BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIMS:The present study sought to examine the prevalence, clinical characteristics and one-year outcomes of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to complex lesions (multivessel PCI, ≥3 stents, ≥3 lesions, bifurcation with ≥2 stents, total stent length >60 mm or chronic total occlusion [CTO]) in a prospective multicentre registry. METHODS AND RESULTS:Using the e-Ultimaster multicentre registry, a post hoc subgroup analysis was performed on 35,839 patients undergoing PCI, stratified by procedure complexity, and further by number and type of complex features. Overall, complex PCI patients (n=9,793, 27.3%) were older, more comorbid and were associated with an increased hazard ratio (HR) of the composite endpoint at one year (target lesion failure [TLF]: 1.41 [1.25; 1.59]), driven by an increased hazard of cardiac death (1.28 [1.05; 1.55]), target vessel myocardial infarction (1.48 [1.18; 1.86]) and clinically driven target lesion revascularisation. The hazard of complications increased with the rising number of complex features (3-6 vs 1-2 vs none) for all outcomes. All individual complex features were associated with an increased hazard of composite complications (except CTO) and definite/probable stent thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS:Overall, complex PCI is associated with an increased risk of mortality and complications at one year. The number and types of complex features have differing impacts on long-term outcomes.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :One of the unsolved problems in the field of human concept learning concerns the factors that determine the subjective difficulty of concepts: why are some concepts psychologically simple and easy to learn, while others seem difficult, complex or incoherent? This question was much studied in the 1960s but was never answered, and more recent characterizations of concepts as prototypes rather than logical rules leave it unsolved. Here I investigate this question in the domain of Boolean concepts (categories defined by logical rules). A series of experiments measured the subjective difficulty of a wide range of logical varieties of concepts (41 mathematically distinct types in six families--a far wider range than has been tested previously). The data reveal a surprisingly simple empirical 'law': the subjective difficulty of a concept is directly proportional to its Boolean complexity (the length of the shortest logically equivalent propositional formula)--that is, to its logical incompressibility.

背景与目标： : 人类概念学习领域中尚未解决的问题之一涉及决定概念主观难度的因素: 为什么有些概念在心理上简单易学，而另一些则看起来困难、复杂或不连贯？20世纪60年代对这个问题进行了大量研究，但从未得到回答，并且最近将概念描述为原型而不是逻辑规则，这使它无法解决。在这里，我在布尔概念 (由逻辑规则定义的类别) 的领域中研究这个问题。一系列实验测量了各种逻辑概念的主观难度 (六个家族中有41种数学上不同的类型-比以前测试的范围要大得多)。数据揭示了一个令人惊讶的简单经验 “定律”: 概念的主观难度与其布尔复杂度 (最短的逻辑等价命题公式的长度) 成正比，即与其逻辑不可压缩性成正比。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The skeleton serves as the principal site for hematopoiesis in adult terrestrial vertebrates. The function of the hematopoietic system is to maintain homeostatic levels of all circulating blood cells, including myeloid cells, lymphoid cells, red blood cells, and platelets. This action requires the daily production of more than 500 billion blood cells. The vast majority of these cells are synthesized in the bone marrow, where they arise from a limited number of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that are multipotent and capable of extensive self-renewal. These attributes of HSCs are best demonstrated by marrow transplantation, where even a single HSC can repopulate the entire hematopoietic system. HSCs are therefore adult stem cells capable of multilineage repopulation, poised between cell fate choices which include quiescence, self-renewal, differentiation, and apoptosis. While HSC fate choices are in part determined by multiple stochastic fluctuations of cell autonomous processes, according to the niche hypothesis, signals from the microenvironment are also likely to determine stem cell fate. While it had long been postulated that signals within the bone marrow could provide regulation of hematopoietic cells, it is only in the past decade that advances in flow cytometry and genetic models have allowed for a deeper understanding of the microenvironmental regulation of HSCs. In this review, we will highlight the cellular regulatory components of the HSC niche.

背景与目标： : 骨骼是成年陆生脊椎动物造血的主要部位。造血系统的功能是维持所有循环血细胞的稳态水平，包括髓样细胞，淋巴样细胞，红细胞和血小板。这一行动需要每天生产5000亿多个血细胞。这些细胞中的绝大多数是在骨髓中合成的，它们是由数量有限的造血干细胞 (hsc) 产生的，这些造血干细胞是多能的并且能够广泛的自我更新。骨髓移植可以最好地证明HSC的这些特性，即使单个HSC也可以重新填充整个造血系统。因此，hsc是能够多谱系再增殖的成体干细胞，在包括静止，自我更新，分化和凋亡在内的细胞命运选择之间保持平衡。尽管HSC命运的选择部分取决于细胞自主过程的多种随机波动，但根据利基假说，来自微环境的信号也可能决定干细胞命运。尽管长期以来一直假设骨髓中的信号可以提供造血细胞的调节，但直到过去十年，流式细胞术和遗传模型的进步才使人们对HSCs的微环境调节有了更深入的了解。在这篇综述中，我们将重点介绍HSC生态位的细胞调节成分。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To study the effects of an increase in task complexity on brake response time (BRT) in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA). DESIGN:A prospective repeated-measures design was used. The measurements took place 1 day before and 10 and 30 days after surgery. SETTING:Clinic. PARTICIPANTS:The data of patients (N=21) who were admitted for primary total arthroplasty of the right knee were pooled for analysis. INTERVENTIONS:On each measurement day patients performed 5 practice and 10 test trials for 2 tasks (1 simple, 1 complex) in a car simulator. Task complexity was increased by adding a second movement to the first task performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:BRT, reaction time (RT), and movement time were assessed. RESULTS:An increase in task complexity increased BRT, RT, and movement time at all measurement times. Right TKA increased BRT by increasing movement time. Thirty days after surgery BRT was no longer increased compared with preoperative values in both tasks. CONCLUSIONS:Task complexity consistently increased BRT and its components. The effects of task complexity remained constant throughout the 3 measurements. After right TKA, we suggest patients should be advised to wait 30 days after surgery before resuming driving.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Allografts can be rejected as a result of major histocompatibility antigen disparity or as a result of differences at any of a number of minor histocompatibility antigens. In many cases, rejection due to multiple minor histoincompatibility is as difficult to control as that induced by major histoincompatibility. Although an understanding of the molecular, biochemical, and functional parameters of the major histocompatibility loci and their products is increasing at an exponential rate, little is known about these same facets of minor histocompatibility loci and their products. It is generally accepted that minor histocompatibility loci in the murine model have a degree of polymorphism similar to that of H-2K or H-2D. This conclusion was based on typing alleles by the classic F1-skin graft test. Based on these allelic assignments, numerous unexpected findings of CTL specificity were made. Therefore, a systematic analysis was made comparing CTL specificity, F1-complementation, and allograft rejection. Based on these three parameters, the data presented using strains of mice that were bred to, and therefore presumed to, differ only at H-3 indicate that the antigen disparity of these congenic strains and the parental B10 strain as defined by CTL specificity and skin graft rejection is much more complex than originally described. One especially interesting chromosomal region is H-3/beta 2-microglobulin in the fifth linkage group of chromosome 2. Using CTL, ten specificities are defined, three of which appear to be specific for beta 2-microglobulin-A, -B, and -C. These findings raise the question of whether any minor histocompatibility locus is polymorphic or is instead a composite of multiple minor H-loci which are masquerading as a single locus.

背景与目标： : 同种异体移植物可以由于主要的组织相容性抗原差异或许多次要组织相容性抗原的差异而被排斥。在许多情况下，由于多个次要组织相容性引起的排斥与主要组织相容性引起的排斥一样难以控制。尽管对主要组织相容性基因座及其产物的分子，生化和功能参数的了解正在以指数速度增长，但对次要组织相容性基因座及其产物的这些相同方面知之甚少。人们普遍认为，鼠模型中的次要组织相容性基因座具有与H-2K或H-2D相似的多态性程度。该结论基于经典F1-skin移植试验对等位基因进行分型。基于这些等位基因分配，获得了许多意外的CTL特异性发现。因此，进行了比较CTL特异性，F1-complementation和同种异体移植排斥反应的系统分析。基于这三个参数，使用育成并且因此推测仅在H-3上有所不同的小鼠品系提供的数据表明，这些同系品系和亲本B10品系的抗原差异 (如由CTL特异性和皮肤移植物排斥定义) 比最初描述的要复杂得多。一个特别有趣的染色体区域是2号染色体第五连锁群中的H-3/β2-微球蛋白。使用CTL，定义了十种特异性，其中三种似乎对 β2-微球蛋白-a，-B和-C具有特异性。这些发现提出了一个问题，即任何次要组织相容性基因座是多态的，还是伪装成单个基因座的多个次要H基因座的复合物。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Behavioural flexibility is often treated as the gold standard of evidence for more sophisticated or complex forms of animal cognition, such as planning, metacognition and mindreading. However, the evidential link between behavioural flexibility and complex cognition has not been explicitly or systematically defended. Such a defence is particularly pressing because observed flexible behaviours can frequently be explained by putatively simpler cognitive mechanisms. This leaves complex cognition hypotheses open to 'deflationary' challenges that are accorded greater evidential weight precisely because they offer putatively simpler explanations of equal explanatory power. This paper challenges the blanket preference for simpler explanations, and shows that once this preference is dispensed with, and the full spectrum of evidence-including evolutionary, ecological and phylogenetic data-is accorded its proper weight, an argument in support of the prevailing assumption that behavioural flexibility can serve as evidence for complex cognitive mechanisms may begin to take shape. An adaptive model of cognitive-behavioural evolution is proposed, according to which the existence of convergent trait-environment clusters in phylogenetically disparate lineages may serve as evidence for the same trait-environment clusters in other lineages. This, in turn, could permit inferences of cognitive complexity in cases of experimental underdetermination, thereby placing the common view that behavioural flexibility can serve as evidence for complex cognition on firmer grounds.

背景与目标： : 行为灵活性通常被视为更复杂或复杂的动物认知形式 (例如计划，元认知和思维阅读) 的黄金证据标准。但是，行为灵活性与复杂认知之间的证据联系尚未得到明确或系统的辩护。这种防御特别紧迫，因为观察到的灵活行为通常可以用简单的认知机制来解释。这使复杂的认知假设对 “通缩” 挑战开放，而这些挑战恰恰是因为它们提供了对同等解释力的简单解释，因此被赋予了更大的证据权重。本文对笼统的偏好提出了更简单的解释，并表明，一旦取消了这种偏好，并且包括进化，生态和系统发育数据在内的所有证据都被赋予了适当的权重，支持行为灵活性可以作为复杂认知机制证据的普遍假设的论点可能开始形成。提出了一种认知行为进化的适应性模型，根据该模型，在系统发育上不同的谱系中存在收敛的性状环境簇可以作为其他谱系中相同性状环境簇的证据。反过来，这可以允许在实验确定不足的情况下推断认知的复杂性，从而提出了一种普遍的观点，即行为灵活性可以在更坚定的基础上作为复杂认知的证据。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :FSH is synthesized and secreted in multiple molecular forms with different oligosaccharide structures which are needed for full expression of biological activity. GnRH and sex steroids modulate oligosaccharide structure and composition. In the present study we have assessed the carbohydrate complexity and proportion of circulating FSH isoforms during puberty, aging and after androgen administration to pubertal anorchid boys. Preparative isoelectrofocusing and lectin chromatography were used to isolate FSH isoforms on the basis of charge and internal carbohydrate complexity. Differences in sialic acid content and a progressive increase of isoforms bearing highly branched oligosaccharides were found during puberty. Less acidic, more bioactive FSH isoforms, secreted at mid-puberty may modulate important maturational events in the Sertoli cell population. Androgen administration to pubertal anorchid boys favoured the secretion of this type of isoforms. In adult men, the predominance of FSH isoforms bearing complex type oligosaccharides remained unchanged until very advanced age. These results show that the predominance of FSH isoforms bearing fully processed oligosaccharides in circulation may contribute to the development and maintenance of seminiferous epithelium function in men.

背景与目标： : FSH以多种分子形式合成和分泌，具有不同的寡糖结构，是完全表达生物活性所必需的。GnRH和性类固醇调节寡糖的结构和组成。在本研究中，我们评估了青春期，衰老和对青春期anorchid男孩施用雄激素后的碳水化合物复杂性和循环FSH亚型的比例。根据电荷和内部碳水化合物的复杂性，使用制备性等电聚焦和凝集素色谱法分离FSH亚型。在青春期发现唾液酸含量的差异和带有高度分支寡糖的同工型的逐渐增加。青春期中期分泌的酸性较弱，生物活性较强的FSH亚型可能会调节Sertoli细胞群体中的重要成熟事件。对青春期男孩的雄激素给药有利于这种亚型的分泌。在成年男性中，带有复杂类型寡糖的FSH亚型的优势一直保持不变，直到非常高龄。这些结果表明，在循环中具有完全加工的寡糖的FSH亚型的优势可能有助于男性生精上皮功能的发展和维持。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Children's long-latency auditory event-related potential (LLAEP) structure differs from that of adults. Functional significance of childhood ERP components is largely unknown. In order to look for the functional correlates in adult and children's LLAEPs, stimulus-complexity effects were investigated in 8-10-year old children. To this end, auditory ERPs to vowels, acoustically matched complex tones, and sinusoidal tones were recorded. All types of stimuli elicited P100-N250-N450 ERP complex. Differences between the sinusoidal and complex tones were confined to the P100 and N250 peaks, complex tones eliciting larger responses. Vowels elicited smaller-amplitude N250 but larger-amplitude N450 than the complex tones. Some stimulus-complexity effects observed for N250 in children corresponded to those observed for the N1 in adults, whereas the N450 peak exhibited behaviour resembling that of the adult ERP components subsequent to the N1 wave.

背景与目标： : 儿童的长潜伏期听觉事件相关电位 (LLAEP) 结构与成人不同。儿童ERP组件的功能意义在很大程度上是未知的。为了寻找成人和儿童LLAEPs的功能相关性，对8-10岁儿童的刺激复杂性影响进行了研究。为此，记录了听觉ERPs到元音，声学匹配的复杂音调和正弦音调。所有类型的刺激都P100-N250-N450 ERP复合体引起。正弦音调和复音之间的差异仅限于P100和N250峰，复音引起更大的响应。与复杂音调相比，元音引起的振幅N250较小，但振幅N450较大。在儿童中观察到的N250的一些刺激复杂性效应与在成人中观察到的N1的刺激复杂性效应相对应，而N450峰的行为类似于N1波之后的成人ERP组件的行为。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The hippocampal mossy fiber (MF) terminal is among the largest and most complex synaptic structures in the brain. Our understanding of the development of this morphologically elaborate structure has been limited because of the inability of standard electron microscopy techniques to quickly and accurately reconstruct large volumes of neuropil. Here we use serial block-face electron microscopy (SBEM) to surmount these limitations and investigate the establishment of MF connectivity during mouse postnatal development. Based on volume reconstructions, we find that MF axons initially form bouton-like specializations directly onto dendritic shafts, that dendritic protrusions primarily arise independently of bouton contact sites, and that a dramatic increase in presynaptic and postsynaptic complexity follows the association of MF boutons with CA3 dendritic protrusions. We also identify a transient period of MF bouton filopodial exploration, followed by refinement of sites of synaptic connectivity. These observations enhance our understanding of the development of this highly specialized synapse and illustrate the power of SBEM to resolve details of developing microcircuits at a level not easily attainable with conventional approaches.

背景与目标： : 海马苔藓纤维 (MF) 末端是大脑中最大，最复杂的突触结构之一。由于标准电子显微镜技术无法快速准确地重建大量神经纤维，因此我们对这种形态精细结构的发展的理解受到限制。在这里，我们使用连续块面电子显微镜 (SBEM) 克服这些限制，并研究小鼠出生后发育过程中MF连接的建立。基于体积重建，我们发现MF轴突最初直接在树枝状轴上形成类似bouton的特化，树枝状突起主要独立于bouton接触部位产生，并且突触前和突触后复杂性的急剧增加伴随着MF bouton与CA3树枝状突起的关联。我们还确定了MF bouton丝状探索的瞬态，然后完善了突触连接位点。这些观察结果增强了我们对这种高度专业化的突触发展的理解，并说明了SBEM在传统方法难以达到的水平上解决微电路开发细节的能力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The current phylogenetic hypothesis for the evolution and biogeography of fiddler crabs relies on the assumption that complex behavioral traits are assumed to also be evolutionary derived. Indo-west Pacific fiddler crabs have simpler reproductive social behavior and are more marine and were thought to be ancestral to the more behaviorally complex and more terrestrial American species. It was also hypothesized that the evolution of more complex social and reproductive behavior was associated with the colonization of the higher intertidal zones. Our phylogenetic analysis, based upon a set of independent molecular characters, however, demonstrates how widely entrenched ideas about evolution and biogeography led to a reasonable, but apparently incorrect, conclusion about the evolutionary trends within this pantropical group of crustaceans. Species bearing the set of "derived traits" are phylogenetically ancestral, suggesting an alternative evolutionary scenario: the evolution of reproductive behavioral complexity in fiddler crabs may have arisen multiple times during their evolution. The evolution of behavioral complexity may have arisen by coopting of a series of other adaptations for high intertidal living and antipredator escape. A calibration of rates of molecular evolution from populations on either side of the Isthmus of Panama suggest a sequence divergence rate for 16S rRNA of 0.9% per million years. The divergence between the ancestral clade and derived forms is estimated to be approximately 22 million years ago, whereas the divergence between the American and Indo-west Pacific is estimated to be approximately 17 million years ago.

背景与目标： : 当前有关招潮蟹进化和生物地理学的系统发育假说依赖于这样的假设，即复杂的行为特征被认为也是进化衍生的。印度西太平洋招潮蟹的繁殖社会行为更简单，更海洋，被认为是行为更复杂，更陆生的美洲物种的祖先。还假设更复杂的社会和生殖行为的演变与潮间带较高的定殖有关。然而，我们基于一组独立的分子特征进行的系统发育分析表明，关于进化和生物地理学的根深蒂固的思想如何导致对这一泛型甲壳类动物的进化趋势得出合理但显然不正确的结论。具有一系列 “衍生特征” 的物种是系统发育的祖先，这表明了另一种进化方案: 招潮蟹的生殖行为复杂性的进化可能在进化过程中出现了多次。行为复杂性的演变可能是通过对潮间带生活和反捕食者逃逸的一系列其他适应进行合作而引起的。对巴拿马地峡两侧种群分子进化速率的校准表明，16S rRNA的序列发散速率为每百万年0.9%。祖先进化枝和衍生形式之间的差异估计约为2200万年前，而美洲和印度西太平洋之间的差异估计约为1700万年前。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We summarize recent evidence that models of earthquake faults with dynamically unstable friction laws but no externally imposed heterogeneities can exhibit slip complexity. Two models are described here. The first is a one-dimensional model with velocity-weakening stick-slip friction; the second is a two-dimensional elastodynamic model with slip-weakening friction. Both exhibit small-event complexity and chaotic sequences of large characteristic events. The large events in both models are composed of Heaton pulses. We argue that the key ingredients of these models are reasonably accurate representations of the properties of real faults.

背景与目标： : 我们总结了最近的证据，即具有动态不稳定摩擦定律但没有外部施加的异质性的地震断层模型可以表现出滑移复杂性。这里描述了两个模型。第一种是具有弱化速度的粘滑摩擦的一维模型; 第二种是具有弱化滑移摩擦的二维弹性动力学模型。两者都表现出小事件复杂性和大特征事件的混沌序列。两个模型中的大型事件均由希顿脉冲组成。我们认为，这些模型的关键成分是真实故障属性的合理准确表示。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:To extend formal models of language learnability to applications in clinical treatment of children with functional phonological delays. METHOD:The focus of the narrative review is on phonological complexity. This follows from learnability theory, whereby complexity in the linguistic input to children has been shown to trigger language learning. Drawing from the literature, phonological complexity is defined from epistemic, ontological, and functional perspectives, with specific emphasis on the application of language universals in the selection of target sounds for treatment. RESULTS:The cascading effects of phonological complexity on children's generalization learning are illustrated, and frequently asked questions about complexity in treatment are addressed. CONCLUSION:The role of complexity in cognitive development is introduced to demonstrate the apparent robustness of effects.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We tested the hypothesis that astrocytes grown in a suitable three-dimensional (3D) cell culture system exhibit morphological and biochemical features of in vivo astrocytes that are otherwise lost upon transfer from the in vivo to a two-dimensional (2D) culture environment. First, we report development of a novel bioactively coated nanofiber-based 3D culture system (Bioactive3D) that supports cultures of primary mouse astrocytes. Second, we show that Bioactive3D culture system maintains the in vivo-like morphological complexity of cultured cells, allows movement of astrocyte filopodia in a way that resembles the in vivo situation, and also minimizes the cellular stress, an inherent feature of standard 2D cell culture systems. Third, we demonstrate that the expression of gap junctions is reduced in astrocytes cultured in a 3D system that supports well-organized cell-cell communication, in contrast to the enforced planar tiling of cells in a standard 2D system. Finally, we show that astrocytes cultured in the Bioactive3D system do not show the undesired baseline activation but are fully responsive to activation-inducing stimuli. Thus, astrocytes cultured in the Bioactive3D appear to more closely resemble astrocytes in vivo and represent a superior in vitro system for assessing (patho)physiological and pharmacological responses of these cells and potentially also in co-cultures of astrocytes and other cell types.

背景与目标： : 我们测试了以下假设: 在合适的三维 (3D) 细胞培养系统中生长的星形胶质细胞表现出体内星形胶质细胞的形态和生化特征，否则这些特征在从体内转移到二维 (2D) 时会丢失培养环境。首先，我们报告了一种新型的基于生物活性涂层的纳米纤维的3D培养系统 (Bioactive3D) 的开发，该系统支持原代小鼠星形胶质细胞的培养。其次，我们证明了Bioactive3D培养系统保持了培养细胞的体内类似形态的复杂性，允许星形胶质细胞丝状伪足以类似于体内情况的方式运动，并且还最大程度地减少了细胞压力，这是标准2D细胞培养系统的固有特征。第三，我们证明了在支持组织良好的细胞-细胞通讯的3D系统中培养的星形胶质细胞中间隙连接的表达降低，与标准2D系统中细胞的强制平面平铺形成相反。最后，我们显示在Bioactive3D系统中培养的星形胶质细胞没有显示出不希望的基线激活，但对激活诱导刺激完全有反应。因此，在Bioactive3D中培养的星形胶质细胞在体内似乎更类似于星形胶质细胞，并且代表了用于评估这些细胞的 (病理) 生理和药理反应的优越体外系统，并且可能还在星形胶质细胞和其他细胞类型的共培养中。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:General practitioner (GP) shortages and increasing demand for care led to the introduction of nurse practitioners (NPs) to primary care. Many concepts for task sharing among health professionals feature complexity. The aim of this narrative review was to examine how complexity is used as a factor for task allocation between GPs and NPs. METHODS:According to the PRISMA statement, PubMed and CINAHL were searched systematically, and eligibility criteria were applied to detect literature concerning GPs and NPs in primary care and complexity in the context of task allocation. Relevant information was extracted, and a narrative analysis was performed. RESULTS:Thirty-seven studies from seven countries were included, comprising quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. Complexity was used to describe patients, their needs, and health professionals' tasks. The understanding of the use of complexity as a factor for task allocation between NPs and GPs was based on the patient population (specific vs. unspecific), the setting (specific vs. unspecific), the numbers of health professionals involved (two vs. more than two), and the NP role (distinct model of care vs. no model). Despite similarities in these areas, the tasks which NPs perform range from providing minor to complex care. However, there is a slight trend towards NPs treating socially complex patients and GPs focusing on medically complex cases. CONCLUSION:Complexity as a concept is prominent in primary care but remains broad and inconsistent as a factor for task allocation between NPs and GPs. This review can be used as a point of reference when practitioners are seeking methods for task allocation in a collaborative primary care setting.

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