• 【在急诊科新发癫痫发作患者中进行实验室研究的实用性。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/s0196-0644(05)82337-6 复制DOI
    作者列表:Turnbull TL,Vanden Hoek TL,Howes DS,Eisner RF
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Extensive laboratory testing is often performed in the emergency department evaluation of the new-onset seizure patient. To determine the utility of such testing, a prospective study of patients with a new-onset seizure presenting to the ED of an inner-city, university-affiliated teaching hospital was done. One hundred thirty-six patients were entered into the study between October 1984 and January 1988. All patients had uniform data collection performed. Pertinent historical information and physical examination findings were recorded on a standardized form before laboratory abnormality was a sole or contributory cause of the seizure disorder. These included four patients with hypoglycemia, four with hyperglycemia, two with hypocalcemia, and one with hypomagnesemia. Only two cases (hypoglycemia) were not suspected on the basis of findings on the history or physical examination. In ED patients, the incidence of a new-onset seizure due to a correctable metabolic disturbance is low. We conclude that, with the exception of the serum glucose, the extensive ED laboratory workup often done for the evaluation of a new-onset seizure is unnecessary. Further test ordering should be directed by the medical history and physical examination.
    背景与目标: : 在急诊科对新发癫痫患者的评估中,经常进行广泛的实验室测试。为了确定这种测试的实用性,对向市中心大学附属教学医院的ED呈递的新发癫痫发作患者进行了前瞻性研究。在1984年10月和1988年1月之间,有136名患者进入了研究。所有患者均进行了统一的数据收集。在实验室异常是癫痫发作的唯一或促成原因之前,将相关的历史信息和体格检查结果记录在标准化表格上。其中包括4名低血糖患者,4名高血糖患者,2名低钙血症患者和1名低镁血症患者。根据病史或体格检查发现,仅怀疑有2例 (低血糖)。在ED患者中,由于可纠正的代谢紊乱而引起的新发癫痫发作的发生率较低。我们得出的结论是,除血清葡萄糖外,通常不需要进行广泛的ED实验室检查以评估新发癫痫发作。进一步的检查顺序应由病史和体格检查指示。
  • 【地中海鱼类和贝类可食用部分的比较季节性固醇谱。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.3109/09637486.2012.749836 复制DOI
    作者列表:Ozyurt G,Kuley E,Etyemez M,Ozoğul F
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The effect of different seasons on sterol content of seafoods was investigated. There were four sterols (cholesterol, sitosterol, desmosterol and stigmasterol) identified, with cholesterol being the predominant sterol. Stigmasterol was a minor component in fish muscle, whilst sitosterol was one of the main phytosterols found in fish muscle. Cholesterol content of fish consisted of 38-100% of total sterols in fish and 54-80% of total sterols in shellfish. The highest cholesterol content of fish muscle was found in summer and the lowest in autumn, whereas season did not have any effect on cholesterol level of green tiger prawn and speckled shrimp. Total sterol content of fish muscle ranged from 49 to 110 mg/100 g, although the range of total sterols in shrimp muscle was between 62 and 91 mg/100 g. The result of the study showed that total sterols in fish were generally found at lower levels in winter compared with other seasons.
    背景与目标: : 研究了不同季节对海鲜中固醇含量的影响。鉴定出四种固醇 (胆固醇,谷甾醇,去甾醇和豆甾醇),其中胆固醇是主要的固醇。豆甾醇是鱼类肌肉中的次要成分,而谷甾醇是鱼类肌肉中发现的主要植物甾醇之一。鱼的胆固醇含量由鱼中38-100% 的总甾醇和贝类中54-80% 的总甾醇组成。夏季发现鱼肌肉中胆固醇含量最高,秋季最低,而季节对绿虎虾和斑点虾的胆固醇水平没有任何影响。鱼肌肉的总固醇含量范围为49至110 mg/100g,尽管虾肌肉中的总固醇含量范围为62至91 mg/100g。研究结果表明,与其他季节相比,冬季鱼中的总固醇含量通常较低。
  • 【在假定的眼结核患者中,通过正电子发射断层扫描/计算机断层扫描 (PET/CT) 研究全身摄取18-fdg的模式。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.3109/09273948.2012.697596 复制DOI
    作者列表:Mehta S
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIM:To report the patterns and sites of 18-FDG uptake in patients of presumed ocular tuberculosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS:The clinical and investigational findings of 11 patients were reviewed retrospectively. These included 6 males and 5 females with a mean age of 46.2 years. 21 eyes were included in the data analysis. Clinical presentations include 15 eyes with anterior uveitis, 2 eyes with retinal vasculitis, 2 eyes with panuveitis and 2 eyes with multifocal choroidopathy. RESULTS:Two distinct patterns of systemic uptake emerged. Pattern 1: No detectable systemic uptake (4 patients). Pattern 2: Detectable systemic uptake. a. Chest disease only (2 patients). b. Disseminated pattern, uptake seen at multiple sites (4 patients). c. Extrapulmonary only (1 patient). CONCLUSIONS:Ocular tuberculosis may often be part of a wider disseminated disease.
    背景与目标:
  • 【从头进行转录组测序和比较分析,以发现与圆线虫卵巢成熟有关的基因。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.cbd.2017.05.002 复制DOI
    作者列表:Jia Z,Wang Q,Wu K,Wei Z,Zhou Z,Liu X
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Strongylocentrotus nudus is an edible sea urchin, mainly harvested in China. Correlation studies indicated that S. nudus with larger diameter have a prolonged marketing time and better palatability owing to their precocious gonads and extended maturation process. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this phenomenon is still unknown. Here, transcriptome sequencing was applied to study the ovaries of adult S. nudus with different shell diameters to explore the possible mechanism. In this study, four independent cDNA libraries were constructed, including two from the big size urchins and two from the small ones using a HiSeq™2500 platform. A total of 88,581 unigenes were acquired with a mean length of 1354bp, of which 66,331 (74.88%) unigenes could be annotated using six major publicly available databases. Comparative analysis revealed that 353 unigenes were differentially expressed (with log2(ratio)≥1, FDR≤0.001) between the two groups. Of these, 20 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were selected to confirm the accuracy of RNA-seq data by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Furthermore, gene ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were performed to find the putative genes and pathways related to ovarian maturity. Eight unigenes were identified as significant DEGs involved in reproduction related pathways; these included Mos, Cdc20, Rec8, YP30, cytochrome P450 2U1, ovoperoxidase, proteoliaisin, and rendezvin. Our research fills the gap in the studies on the S. nudus ovaries using transcriptome analysis.
    背景与目标: : Strongylocentrotus nudus是一种可食用的海胆,主要在中国收获。相关研究表明,直径较大的S. nudus由于其早熟的性腺和成熟过程的延长,具有延长的销售时间和更好的适口性。然而,这种现象背后的分子机制仍然未知。在此,将转录组测序用于研究具有不同壳直径的成年S. nudus的卵巢,以探讨其可能的机制。在这项研究中,使用HiSeq构建了四个独立的cDNA文库,其中两个来自大海胆,两个来自小海胆。™2500平台。总共获得了88,581个单基因,平均长度为1354bp,其中66,331个 (74.88% 个) 单基因可以使用六个主要的公开数据库进行注释。比较分析显示,两组之间353单基因差异表达 (log2 (比率) ≥ 1,fdr ≤ 0.001)。其中,选择了20个差异表达基因 (deg),以通过定量实时rt-pcr确认RNA-seq数据的准确性。此外,还进行了基因本体论和KEGG途径富集分析,以找到与卵巢成熟度相关的推定基因和途径。八个单基因被鉴定为参与生殖相关途径的重要deg; 这些包括Mos,Cdc20,Rec8,YP30,细胞色素P450 2U1,卵巢过氧化物酶,蛋白毒素和rendezvin。我们的研究填补了使用转录组分析对卵巢S. nudus卵巢的研究的空白。
  • 【三种厌氧菌识别系统的比较评估。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1128/JCM.22.1.52-55.1985 复制DOI
    作者列表:Murray PR,Weber CJ,Niles AC
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The accuracy of two new 4-h identification systems for anaerobes, the AN-IDENT (Analytab Products, Plainview, N.Y.) and the RapID ANA (Innovative Diagnostic Systems, Inc., Atlanta, Ga.) was compared with that of the API 20A system (Analytab Products). A total of 132 clinical isolates were tested in each of the three systems. The overall accuracies at the genus and species level for the three systems were: API 20A, 68.9 and 56.8%, respectively; AN-IDENT, 90.2 and 73.5%; and RapID ANA, 93.9 and 81.8%. Improved identification of anaerobes with the AN-IDENT and the RapID ANA systems was observed for isolates of the genus Fusobacterium, Clostridium species other than Clostridium perfringens, non-spore-forming bacilli, and isolates of the genus Peptostreptococcus. Reproducibility studies demonstrated that the results of the individual test reactions in all three identification systems were reproducible when the interpretive guidelines of the manufacturer were followed precisely.
    背景与目标: : 将两种新的4小时厌氧菌识别系统的准确性,即AN-IDENT (Analytab Products,纽约州Plainview) 和RapID ANA (Innovative Diagnostic systems,inc.,乔治亚州亚特兰大) 与API 20A系统 (Analytab产品)。在这三个系统中的每个系统中总共测试了132个临床分离株。这三个系统在属和种级别的总体精度分别为: API 20A,68.9和56.8%; A-IDENT,90.2和73.5%; 和快速ANA,93.9和81.8%。对于梭菌属,除产气荚膜梭状芽孢杆菌以外的梭状芽孢杆菌属,非孢子形成杆菌和消化链球菌属的分离株,观察到an-ident和快速ANA系统对厌氧菌的鉴定得到了改善。可重复性研究表明,当精确遵循制造商的解释准则时,所有三个识别系统中单个测试反应的结果都是可重现的。
  • 【验证淋巴结清扫术在子宫内膜癌中的治疗作用的随机对照试验与比较队列研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s10147-012-0499-0 复制DOI
    作者列表:Todo Y,Sakuragi N
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A consensus regarding the therapeutic role of lymphadenectomy in endometrial cancer has not been reached because of conflicting negative results of randomized controlled trials and positive results of a cohort study. Since the effects of new treatments tend to be overestimated in observational studies, positive results of an observational study should be validated by a future trial. However, special difficulties are presented in randomized controlled trials in surgery. External validity is important for guaranteeing the reliability of a result of the trial. Physicians' recruitment of eligible patients into a trial depends on the confidence of those physicians for a surgical procedure, workplace environment and feelings of personal responsibility relevant to patients' risk of recurrence. When two surgical procedures are compared in a randomized controlled trial, technical quality control may be reduced in the complicated surgery group due to experienced surgeons' non-participation. It is highly possible that the recruitment issue is a threat to external validity. Therefore, a randomized controlled trial may not be the best format for demonstrating the full benefits of complicated surgery. Multiple studies have demonstrated that the results of well-designed observational studies can be reliable and are comparable with those of randomized controlled trials. Journal editors and funding sources are requested to become more generous with observational studies, especially prospective cohort studies.
    背景与目标: : 由于随机对照试验的阴性结果与队列研究的阳性结果相互矛盾,因此尚未就淋巴结清扫术在子宫内膜癌中的治疗作用达成共识。由于在观察性研究中往往高估了新疗法的效果,因此观察性研究的阳性结果应通过未来的试验来验证。然而,在外科手术的随机对照试验中存在特殊困难。外部有效性对于保证试验结果的可靠性很重要。医生是否招募合格的患者参加试验取决于这些医生对外科手术,工作场所环境以及与患者复发风险相关的个人责任感的信心。在随机对照试验中比较两种手术方法时,由于经验丰富的外科医生不参与,复杂手术组的技术质量控制可能会降低。招聘问题很有可能威胁到外部有效性。因此,随机对照试验可能不是证明复杂手术的全部益处的最佳形式。多项研究表明,精心设计的观察性研究的结果是可靠的,并且与随机对照试验的结果相当。要求期刊编辑和资金来源对观察性研究,尤其是前瞻性队列研究更加慷慨。
  • 【甲状腺球蛋白特异性抑制T细胞功能在自身免疫性甲状腺疾病中的研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1210/jcem-61-2-306 复制DOI
    作者列表:Mori H,Hamada N,DeGroot LJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :T cell regulation of the generation of thyroglobulin plaque-forming cells (Tg PFC) and protein A plaque-forming cells (Prot A PFC) was investigated using lymphocytes from patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. T and B cell mixed cultures (T-B MC) were carried out without mitogenic or antigenic stimulation to identify physiological T cell effects in the system. Tg PFC were found in 8 (44%) of 18 patients who had high titers of thyroglobulin antibody in their sera. Tg-specific and nonspecific immunoregulation by T cells from patients and normal subjects was studied using B cells from these eight patients in the T-B MC system. Remarkably lower values of Tg PFC induction compared to Prot A PFC induction were found after T cell addition. Normal T cells inhibited Tg PFC induction, but patient T cells did not, while the same extent of helper effects were found on Prot A PFC induction by the addition of patient and normal T cells. Irradiation (1500 rads) of T cells from patients and normal subjects significantly enhanced both TgPFC and Prot A PFC induction. Thus, Tg-specific suppressor T cells are present in all normal subjects as part of the radiosensitive suppressor T cell subset. The increase in Tg-PFC caused by irradiation-induced inhibition of Tg-specific suppressor T cell function was significantly greater in normal subjects than in patients. Histamine type 2 receptor-bearing T cells inhibited Prot A PFC induction, but not Tg PFC induction, in the autologous T-B MC system. No Tg PFC were induced from normal B cells in any combination with untreated T cells, irradiated T cells, or histamine type 2 receptor-negative T cells from patients or normal subjects. These data indicate that in vitro Tg-specific T cell regulation can be studied in the T-B MC system by using B cells from patients with autoimmune thyroid disease with high Tg antibody titers in their sera. Tg-specific suppressor T cells appear to be present in all individuals and to be involved in the regulation of Tg antibody production. The lower activity of Tg-specific suppressor T cells in patients compared to that in normal subjects may be related to Tg antibody production in vivo. This abnormality, however, is heterogeneous and is not a complete but, rather, is a relative defect of Tg-specific suppressor T cells.
    背景与目标: : 使用自身免疫性甲状腺疾病患者的淋巴细胞研究了甲状腺球蛋白斑块形成细胞 (Tg PFC) 和蛋白A斑块形成细胞 (Prot A PFC) 生成的T细胞调节。在没有促有丝分裂或抗原刺激的情况下进行T细胞和b细胞混合培养 (t-b MC),以鉴定系统中的生理T细胞作用。在18例血清中甲状腺球蛋白抗体滴度较高的患者中,有8例 (44% 例) 发现了Tg PFC。在t-b MC系统中,使用这八名患者的b细胞研究了患者和正常受试者的T细胞对Tg的特异性和非特异性免疫调节。添加T细胞后,与Prot A PFC诱导相比,Tg PFC诱导值明显降低。正常T细胞抑制Tg PFC诱导,但患者T细胞不抑制,而通过添加患者和正常T细胞对Prot A PFC诱导发现了相同程度的辅助作用。来自患者和正常受试者的T细胞的照射 (1500 rads) 显着增强了TgPFC和Prot A PFC的诱导。因此,Tg特异性抑制T细胞作为放射敏感性抑制T细胞亚群的一部分存在于所有正常受试者中。在正常受试者中,由辐射诱导的Tg特异性抑制T细胞功能抑制引起的tg-pfc的增加明显大于患者。在自体t-b MC系统中,带有组胺2型受体的T细胞抑制Prot A PFC诱导,但不抑制Tg PFC诱导。正常b细胞与未经治疗的T细胞,辐照的T细胞或来自患者或正常受试者的组胺2型受体阴性T细胞的任何组合均未诱导Tg PFC。这些数据表明,可以使用来自血清中Tg抗体滴度较高的自身免疫性甲状腺疾病患者的b细胞,在t-b MC系统中研究体外Tg特异性T细胞调控。Tg特异性抑制T细胞似乎存在于所有个体中,并参与Tg抗体产生的调节。与正常受试者相比,患者中Tg特异性抑制T细胞的活性较低可能与体内Tg抗体的产生有关。然而,这种异常是异质的,不是完整的,而是Tg特异性抑制T细胞的相对缺陷。
  • 【24种抗菌药物对产气荚膜梭菌的体外杀菌活性比较。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1159/000238758 复制DOI
    作者列表:Traub WH
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Twenty-four antimicrobial drugs were examined for rapidity of onset and magnitude of bactericidal activity against selected strains of Clostridium perfringens. Ceftriaxone, imipenem, metronidazole, mezlocillin, penicillin G, piperacillin, and teicoplanin reduced colony counts by at least 3 log10 units within 2-4 h after exposure. Clindamycin, fluoroquinolones, josamycin, and tetracycline caused delayed kill (greater than or equal to 99.9% reduction of viable counts at 4-22 h after exposure). Chloramphenicol and rifampin lacked bactericidal activity against 2 of 4 strains, whereas erythromycin, fusidic acid, and fosfomycin (with added glucose-6-phosphate) were merely inhibitory for all 4 strains. Imipenem and penicillin G were combined with 9 and 12 antimicrobial drugs, respectively. Essentially all drug combinations yielded indifferent effects; only penicillin G plus doxycycline resulted in an antagonistic effect against C. perfringens.
    背景与目标: : 检查了24种抗菌药物对选定的产气荚膜梭菌菌株的起效速度和杀菌活性。头孢曲松,亚胺培南,甲硝唑,美洛西林,青霉素g,哌拉西林和替考拉宁在暴露后2-4小时内将菌落计数减少至少3 log10单位。克林霉素,氟喹诺酮类,交沙霉素和四环素引起延迟杀伤 (暴露后4-22小时活菌计数大于或等于99.9% 减少)。氯霉素和利福平对4株菌株中的2株缺乏杀菌活性,而红霉素,夫西地酸和磷霉素 (添加了6-磷酸葡萄糖) 仅对所有4株菌株具有抑制作用。亚胺培南和青霉素g分别与9种和12种抗菌药物联合使用。基本上所有的药物组合都产生不同的效果; 只有青霉素g加强力霉素导致对产气荚膜炎的拮抗作用。
  • 【模拟复杂的数据结构,以规划研究,重点是生物标志物比较。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1186/s12874-017-0364-y 复制DOI
    作者列表:Schulz A,Zöller D,Nickels S,Beutel ME,Blettner M,Wild PS,Binder H
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:There are a growing number of observational studies that do not only focus on single biomarkers for predicting an outcome event, but address questions in a multivariable setting. For example, when quantifying the added value of new biomarkers in addition to established risk factors, the aim might be to rank several new markers with respect to their prediction performance. This makes it important to consider the marker correlation structure for planning such a study. Because of the complexity, a simulation approach may be required to adequately assess sample size or other aspects, such as the choice of a performance measure. METHODS:In a simulation study based on real data, we investigated how to generate covariates with realistic distributions and what generating model should be used for the outcome, aiming to determine the least amount of information and complexity needed to obtain realistic results. As a basis for the simulation a large epidemiological cohort study, the Gutenberg Health Study was used. The added value of markers was quantified and ranked in subsampling data sets of this population data, and simulation approaches were judged by the quality of the ranking. One of the evaluated approaches, the random forest, requires original data at the individual level. Therefore, also the effect of the size of a pilot study for random forest based simulation was investigated. RESULTS:We found that simple logistic regression models failed to adequately generate realistic data, even with extensions such as interaction terms or non-linear effects. The random forest approach was seen to be more appropriate for simulation of complex data structures. Pilot studies starting at about 250 observations were seen to provide a reasonable level of information for this approach. CONCLUSIONS:We advise to avoid oversimplified regression models for simulation, in particular when focusing on multivariable research questions. More generally, a simulation should be based on real data for adequately reflecting complex observational data structures, such as found in epidemiological cohort studies.
    背景与目标:
  • 【维生素d缺乏对亚临床颈动脉粥样硬化的影响: 队列研究的汇总分析。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1210/jc.2017-00342 复制DOI
    作者列表:Lupoli R,Vaccaro A,Ambrosino P,Poggio P,Amato M,Di Minno MN
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Context:Vitamin D deficiency patients have an increased cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and carotid plaques are markers of subclinical atherosclerosis and predictors of CV events. Objective:To perform a meta-analysis of studies evaluating the impact of Vitamin D deficiency on common carotid artery IMT (CCA-IMT) and on the prevalence of carotid plaques. Data Sources:Studies were systematically searched in the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and EMBASE databases. Results:Twenty-one studies (3,777 Vitamin D deficiency patients and 4,792 controls) with data on CCA-IMT and 6 studies (1,889 Vitamin D deficiency patients and 2,883 controls) on the prevalence of carotid plaques were included. Compared to controls, Vitamin D deficiency patients showed a significantly higher CCA-IMT (mean difference [MD]: 0.043 mm; 95%CI: 0.030, 0.056; P<0.001), and an increased prevalence of carotid plaques (Odds Ratio [OR]: 2.29, 95%CI: 1.03-5.11; P=0.043) with an attributable risk of 35.9%. When selecting studies specifically including patients with diabetes, the prevalence of carotid plaques in Vitamin D deficiency patients than in controls resulted higher (OR: 3.27; 95%CI: 1,62-6.62; P=0.001). A significant difference in CCA-IMT was confirmed when comparing patients with Vitamin D insufficiency to controls (MD: 0.011; 95%CI: 0.010-0.012, P<0.001). Sensitivity analyses substantially confirmed results and regression models showed that with the exception of LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, all the other clinical and demographic co-variates significantly impacted on the difference in CCA-IMT between Vitamin D deficiency patients and controls. Conclusions:Both Vitamin D deficiency and Vitamin D insufficiency are associated with subclinical atherosclerosis, potentially suggesting an increased CV risk in these clinical settings.
    背景与目标:
  • 【对三叶Menyanthes的抗炎研究与对大鼠肾衰竭的作用有关。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/S0944-7113(11)80054-1 复制DOI
    作者列表:Tunón H,Bohlin L
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Menyanthes trifoliata L. is used in Swedish traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the kidney, e.g. glomerulonephritis. Earlier studies have shown that MtL increases glomerular filtration rate after renal reperfusion ischemia. This activity was suggested to be PAF-inhibitory since MtL also inhibited PAF-induced exocytosis in vitro on human neutrophils (IC(50) = 0.16 mg/ml). The present study further characterizes the anti-inflammatory properties of a rhizome decoction of this plant. MtL inhibited carrageenan-induced rat paw edema (ID(50) ≈ 1.7 g/kg p.o.) and ethyl phenylpropiolate-induced rat ear edema (32% at 2.0 g/kg p.o.) in a dose-dependent manner. Further studies revealed that MtL inhibited both fMLP-induced exocytosis (IC(50) = 0.16 mg/ml) and elastase activity (IC(50) = 0.16 mg/ml). According to these results it is likely that the activity shown in the PAF-test is at least partly due to an inhibition of elastase. MtL showed only minor hemolytic properties at the concentrations used in the PAF- and fMLP-tests, suggesting that the cells in these tests are undamaged. The decoction also inhibited the biosynthesis of LTB(4) (IC(50) ≈ 0.73 mg/ml) and prostaglandins (IC(50) = 0.37 mg/ml) in vitro in a concentration-dependent way. However, at concentrations where the decoction is active in the LTB(4)-test, it also possesses hemolytic properties.
    背景与目标: : Menyanthes trifoliata L.在瑞典传统医学中用于治疗肾脏的炎症性疾病,例如肾小球肾炎。较早的研究表明,MtL会增加肾脏再灌注缺血后的肾小球滤过率。该活性被认为是PAF抑制的,因为MtL还抑制了PAF诱导的人嗜中性粒细胞的胞吐作用 (IC(50) = 0.16 mg/ml)。本研究进一步表征了该植物根茎汤的抗炎特性。MtL以剂量依赖性方式抑制角叉菜胶诱导的大鼠爪子水肿 (ID(50) ≈ 1.7g/kg p.o.) 和苯基丙醇酸乙酯诱导的大鼠耳水肿 (32% 2.0g/kg p.o.)。进一步的研究表明,MtL抑制fMLP诱导的胞吐作用 (IC(50) = 0.16 mg/ml) 和弹性蛋白酶活性 (IC(50) = 0.16 mg/ml)。根据这些结果,PAF测试中显示的活性可能至少部分归因于弹性蛋白酶的抑制。在PAF和fMLP测试中使用的浓度下,MtL仅显示出较小的溶血特性,这表明这些测试中的细胞未受损。该汤剂还以浓度依赖性方式抑制体外LTB(4) (IC(50) ≈ 0.73 mg/ml) 和前列腺素 (IC(50) = 0.37 mg/ml) 的生物合成。然而,在汤在LTB(4)-测试中具有活性的浓度下,它也具有溶血特性。
  • 【角膜和皮肤的伤口愈合研究: 相似之处、差异和机会。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.3390/ijms18061257 复制DOI
    作者列表:Bukowiecki A,Hos D,Cursiefen C,Eming SA
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The cornea and the skin are both organs that provide the outer barrier of the body. Both tissues have developed intrinsic mechanisms that protect the organism from a wide range of external threats, but at the same time also enable rapid restoration of tissue integrity and organ-specific function. The easy accessibility makes the skin an attractive model system to study tissue damage and repair. Findings from skin research have contributed to unravelling novel fundamental principles in regenerative biology and the repair of other epithelial-mesenchymal tissues, such as the cornea. Following barrier disruption, the influx of inflammatory cells, myofibroblast differentiation, extracellular matrix synthesis and scar formation present parallel repair mechanisms in cornea and skin wound healing. Yet, capillary sprouting, while pivotal in proper skin wound healing, is a process that is rather associated with pathological repair of the cornea. Understanding the parallels and differences of the cellular and molecular networks that coordinate the wound healing response in skin and cornea are likely of mutual importance for both organs with regard to the development of regenerative therapies and understanding of the disease pathologies that affect epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Here, we review the principal events in corneal wound healing and the mechanisms to restore corneal transparency and barrier function. We also refer to skin repair mechanisms and their potential implications for regenerative processes in the cornea.
    背景与目标: : 角膜和皮肤都是提供身体外部屏障的器官。两种组织都已经开发出内在机制,可以保护生物体免受广泛的外部威胁,但同时也可以快速恢复组织完整性和器官特异性功能。易接近性使皮肤成为研究组织损伤和修复的有吸引力的模型系统。皮肤研究的发现有助于揭示再生生物学的新基本原理以及其他上皮间质组织 (例如角膜) 的修复。屏障破坏后,炎症细胞的流入,成肌纤维细胞的分化,细胞外基质的合成和疤痕的形成在角膜和皮肤伤口愈合中呈现平行的修复机制。然而,毛细血管发芽虽然在适当的皮肤伤口愈合中起着关键作用,但它与角膜的病理修复相当相关。了解协调皮肤和角膜伤口愈合反应的细胞和分子网络的平行和差异,对于再生疗法的发展和对影响上皮-间充质相互作用的疾病病理的理解,对于两个器官可能具有相互重要性。在这里,我们回顾了角膜伤口愈合的主要事件以及恢复角膜透明度和屏障功能的机制。我们还提到皮肤修复机制及其对角膜再生过程的潜在影响。
  • 【横桥作用在肌肉收缩中的x射线干扰研究: 来自快速释放的证据。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.08.075 复制DOI
    作者列表:Huxley H,Reconditi M,Stewart A,Irving T
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We have used a high-resolution small angle X-ray scattering system, together with a high-performance CCD camera, on the BioCAT beamline at the APS synchrotron radiation facility at the Argonne National Laboratory, to study X-ray interference effects in the meridional reflections generated by the arrays of myosin crossbridges in contracting muscle. These give information about axial movements of the myosin heads during contraction with sub-nanometer resolution. Using whole intact muscle preparations (frog sartorius) we have been able to record the detailed behavior of M3 (the first order meridional reflection from the myosin crossbridges, at 14.56 nm) at each of a number of quick releases of increasing magnitude, on the same specimen, and at the same time make similar measurements on higher order myosin meridional reflections, particularly M6. The latter provides information about the dispersion of lever arm angles of the actin-attached myosin heads. The observations show that in isometric contraction the lever arm angles are dispersed through +/- 20-25 degrees on either side of a mean orientation that is about 60 degrees away from their orientation at the end of the working stroke: and that they move towards that orientation in synchronized fashion, with constant dispersion, during quick releases. The relationship between the shift in the interference fringes (which measures the shift of the myosin heads scattering mass towards the center of the sarcomere, and the changes in the total intensity of the reflections, which measures the changes in the axial profile of the heads, is consistent with the tilting lever arm mechanism of muscle contraction. Significant fixed contributions to the meridional reflections come from unattached myosin heads and from backbone components of the myosin filaments, and the interaction of these with the contributions from actin-attached myosin heads determines the behavior of these reflections.
    背景与目标: : 我们在阿贡国家实验室APS同步加速器辐射设施的BioCAT束线上使用了高分辨率小角度x射线散射系统以及高性能CCD相机,研究收缩肌肉中肌球蛋白交叉桥阵列产生的子午反射中的x射线干扰效应。这些以亚纳米分辨率提供了有关收缩过程中肌球蛋白头部轴向运动的信息。使用完整的完整肌肉制剂 (frog sartorius),我们已经能够记录M3的详细行为 (肌球蛋白横桥的一阶子午反射,在14.56 nm处),在相同的标本上,同时对高阶肌球蛋白子午反射,特别是m6进行类似的测量。后者提供了有关肌动蛋白附着的肌球蛋白头的杠杆臂角度分散的信息。观察结果表明,在等距收缩中,杠杆臂角在平均方向的两侧分散了20-25度,该方向在工作行程结束时与它们的方向相距约60度: 并且它们以同步方式向该方向移动,并具有恒定的色散,在快速释放期间。干涉条纹的位移 (测量肌球蛋白头部散射质量向肌节中心的位移) 与反射总强度的变化 (测量头部轴向轮廓的变化) 之间的关系,与肌肉收缩的倾斜杠杆臂机制一致。对子午反射的显着固定贡献来自未附着的肌球蛋白头和肌球蛋白细丝的骨干成分,而这些与肌动蛋白附着的肌球蛋白头的贡献的相互作用决定了这些反射的行为。
  • 【体内成像研究揭示了生发中心的发育。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1038/nri2120 复制DOI
    作者列表:Hauser AE,Shlomchik MJ,Haberman AM
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Affinity maturation of antibodies during the course of an adaptive immune response requires germinal centre (GC) formation within B-cell follicles. Much of the current understanding of GC function has been derived from histology, but these static views have left unresolved many questions about cell movement in GCs. In this Progress article, we describe how several recent studies using time-resolved multiphoton microscopy to track GC B-cell movement within lymph nodes have shed light on the processes that influence GC B-cell dynamics.
    背景与目标: : 在适应性免疫反应过程中,抗体的亲和力成熟需要在b细胞卵泡内形成生发中心 (GC)。目前对GC功能的许多理解都来自组织学,但是这些静态观点留下了许多关于GCs中细胞运动的问题。在这篇进展文章中,我们描述了最近几项使用时间分辨多光子显微镜跟踪淋巴结内GC b细胞运动的研究如何揭示了影响GC b细胞动力学的过程。
  • 【颞叶内侧癫痫的成人神经发生: 最近的动物和人类研究综述。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.2174/138920107780906504 复制DOI
    作者列表:Liu YW,Mee EW,Bergin P,Teoh HH,Connor B,Dragunow M,Faull RL
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) is a neurological condition characterized by the occurrence of spontaneous recurrent seizures originating from mesial structures involving the hippocampus within the temporal lobe. This condition is often associated with pathological features in the hippocampus such as neuronal cell loss, widening of the granule cell layer, astrogliosis and mossy fibre spouting. At present, the mechanisms underlying these pathological features are unclear. However, recent advances in adult neurogenesis studies in mTLE animals and patients suggest that newly generated neurons may contribute to the pathogenesis of ongoing epileptogenesis. This article will review the recent animal and human studies on adult neurogenesis in mTLE and discuss how these results suggests that adult endogenous neurogenesis may not always be reparative in the mTLE and may be targeted in new therapeutic strategies for mTLE.
    背景与目标: : 颞叶内侧癫痫 (mTLE) 是一种神经系统疾病,其特征是发生自发性复发性癫痫发作,起源于颞叶内海马的内侧结构。这种情况通常与海马的病理特征有关,例如神经元细胞丢失,颗粒细胞层变宽,星形胶质细胞增生和苔藓状纤维喷出。目前,这些病理特征的机制尚不清楚。然而,在mTLE动物和患者中进行的成人神经发生研究的最新进展表明,新生的神经元可能有助于正在进行的癫痫发生的发病机理。本文将回顾最近有关mTLE中成人神经发生的动物和人类研究,并讨论这些结果如何表明成人内源性神经发生可能并不总是在mTLE中修复,并且可能在mTLE的新治疗策略中靶向。

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