition. In the present article, we quantify this frequently observed weight loss and assess its impact on outcome and survival. METHODS:Data on demographics, biometrics, toxicity and survival were collected for the last 100 patients treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation for locally advanced pancreatic cancer at our department (45.0 Gy and boost up to 54.0 Gy plus concurrent and subsequent gemcitabine), and the subcutaneous fat area at the umbilicus level was measured by computer tomography before and after chemoradiation. RESULTS:After chemoradiation, patients showed a highly statistically significant weight loss and reduction of the subcutaneous fat area. We could determine a very strong correlation of subcutaneous fat area to patient BMI. By categorizing patients according to their BMI based on the WHO classification as slender, normal, overweight and obese, we found improved but not statistically significant survival among obese patients. Accordingly, patients who showed less weight loss tended to survive longer. CONCLUSIONS:In this study, patients with pancreatic cancer lost weight during chemoradiation and their subcutaneous fat diminished. Changes in subcutaneous fat area were highly correlated with patients' BMI. Moreover, obese patients and patients who lost less weight had an improved outcome after treatment. Although the extent of weight loss was not significantly correlated with survival, the observed trend warrants greater attention to nutritional status in the future.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the leading cause of death among gynecologic malignancies. Despite great efforts to improve early detection and optimize chemotherapeutic regimens, the 5-year survival rate is only 30% for patients presenting with late-stage ovarian cancer. The high mortality of this disease is due to late diagnosis in over 70% of ovarian cancer cases. A class of small noncoding RNAs, or microRNAs, was found to regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Some, but not all, of the data indicated that the miR-200 family was dysregulated in a variety of malignancies. In this study, we demonstrated that miR-200a and E-cadherin were significantly upregulated in EOC compared to benign epithelial ovarian cysts and normal ovarian tissues. However, further stratification of the subject indicated that the expression levels of miR-200a were significantly downregulated in late-stage (FIGO III+V) and grade 3 groups compared with early stage (FIGO I+II) and grade 1 to 2 groups. Similarly, relatively low levels of miR-200a were observed in the lymph compared to the node-negative group. E-cadherin expression was found to be absent in normal ovarian tissue and was frequently expressed in benign epithelial ovarian cysts, with absence or low levels observed in late-stage ovarian cancers. There was a significantly positive correlation between miR-200a and E-cadherin in EOC. The biphasic expression pattern suggested that miR-200a levels may serve as novel biomarkers for the early detection of EOC, and miR-200a and E-cadherin are candidate targets for the development of new treatment modalities against ovarian cancer.

背景与目标： : 上皮性卵巢癌 (EOC) 是妇科恶性肿瘤死亡的主要原因。尽管为改善早期检测和优化化疗方案做出了巨大努力，但对于晚期卵巢癌患者而言，5年生存率仅30%。这种疾病的高死亡率是由于超过70% 例卵巢癌病例的晚期诊断。发现一类小的非编码rna或microrna在转录后水平上调节基因表达。一些 (但不是全部) 数据表明，miR-200家族在各种恶性肿瘤中失调。在这项研究中，我们证明了与良性上皮性卵巢囊肿和正常卵巢组织相比，EOC中的miR-200a和E-cadherin显着上调。然而，对受试者的进一步分层表明，与早期 (FIGO I II) 和1至2级组相比，晚期 (FIGO III V) 和3级组的miR-200a表达水平显着下调。同样，与淋巴结阴性组相比，在淋巴中观察到相对较低的miR-200a水平。发现E-cadherin表达在正常卵巢组织中不存在，并且在良性上皮性卵巢囊肿中经常表达，在晚期卵巢癌中观察到不存在或低水平。EOC中miR-200a与E-cadherin之间存在显着正相关。双相表达模式表明，miR-200a水平可能是早期检测EOC的新型生物标志物，miR-200a和E-钙粘蛋白是开发针对卵巢癌的新治疗方式的候选靶标。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A significant dose-response relation between ingested arsenic and several cancers has recently been reported in four townships of the endemic area of blackfoot disease, a unique peripheral artery disease related to the chronic arsenic exposure in southwestern Taiwan. This study was carried out to examine ecological correlations between arsenic level of well water and mortality from various malignant neoplasms in 314 precincts and townships of Taiwan. The arsenic content in water of 83,656 wells was determined by a standard mercuric bromide stain method from 1974 to 1976, while mortality rates of 21 malignant neoplasms among residents in study precincts and townships from 1972 to 1983 were standardized to the world population in 1976. A significant association with the arsenic level in well water was observed for cancers of the liver, nasal cavity, lung, skin, bladder and kidney in both males and females as well as for the prostate cancer in males. These associations remained significant after adjusting for indices of urbanization and industrialization through multiple regression analyses. The multivariate-adjusted regression coefficient indicating an increase in age-adjusted mortality per 100,000 person-years for every 0.1 ppm increase in arsenic level of well water was 6.8 and 2.0, 0.7 and 0.4, 5.3 and 5.3, 0.9 and 1.0, 3.9 and 4.2, as well as 1.1 and 1.7, respectively, in males and females for cancers of the liver, nasal cavity, lung, skin, bladder and kidney. The multivariate-adjusted regression coefficient for the prostate cancer was 0.5. These weighted regression coefficients were found to increase or remain unchanged in further analyses in which only 170 southwestern townships were included.

背景与目标： : 最近在黑脚病流行区的四个乡镇报道了摄入砷与几种癌症之间的显着剂量反应关系，黑脚病是与台湾西南部慢性砷暴露有关的独特外周动脉疾病。进行这项研究是为了研究台湾314地区和乡镇井水砷水平与各种恶性肿瘤死亡率之间的生态相关性。1974年1976年，通过标准的溴化汞染色方法确定了83,656口井中的砷含量，而研究区和1983年1972年乡镇居民中21例恶性肿瘤的死亡率则按照世界人口1976年进行了标准化。在男性和女性的肝脏，鼻腔，肺，皮肤，膀胱和肾癌以及男性的前列腺癌中，观察到与井水中的砷含量显着相关。通过多元回归分析对城市化和工业化指数进行调整后，这些关联仍然很重要。表明井水砷水平每增加0.1 ppm，每100,000人年年龄调整死亡率增加的多变量调整回归系数分别为6.8和2.0、0.7和0.4、5.3和5.3、0.9和1.0、3.9和4.2，以及1.1和1.7，在男性和女性的肝癌，鼻腔，肺癌，皮肤，膀胱癌和肾癌。0.5前列腺癌的多变量调整回归系数。在仅包括170个西南乡镇的进一步分析中，发现这些加权回归系数增加或保持不变。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:To study the relationship between intraretinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescein angiography (FA) findings in eyes with diabetic macular oedema (DMO). METHODS:We carried out a retrospective observational case series. Thirty eyes with previously untreated DMO underwent FA and OCT. The same ETDRS template was overlaid on the FA images in order to compare OCT and FA. Transfoveal linear high-resolution OCT scans (at the 0- and 90-degree meridians) and FA pictures were compared according to the ETDRS rings. RESULTS:Six distinct patterns of intraretinal changes in OCT correlated with changes in FA: (a) focal angiographic leakage did not correspond to any obvious intraretinal abnormality in OCT in four eyes; (b) localized thickening of the outer nuclear layer in OCT corresponded to focal leaking microaneurysm (focal oedema) in FA in 11 eyes; (c) diffuse thickening of the outer nuclear layer in OCT corresponded to diffuse angiographic leakage in 21 eyes; (d) cystoid expansion of the outer nuclear layer was found in seven eyes with a petaloid angiographic pattern of leakage; (e) cystoid expansion of the inner nuclear layer was found in relation to honeycomb angiographic oedema in five eyes, and (f) serous detachment of the fovea in OCT did not correspond to any distinct finding in FA in four eyes. CONCLUSIONS:Intraretinal abnormalities found in OCT correlate systemically with changes in FA. Very early DMO morphological changes may be seen better with FA than with OCT. Serous detachment of the fovea is seen in OCT, but not in FA. The combination of OCT and FA is useful in facilitating understanding of the pathophysiological changes that occur in DMO.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We describe a novel approach to sorting class averages of a structure in multiple conformational states in order to generate 3D reconstructions that account for conformational variability present in the sample. The method assumes that the relative Euler angles between class averages are known, then uses a common lines approach to match any given class against a set of distinct conformations from a selected view of the structure. We show the effectiveness of the method both on model data and on an experimental dataset for which the conformational variability is limited to a defined region within the structure. During our studies of hepatitis C virus (HCV) internal ribosome entry site (IRES) interaction with the human translation initiation factor eIF3, we observed that the IRES RNA included a flexible region holding multiple conformations. While current classification methods were used to produce two-dimensional averages of the complex showing these different conformations, no method existed for relating these averages in three dimensions. Our approach overcame these limitations, giving us structural insight that was previously not possible.

背景与目标： : 我们描述了一种新颖的方法，用于对具有多个构象状态的结构的类平均值进行排序，以便生成3D重建，以解决样本中存在的构象变异性。该方法假设类平均值之间的相对欧拉角是已知的，然后使用公共线方法从结构的选定视图将任何给定的类与一组不同的构象进行匹配。我们在模型数据和实验数据集上都显示了该方法的有效性，对于这些数据，构象变异性仅限于结构内的定义区域。在我们研究丙型肝炎病毒 (HCV) 内部核糖体进入位点 (IRES) 与人类翻译起始因子eIF3相互作用的过程中，我们观察到IRES RNA包含一个具有多种构象的柔性区域。虽然当前的分类方法用于产生显示这些不同构象的复合物的二维平均值，但不存在将这些平均值在三个维度上关联的方法。我们的方法克服了这些限制，为我们提供了以前无法实现的结构见解。