• 【解释急诊科呼吸频率观察方法中的违法行为: 经典的扎根理论分析。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.06.001 复制DOI
    作者列表:Flenady T,Dwyer T,Applegarth J
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Abnormal respiratory rates are one of the first indicators of clinical deterioration in emergency department(ED) patients. Despite the importance of respiratory rate observations, this vital sign is often inaccurately recorded on ED observation charts, compromising patient safety. Concurrently, there is a paucity of research reporting why this phenomenon occurs. OBJECTIVE:To develop a substantive theory explaining ED registered nurses' reasoning when they miss or misreport respiratory rate observations. DESIGN:This research project employed a classic grounded theory analysis of qualitative data. PARTICIPANTS:Seventy-nine registered nurses currently working in EDs within Australia. Data collected included detailed responses from individual interviews and open-ended responses from an online questionnaire. METHODS:Classic grounded theory (CGT) research methods were utilised, therefore coding was central to the abstraction of data and its reintegration as theory. Constant comparison synonymous with CGT methods were employed to code data. This approach facilitated the identification of the main concern of the participants and aided in the generation of theory explaining how the participants processed this issue. RESULTS:The main concern identified is that ED registered nurses do not believe that collecting an accurate respiratory rate for ALL patients at EVERY round of observations is a requirement, and yet organizational requirements often dictate that a value for the respiratory rate be included each time vital signs are collected. The theory 'Rationalising Transgression', explains how participants continually resolve this problem. The study found that despite feeling professionally conflicted, nurses often erroneously record respiratory rate observations, and then rationalise this behaviour by employing strategies that adjust the significance of the organisational requirement. These strategies include; Compensating, when nurses believe they are compensating for errant behaviour by enhancing the patient's outcome; Minimalizing, when nurses believe that the patient's outcome would be no different if they recorded an accurate respiratory rate or not and; Trivialising, a strategy that sanctions negligent behaviour and occurs when nurses 'cut corners' to get the job done. Nurses' use these strategies to titrate the level ofemotional discomfort associated with erroneous behaviour, thereby rationalising transgression CONCLUSION: This research reveals that despite continuing education regarding gold standard guidelines for respiratory rate collection, suboptimal practice continues. Ideally, to combat this transgression, a culture shift must occur regarding nurses' understanding of acceptable practice methods. Nurses must receive education in a way that permeates their understanding of the relationship between the regular collection of accurate respiratory rate observations and optimal patient outcomes.
    背景与目标:
  • 【对内分泌不良健康影响的监管测试方法的全面审查。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1080/10408444.2016.1272095 复制DOI
    作者列表:Manibusan MK,Touart LW
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Development of new endocrine disruption-relevant test methods has been the subject of intensive research efforts for the past several decades, prompted in part by mandates in the 1996 Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA). While scientific understanding and test methods have advanced, questions remain on whether current scientific methods are capable of adequately addressing the complexities of the endocrine system for regulatory health and ecological risk assessments. The specific objective of this article is to perform a comprehensive, detailed evaluation of the adequacy of current test methods to inform regulatory risk assessments of whether a substance has the potential to perturb endocrine-related pathways resulting in human adverse effects. To that end,  approximately 42 existing test guidelines (TGs) were considered in the evaluation of coverage for endocrine-related adverse effects. In addition to evaluations of whether test methods are adequate to capture endocrine-related effects, considerations of further enhancements to current test methods, along with the need to develop novel test methods to address existing test method gaps are described. From this specific evaluation, up to 35 test methods are capable of informing whether a chemical substance perturbs known endocrine related biological pathways. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that current validated test methods are adequate to discern substances that may perturb the endocrine system, resulting in an adverse health effect. Together, these test methods predominantly form the core data requirements of a typical food-use pesticide registration submission. It is recognized, however, that the current state of science is rapidly advancing and there is a need to update current test methods to include added enhancements to ensure continued coverage and public health and environmental protection.
    背景与目标: : 在过去的几十年中,与内分泌干扰相关的新测试方法的开发一直是深入研究的主题,部分原因是《1996食品质量保护法》 (FQPA) 的授权。尽管科学理解和测试方法已经发展,但当前的科学方法是否能够充分解决内分泌系统的复杂性以进行监管健康和生态风险评估仍存在疑问。本文的具体目标是对当前测试方法的充分性进行全面,详细的评估,以告知监管风险评估一种物质是否有可能干扰内分泌相关途径,从而导致人类不良影响。为此,在评估内分泌相关不良反应的覆盖范围时,考虑了大约42个现有的测试指南 (TGs)。除了评估测试方法是否足以捕获与内分泌相关的影响外,还描述了对当前测试方法的进一步增强的考虑,以及开发新颖的测试方法以解决现有测试方法差距的需求。通过此特定评估,多达35种测试方法能够告知化学物质是否干扰已知的内分泌相关生物学途径。根据这些发现,可以得出结论,当前经过验证的测试方法足以识别可能干扰内分泌系统,从而对健康产生不利影响的物质。这些测试方法共同构成了典型的食品农药注册提交的核心数据要求。然而,人们认识到,当前的科学状况正在迅速发展,有必要更新当前的测试方法,以包括额外的增强功能,以确保持续覆盖以及公共卫生和环境保护。
  • 【在计划生育环境中容易插入宫内避孕器。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/ajo.12007 复制DOI
    作者列表:Harvey C,Bateson D,Wattimena J,Black KI
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Intrauterine devices (IUDs) provide highly effective contraception for women worldwide. Reluctance to insert IUDs in the primary care setting may relate to concern about potential difficulty and complications, particularly in nulliparous women. AIMS:To determine the practitioner, patient and procedural factors associated with abandoned IUD insertion, practitioner-reported difficulty of insertion and adverse events during IUD insertions in the family planning setting. METHODS:This was a prospective study over a 12-month period of consecutive IUD insertions in four family planning clinics across New South Wales and Queensland. Patient, practitioner and device-related factors associated with abandoned IUD insertion, practitioner-reported ease of insertion and immediate insertion-related adverse events were analysed using logistic regression. RESULTS:Of 996 insertion procedures, successful insertion occurred in 95%, and 90% were reported as easy by the inserting doctor, including 80% of those in nulliparous women. Patient characteristics associated with an abandoned insertion were nulliparity (AOR 5.19; 2.49-10.82) or caesarean section-only deliveries (AOR 5.38; 2.58-11.22) and with practitioner-reported difficult insertion, nulliparity alone (AOR 1.98; 1.11-3.54). Practitioners inserting fewer than 100 IUDs over the 12-month study period more frequently rated insertions as difficult (AOR 1.76; 1.08-2.88). Complications occurred in 34 women and were more likely in nulliparous women (AOR 4.51; 2.16-9.39). CONCLUSIONS:Most IUDs can be successfully inserted, even in nulliparous women, in a primary care setting. Referral to a specialist may be appropriate for some women who are nulliparous or had caesarean section-only deliveries, depending on the experience of the practitioner.
    背景与目标:
  • 【通过使用噬菌体突变体检测细菌和确定其抗生素敏感性的新的快速简单方法。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1128/AEM.00761-06 复制DOI
    作者列表:Ulitzur N,Ulitzur S
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Three new methods applying a novel approach for rapid and simple detection of specific bacteria, based on plaque formation as the end point of the phage lytic cycle, are described. Different procedures were designed to ensure that the resulting plaques were derived only from infected target bacteria ("infectious centers"). (i) A pair of amber mutants that cannot form plaques at concentrations lower than their reversion rate underwent complementation in the tested bacteria; the number of plaques formed was proportional to the concentration of the bacteria that were coinfected by these phage mutants. (ii) UV-irradiated phages were recovered by photoreactivation and/or SOS repair mediated by target bacteria and plated on a recA uvrA bacterial lawn in the dark to avoid recovery of noninfecting phages. (iii) Pairs of temperature-sensitive mutants were allowed to coinfect their target bacteria at the permissive temperature, followed by incubation of the plates at the restrictive temperature to avoid phage infection of the host cells. This method allowed the omission of centrifuging and washing the infected cells. Only phages that recovered by recombination or complementation were able to form plaques. The detection limit was 1 to 10 living Salmonella or Escherichia coli O157 cells after 3 to 5 h. The antibiotic susceptibility of the target bacteria could also be determined in each of these procedures by preincubating the target bacteria with antibiotic prior to phage infection. Bacteria sensitive to the antibiotic lost the ability to form infectious centers.
    背景与目标: : 描述了基于噬菌斑形成作为噬菌体裂解周期终点的三种新方法,该方法应用了一种新方法来快速,简单地检测特定细菌。设计了不同的程序以确保所产生的斑块仅来自受感染的目标细菌 (“感染中心”)。(i) 一对在低于其还原率的浓度下无法形成斑块的琥珀突变体在被测细菌中进行了互补; 形成的斑块的数量与被这些噬菌体突变体共同感染的细菌的浓度成正比。(ii) 通过目标细菌介导的光活化和/或SOS修复来回收紫外线照射的噬菌体,并在黑暗中将其铺在reco uvrA细菌草坪上,以避免恢复非感染性噬菌体。(iii) 允许成对的温度敏感突变体在允许的温度下共同感染其目标细菌,然后在限制性温度下孵育平板以避免噬菌体感染宿主细胞。这种方法可以省去离心和清洗被感染的细胞。只有通过重组或互补回收的噬菌体才能形成斑块。3至5小时后,检出限为1至10个活沙门氏菌或大肠杆菌O157细胞。在每个程序中,也可以通过在噬菌体感染之前将目标细菌与抗生素预孵育来确定目标细菌的抗生素敏感性。对抗生素敏感的细菌失去了形成感染中心的能力。
  • 【加拿大安大略省旧门诺派的母乳喂养做法: 一项多种方法研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1177/0890334413498305 复制DOI
    作者列表:Norris S,Collin SM,Ingram J
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The Old Order Mennonites (OOM) of rural Ontario have a lifestyle that is very distinct from the rest of Canada. Breastfeeding practices among this community have not been described previously. OBJECTIVES:This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) at 2, 4, and 6 months; to compare the prevalence of EBF among OOM and Canadian women; to investigate factors associated with EBF at 6 months; and to gain qualitative insight into the breastfeeding practices of OOM women. METHODS:Data on maternal characteristics, delivery factors, and infant feeding methods at birth and at 2, 4, and 6 months were obtained from medical records at the Elmira Medical Centre for all births to OOM women between January 2006 and December 2011. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 2 lactation consultants working at the Elmira Medical Centre. RESULTS:Complete breastfeeding data were available for 195 of 225 OOM women (77.4%). The majority of OOM women initiated breastfeeding (87.9%); 81.4% continued to breastfeed exclusively at 2 months, 74.0% to 4 months, and 36.8% to 6 months. Women who had a homebirth (12.3%) had 2.6-fold higher odds of EBF at 6 months (odds ratio, 2.59; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-6.53) compared with women who delivered in a hospital. Cultural and religious influences and community support were suggested as reasons for the relatively high prevalence of EBF. CONCLUSION:Breastfeeding rates among OOM women are consistently higher in the first 6 months of life compared to the general Canadian population. Homebirth independently predicted increased odds of EBF at 6 months.
    背景与目标:
  • 【在11个国家/地区咨询后,影响妇女选择联合激素避孕方法的因素: CHOICE研究的子分析结果。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.3109/13625187.2013.819077 复制DOI
    作者列表:Bitzer J,Cupanik V,Fait T,Gemzell-Danielsson K,Grob P,Oddens BJ,Pawelczyk L,Unzeitig V
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To investigate which characteristics of women and healthcare professionals (HCPs) were associated with changing to another combined hormonal contraceptive (CHC) method after contraceptive counselling. METHODS:CHOICE was a cross-sectional survey in which 18,787 women were counselled about combined hormonal contraceptives, during which their contraceptive methods preferred both prior to and after counselling were recorded. In this subanalysis, characteristics associated with changing the method after counselling were determined using logistic regression models. RESULTS:The probability of intending to change from the pill to another method was associated with being older; university-educated; being in a steady relationship; a prior unintended pregnancy; a younger HCP or one who recommended methods other than the pill. Changing to the patch was associated with a female HCP or a HCP who recommended the patch or an injectable. Changing to the ring was associated with being over 21 years; university-educated; being in a relationship; previous hormonal method use; and counselling by a female HCP, a HCP < 60 years old, or a HCP who recommended the ring or an implant. The country of residence influenced these changes in a complex pattern. CONCLUSIONS:Women's choice of CHC methods after contraceptive counselling are influenced by their age, educational background, relationship status, prior unplanned pregnancies and country of residence, as well as age, gender and preferences of their HCP.
    背景与目标:
  • 【不同灭活方法对印度口蹄疫病毒疫苗株稳定性的比较】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.biologicals.2017.06.004 复制DOI
    作者列表:Sarkar A,Tamil Selvan RP,Kishore S,Ganesh K,Bhanuprakash V
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In this study, the efficiency of binary ethyleneimine (BEI) in combination with formaldehyde (FA) and glutaraldehyde (GTA) in inactivating the Indian FMDV vaccine strains is compared. The acceptable safety of virus inactivation was faster and the inactivation rates were increased many-folds with combination of inactivants than BEI alone. FMDV A was inactivated rapidly than the other two serotypes with BEI + FA combination. Inactivation plots were linear for all the serotypes irrespective of inactivation process. Further, the integrity studies on 146S using serotype specific ELISA indicated no significant change in the antigenic mass of all the serotypes throughout the inactivation process. However, the loss of 146S antigen occurred in the subsequent steps of downstream processing. Further, the studies on intactness of viral RNA using real time PCR indicated the amplification of 1D gene sequences in all the preparations of timed samples irrespective of serotypes/inactivation process. Further, inactivated virus preparation (146S) was more stable at lower temperatures for all the serotypes/inactivation process. Among the combinations of inactivants, BEI + FA out performed compared to BEI + GTA and BEI in terms of inactivation rates, 146S yield and its storage stability, irrespective of the serotypes.
    背景与目标: : 在这项研究中,比较了二元乙烯亚胺 (BEI) 与甲醛 (FA) 和戊二醛 (GTA) 联合灭活印度FMDV疫苗株的效率。与单独使用灭活剂相比,灭活剂的可接受安全性更快,灭活率提高了许多倍。FMDV A比BEI FA组合的其他两种血清型迅速失活。与灭活过程无关,所有血清型的灭活图都是线性的。此外,使用血清型特异性ELISA对146S的完整性研究表明,在整个灭活过程中,所有血清型的抗原质量没有显著变化。然而,146S抗原的损失发生在下游处理的后续步骤中。此外,使用实时PCR对病毒RNA的完整性进行的研究表明,无论血清型/失活过程如何,在所有定时样品的制剂中都扩增了1D基因序列。此外,对于所有血清型/灭活过程,灭活病毒制剂 (146S) 在较低温度下更稳定。在灭活剂的组合中,与BEI GTA和BEI相比,BEI + FA在灭活率,146S产率及其储存稳定性方面进行了比较,而与血清型无关。
  • 【同时使用几种方法估算浮游植物生物量的有用性。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/S0932-4739(88)80023-3 复制DOI
    作者列表:Aleya L,Devaux J,Magouri HE,Marvalin O,Amblard C
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The annual cycle of phytoplankton biomass was followed in a eutrophic lake (Lake Aydat, Massif Central, France), using classic descriptors (biovolumes and chlorophyll a) as well as adenosine-5'-phosphate (ATP) levels. ATP is the metabolite indicating living biomass. ATP/Cell count and ATP/Chlorophyll a ratios were elevated due to the presence of heterotrophic organisms, such as several species of ciliates. The first ratio is greater than the second. The difference can be explained either by an underestimation of the nanoplankton fraction through the cell count method, or by a lack of sedimentation in the settling chambers used for counting cells.
    背景与目标: : 使用经典的描述符 (生物体积和叶绿素a) 以及腺苷-5 '-磷酸 (ATP) 水平,在富营养化的湖泊 (法国中部Massif中部的Aydat湖) 中跟踪了浮游植物生物量的年度周期。ATP是指示活生物量的代谢产物。由于异养生物 (例如几种纤毛虫) 的存在,ATP/细胞计数和ATP/叶绿素a比率升高。第一个比率大于第二个比率。这种差异可以通过细胞计数方法低估了纳米浮游生物的比例,也可以通过用于计数细胞的沉降室中缺乏沉降来解释。
  • 【甲基丙烯酸甲酯骨水泥制备过程中使用的采样和分析方法的比较。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1080/15459620600732811 复制DOI
    作者列表:Ungers LJ,Vendrely TG
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Surgeons, surgical nurses, and other operating room staff are exposed to airborne concentrations of methyl methacrylate during the preparation of orthopedic bone cement. Three sampling and analysis methods have been used to measurement methyl methacrylate in this work environment: (1) direct-reading photoacoustic infrared spectrometry, (2) solid sorbent and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection, and (3) colorimetric detector tubes. Previous studies have measured operating room exposures and judged the efficacy of cement mixing wth little, if any, regard for method sensitivity, detection limits, precision, or accuracy. The present investigation was designed to allow concurrent monitoring of methyl methacrylate levels from the same air volume using each of the three methods. Three popular orthopedic bone cement products were mixed during a number of repeat preparations (n = 36). Airborne concentrations were monitored concurrently during each preparation. Attention was given to the proper treatment of detection limits, and the results are reported both as raw data and descriptive statistics. A one-way ANOVA using a Tukey-Kramer HSD comparison was performed on method-specific results indicating that the photoacoustic infrared spectrometry and solid sorbent, gas chromatography with flame ionization detection are in good agreement, but the colorimetric detector tube method reports significantly different airborne concentrations. It is concluded that previous assessments using the photoacoustic infrared spectrometry and solid sorbent, gas chromatography with flame ionization detection may be relied on, but the detector tube method underreports actual exposures. Accordingly, the results of past exposure assessments and mixing method efficacy studies using colorimetric detector tubes may not be reliable.
    背景与目标: : 外科医生,外科护士和其他手术室工作人员在准备骨科骨水泥期间暴露于空气中浓度的甲基丙烯酸甲酯。在此工作环境中,已使用三种采样和分析方法来测量甲基丙烯酸甲酯 :( 1) 直读光声红外光谱法,(2) 具有火焰离子化检测的固体吸附剂和气相色谱法,以及 (3) 比色检测器管。先前的研究已经测量了手术室的暴露,并判断了水泥混合的功效,如果有的话,则很少考虑方法的灵敏度,检出限,精密度或准确性。本研究旨在允许使用三种方法中的每种方法同时监测同一风量中的甲基丙烯酸甲酯水平。在许多重复准备过程中混合了三种流行的骨科骨水泥产品 (n = 36)。在每次准备过程中同时监测空气中的浓度。注意对检测限的正确处理,并将结果报告为原始数据和描述性统计。使用Tukey-Kramer HSD进行的单因素方差分析比较了方法的特异性结果,表明光声红外光谱法和固体吸附剂,气相色谱和火焰离子化检测法具有良好的一致性,但是比色检测器管法报告的空气浓度明显不同。结论是,可以依靠以前使用光声红外光谱法和固体吸附剂,气相色谱和火焰离子化检测进行的评估,但是检测器管方法低估了实际暴露。因此,使用比色检测器管的过去暴露评估和混合方法功效研究的结果可能不可靠。
  • 【妇女对计划生育方法行动机制的态度: 西班牙潘普洛纳初级保健中心的调查。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1186/1472-6874-7-10 复制DOI
    作者列表:de Irala J,Lopez del Burgo C,Lopez de Fez CM,Arredondo J,Mikolajczyk RT,Stanford JB
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Informed consent in family planning includes knowledge of mechanism of action. Some methods of family planning occasionally work after fertilization. Knowing about postfertilization effects may be important to some women before choosing a certain family planning method. The objective of this survey is to explore women's attitudes towards postfertilization effects of family planning methods, and beliefs and characteristics possibly associated with those attitudes. METHODS:Cross-sectional survey in a sample of 755 potentially fertile women, aged 18-49, from Primary Care Health Centres in Pamplona, Spain. Participants were given a 30-item, self-administered, anonymous questionnaire about family planning methods and medical and surgical abortion. Logistic regression was used to identify variables associated with women's attitudes towards postfertilization effects. RESULTS:The response rate was 80%. The majority of women were married, held an academic degree and had no children. Forty percent of women would not consider using a method that may work after fertilization but before implantation and 57% would not consider using one that may work after implantation. While 35.3% of the sample would stop using a method if they learned that it sometimes works after fertilization, this percentage increased to 56.3% when referring to a method that sometimes works after implantation. Women who believe that human life begins at fertilization and those who consider it is important to distinguish between natural and induced embryo loss were less likely to consider the use of a method with postfertilization effects. CONCLUSION:Information about potential postfertilization effects of family planning methods may influence women's acceptance and choice of a particular family planning method. Additional studies in other populations are necessary to evaluate whether these beliefs are important to those populations.
    背景与目标:
  • 【使用蛋白质微阵列和非参数方法进行预后的综合方法。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1038/msb4100167 复制DOI
    作者列表:Knickerbocker T,Chen JR,Thadhani R,MacBeath G
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Over the past several years, multivariate approaches have been developed that address the problem of disease diagnosis. Here, we report an integrated approach to the problem of prognosis that uses protein microarrays to measure a focused set of molecular markers and non-parametric methods to reveal non-linear relationships among these markers, clinical variables, and patient outcome. As proof-of-concept, we applied our approach to the prediction of early mortality in patients initiating kidney dialysis. We found that molecular markers are not uniformly prognostic, but instead vary in their value depending on a combination of clinical variables. This may explain why reports in this area aiming to identify prognostic markers, without taking into account clinical variables, are either conflicting or show that markers have marginal prognostic value. Just as treatments are now being tailored to specific subsets of patients, our results show that prognosis can also benefit from a 'personalized' approach.
    背景与目标: : 在过去的几年中,已经开发了解决疾病诊断问题的多变量方法。在这里,我们报告了一种针对预后问题的综合方法,该方法使用蛋白质微阵列来测量一组集中的分子标记物,以及非参数方法来揭示这些标记物,临床变量和患者预后之间的非线性关系。作为概念验证,我们将我们的方法应用于开始肾透析的患者的早期死亡率的预测。我们发现,分子标志物的预后并不一致,而是根据临床变量的组合而变化。这可以解释为什么在不考虑临床变量的情况下,旨在识别预后标志物的这一领域的报告存在冲突或表明标志物具有边际预后价值。就像现在针对特定的患者子集进行治疗一样,我们的结果表明,“个性化” 方法也可以使预后受益。
  • 【药物基因组学、药代动力学和药效学: 男女生物学差异的相互作用。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/bph.12362 复制DOI
    作者列表:Franconi F,Campesi I
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Pharmacological response depends on multiple factors and one of them is sex-gender. Data on the specific effects of sex-gender on pharmacokinetics, as well as the safety and efficacy of numerous medications, are beginning to emerge. Nevertheless, the recruitment of women for clinical research is inadequate, especially during the first phases. In general, pharmacokinetic differences between males and females are more numerous and consistent than disparities in pharmacodynamics. However, sex-gender pharmacodynamic differences are now increasingly being identified at the molecular level. It is now even becoming apparent that sex-gender influences pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics. Sex-related differences have been reported for several parameters, and it is consistently shown that women have a worse safety profile, with drug adverse reactions being more frequent and severe in women than in men. Overall, the pharmacological status of women is less well studied than that of men and deserves much more attention. The design of clinical and preclinical studies should have a sex-gender-based approach with the aim of tailoring therapies to an individual's needs and concerns.
    背景与目标: : 药理反应取决于多种因素,其中之一是性别。有关性别对药代动力学的特定影响以及许多药物的安全性和有效性的数据开始出现。然而,招募女性进行临床研究是不够的,尤其是在第一阶段。通常,男性和女性之间的药代动力学差异比药效学差异更多且一致。然而,性别-性别药效学差异现在越来越多地在分子水平上被发现。现在甚至变得很明显,性别会影响药物基因组学和药物遗传学。已经报告了几个参数的性别相关差异,并且一直显示女性的安全性较差,女性的药物不良反应比男性更为频繁和严重。总体而言,女性的药理状况比男性研究得少,值得更多关注。临床和临床前研究的设计应采用基于性别的方法,目的是根据个人的需求和关注点定制疗法。
  • 【连续环形撕囊技术的发展,优势和方法。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/s0886-3350(13)80870-x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Gimbel HV,Neuhann T
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The development of the continuous circular capsulorhexis (CCC) technique has contributed significantly to the safety and effectiveness of cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation. This technique facilitates every size of smooth, circular, capsular opening, and it produces a strong capsular rim that resists tearing even when stretched during lens material removal or lens implantation. Maintaining the general integrity of the eye and facilitating such procedures as hydrodissection, endolenticular phacoemulsification, capsule polishing, and safe lens implantation in both adults and children are some of the advantages of CCC. This procedure can be performed in several ways, and it has been proven to be consistently reproducible by experienced surgeons.
    背景与目标: : 连续环形撕囊 (CCC) 技术的发展为白内障摘除和人工晶状体植入的安全性和有效性做出了重要贡献。这种技术有利于各种尺寸的光滑,圆形,囊状开口,并且它产生了强大的囊状边缘,即使在去除镜片材料或植入镜片的过程中拉伸,也可以抵抗撕裂。CCC的一些优点是,保持眼睛的整体完整性并促进诸如水解剖,晶状体内超声乳化,胶囊抛光和成人和儿童安全的晶状体植入等程序。此过程可以通过多种方式进行,并且已被经验丰富的外科医生证明是始终如一地可重复的。
  • 【社会行为的分子基础: 模型、方法和进展。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.conb.2012.08.008 复制DOI
    作者列表:LeBoeuf AC,Benton R,Keller L
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Elucidating the molecular and neural basis of complex social behaviors such as communal living, division of labor and warfare requires model organisms that exhibit these multi-faceted behavioral phenotypes. Social insects, such as ants, bees, wasps and termites, are attractive models to address this problem, with rich ecological and ethological foundations. However, their atypical systems of reproduction have hindered application of classical genetic approaches. In this review, we discuss how recent advances in social insect genomics, transcriptomics, and functional manipulations have enhanced our ability to observe and perturb gene expression, physiology and behavior in these species. Such developments begin to provide an integrated view of the molecular and cellular underpinnings of complex social behavior.
    背景与目标: : 阐明复杂社会行为 (例如公共生活,分工和战争) 的分子和神经基础,需要表现出这些多方面的行为表型的模型生物。社会昆虫,如蚂蚁、蜜蜂、黄蜂和白蚁,是解决这一问题的有吸引力的模型,具有丰富的生态和行为学基础。然而,它们的非典型繁殖系统阻碍了经典遗传方法的应用。在这篇综述中,我们讨论了社会昆虫基因组学,转录组学和功能操作的最新进展如何增强了我们观察和干扰这些物种的基因表达,生理和行为的能力。这样的发展开始提供复杂社会行为的分子和细胞基础的综合视图。
  • 【评估用于测量眼底照片上视网膜血管图像宽度的显微和显微密度测量方法。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/BF02172974 复制DOI
    作者列表:Delori FC,Fitch KA,Feke GT,Deupree DM,Weiter JJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The width of retinal vessel images on fundus photographs was determined by projection micrometry and microdensitometry. These methods were evaluated on 12 retinal vessels using the negatives of 570-nm monochromatic fundus photographs. For projection micrometry, the intraobserver reproducibility of vessel width measurements was 1.6%-2.9%, depending upon the experience of the observer. Significant interobserver differences in the measured widths were demonstrated. For microdensitometry, three distinct measurement criteria were used. Significant differences in width as measured by the three criteria were found, but there were no interoperator differences for each criterion. The intraoperator reproducibility of vessel width measurements by microdensitometry was 2.1%-2.5%. Significant differences were found in the vessel widths determined by the micrometry and densitometry methods, and results obtained by micrometry are discussed in terms of edge-detection phenomena.
    背景与目标: : 通过投影显微法和显微密度法确定眼底照片上视网膜血管图像的宽度。使用570 nm单色眼底照片的底片在12条视网膜血管上评估了这些方法。对于投影显微测量,根据观察者的经验,血管宽度测量的观察者内重现性为1.6%-2.9%。证明了观察者之间在测量宽度上的显着差异。对于显微光密度测定法,使用了三种不同的测量标准。通过三个标准测得的宽度存在显着差异,但是每个标准都没有算子间差异。通过显微密度测定法测量血管宽度的操作者内部可重复性为2.1%-2.5%。在通过显微法和光密度法确定的血管宽度中发现了显着差异,并根据边缘检测现象讨论了通过显微法获得的结果。

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