• 【CFC和HFA布地奈德加压定量吸入器在小儿哮喘患者中的临床可比性: 一项随机对照试验。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1185/030079906X104812 复制DOI
    作者列表:Escribano A,Tutuncu A,Löhr I,Carlholm M,Polanowski T
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of a novel hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) pressurised metered dose inhaler (pMDI) formulation of budesonide (Pulmicort) versus the conventional chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) pMDI formulation in paediatric patients with asthma. METHODS:This was a Phase III, multicentre, 12-week, double-blind, randomised, parallel-group study involving children (6-12 years of age) with mild to moderate asthma. Patients received either budesonide HFA pMDI or budesonide CFC pMDI 200 mug twice daily, with or without a spacer (NebuChamber/Nebunette). Primary efficacy endpoint: mean percentage change in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)) from baseline to week 12. Secondary efficacy endpoints included changes in FEV(1) per cent of predicted normal, forced vital capacity, morning and evening peak expiratory flow rate, asthma symptoms and use of rescue medication. RESULTS:A total of 159 patients received treatment (HFA 77, CFC 82). For mean percentage change in FEV(1) from baseline to week 12, the difference between the treatments (CFC pMDI - HFA pMDI) was -3.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] -8.0% to 1.8%) for the full analysis set and was not affected by spacer use. The upper CI was < 10% (the predefined non-inferiority margin), so non-inferiority was demonstrated. Improvements in the secondary efficacy endpoints with both budesonide formulations were not significantly different. In both groups there were similar numbers of adverse events and no evidence of oral candidiasis at week 12. CONCLUSIONS:Treatment with budesonide HFA pMDI is effective and well tolerated in children with asthma and is clinically comparable to budesonide CFC pMDI.
    背景与目标:
  • 【身体成分测量与人体测量在评估韩国男性肥胖相关健康风险方面的可比性和实用性。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/ijcp.12038 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kim JY,Oh S,Chang MR,Cho YG,Park KH,Paek YJ,Yoo SH,Cho JJ,Caterson ID,Song HJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Obesity is commonly assessed by body mass index (BMI) of which limitations come from an inability to distinguish body fat mass from lean mass. Several anthropometric measurements, including BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio and waist-to-hip ratio have been used to predict metabolic syndrome. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of FMI or BF% combined with previous known anthropometric indices to assess the risk of metabolic syndrome in clinical practice. METHODS:In 5534 men visiting a hospital for health check-ups, blood tests, anthropometric measurements and body composition analysis using BIA were performed. Logistic regression analysis was performed to compare the odds ratios for metabolic syndrome and each component of metabolic syndrome among BMI, waist-to-height ratio, waist-to-hip ratio, FMI and BF%. The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) for metabolic syndrome was compared between several measurements. The net reclassification improvement with integrated discrimination improvement was used for assessing value of body composition measurement. RESULTS:The adjusted odds ratios of metabolic syndrome was 1.80 (95% CI, 1.71-1.89) for FMI and 1.15 (95% CI, 1.13-1.17) for BF%. Odds ratio of each metabolic component was highest for FMI among several anthropometric and body composition measurements. AUCs using the ROC curve for metabolic syndrome was highest for waist-to-height ratio, 0.823 (95% CI, 0.808-0.837) by National Cholesterol Education Program criteria. FMI caused a mild increase in integrated discrimination improvement when combined with waist-to-height ratio. CONCLUSIONS:Waist-to-height ratio seems to be the best screening tool for evaluating metabolic syndrome in Korean men, and adding FMI could result in a modest increase in integrated discrimination improvement.
    背景与目标:
  • 【使用Stat Profile重症监护Xpress分析仪和标准实验室方法进行护理点全血电解质和底物测试的可比性。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1515/CCLM.2006.148 复制DOI
    作者列表:Flegar-Mestrić Z,Perkov S
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Rapid technological progress in point-of-care testing allows the measurement of multiple analytes in whole-blood samples. The present study evaluated biosensor-based methods for the measurement of electrolytes and substrates in whole blood using a Stat Profile Critical Care Xpress (Nova Biomedical, Waltham, MA, USA) multiprofile analyzer and their comparability with standard laboratory methods. Because of the increased utilization of arterial blood samples in hospitalized patients and limited information on differences between arterial and venous blood for most routine laboratory tests, analytical differences caused by different sample types were evaluated. METHODS:Whole-blood arterial samples and venous serum samples were obtained from 70 random patients with a variety of diagnoses admitted to the intensive care unit. The Stat Profile Critical Care Xpress analyzer was used to obtain whole-blood electrolyte and substrate profiles. For comparison studies, plasma or serum samples were analyzed according to standard laboratory methods using an Olympus AU 600 analyzer (Olympus Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan). RESULTS:Imprecision, expressed as the coefficient of variation (CV%), was less than 5.7% for all analytes at both high and low concentrations, except for creatinine, with a CV of 13.8% for low and 9.5% for high concentrations. The inaccuracy of electrolyte and substrate measurements in whole blood using a Stat Profile Critical Care Xpress analyzer met the analytical quality specification required for near patient testing, with observed bias within the range -4.5% to 5.3%. Statistically significant correlation (p<0.05) was obtained between standard laboratory methods performed on arterial plasma or venous serum samples on an Olympus AU 600 analyzer and direct whole-blood measurements on the Stat Profile Critical Care Xpress point-of-care analyzer for all parameters tested, although slope and intercept values showed analytical differences for electrolyte measurement. CONCLUSIONS:The Stat Profile Critical Care Xpress multiprofile point-of-care analyzer provides rapid and accurate direct whole-blood measurement with acceptable performance compared to standard laboratory methods. The results obtained for electrolytes and substrates in whole blood were comparable to those for standard laboratory methods using arterial plasma or venous serum samples.
    背景与目标:
  • 【确保关于亲密伴侣暴力侵害妇女行为的跨国调查数据的可比性: 欧洲联盟一项基于人口的横断面研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032231 复制DOI
    作者列表:Martín-Fernández M,Gracia E,Lila M
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To ensure the cross-national comparability of the set of questions addressing physical and sexual intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) included in the European Union (EU) Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) survey. Once the measurement invariance of these measures is established, we aim to make appropriate and valid comparisons of the levels of physical and sexual IPVAW across the EU countries. DESIGN:Cross-sectional, population-based study. PARTICIPANTS:Data were drawn from the survey conducted by the FRA on violence against women, including the responses of 42 002 adult women from the 28 countries of the EU. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:The set of questions addressing lifetime prevalence of physical and sexual IPVAW used in the FRA survey. The psychometric properties (ie, reliability and validity) of these measures were examined, as well as their latent structure and their measurement invariance across the 28 EU countries. RESULTS:The physical and sexual IPVAW measures presented adequate internal consistency and validity evidence based on their relations to other variables in all countries. A latent two-factor structure was supported and scalar invariance was established across countries. Our results showed that the average levels of physical and sexual IPVAW were highest in Denmark, Finland, Sweden and UK compared with the rest of the EU countries. In many of the other countries the levels of these types of violence overlapped, especially in the case of sexual IPVAW. CONCLUSIONS:The findings of this study showed that the set of questions addressing physical and sexual IPVAW included in the FRA survey can be compared across all EU countries, highlighting the importance of testing the measurement equivalence of the instruments used in large sociodemographic surveys in order to make valid cross-national comparisons.
    背景与目标:
  • 【提高基于模型的卫生技术经济评价用于报销决策的准确性和可比性: 参考模型开发的方法框架。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1177/0272989X12458160 复制DOI
    作者列表:Afzali HH,Karnon J,Merlin T
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Increasingly, decision analytic models are used within economic evaluations of health technologies (e.g., pharmaceuticals) submitted to national reimbursement bodies in countries like Australia and UK, where such models play a fundamental role in informing public funding decisions. Concerns regarding the accuracy of model outputs and hence the credibility of national reimbursement decisions are frequently raised. We propose a framework for developing reference models for specific diseases to inform economic evaluations of health technologies and their appraisal. The structure of a reference model reflects the natural history of the condition under study and defines the clinical events to be represented, the relationships between the events, and the effect of patient characteristics on the probability and timing of events. We contend that the use of reference models will improve the accuracy and comparability of public funding decisions. This can lead to the more efficient allocation of public funds.
    背景与目标: : 决策分析模型越来越多地用于向澳大利亚和英国等国家的国家报销机构提交的卫生技术 (例如药品) 的经济评估中,这些模型在为公共资金决策提供信息方面发挥着重要作用。人们经常担心示范产出的准确性,从而担心国家偿还决定的可信度。我们提出了一个框架,用于开发特定疾病的参考模型,以告知卫生技术及其评估的经济评估。参考模型的结构反映了所研究疾病的自然历史,并定义了要表示的临床事件,事件之间的关系以及患者特征对事件发生的概率和时间的影响。我们认为,使用参考模型将提高公共资金决策的准确性和可比性。这可以提高公共资金的配置效率。
  • 【精神分裂症的标准化缓解标准: 描述性效度和与以前使用的结果指标的可比性。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1055/s-2008-1078745 复制DOI
    作者列表:Jäger M,Messer T,Laux G,Pfeiffer H,Naber D,Schmidt LG,Gaebel W,Klosterkötter J,Heuser I,Maier W,Lemke MR,Rüther E,Buchkremer G,Gastpar M,Riedel M,Bottlender R,Strauss A,Möller HJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Standardized consensus criteria for remission in schizophrenia were recently proposed. As yet, the validity of these criteria and their comparability with previously used outcome measures are unclear. METHODS:The symptom-severity component of the proposed remission criteria was applied to 288 inpatients who fulfilled the ICD-10 criteria for schizophrenia. Global functioning and psychopathological symptoms were assessed using GAF, PANSS, SANS, HAM-D and CDSS. RESULTS:When patients with symptom remission at discharge from hospitalization (n=158, 54.9%) were compared to those without symptom remission, significant differences were found with respect to the global functioning (GAF) and all observed psychopathological symptom dimensions. The percentage agreement with previously used outcome measures ranged between 52.6 and 80.0%, the kappa values between 0.120 and 0.594. A moderate accordance (kappa value: 0.495) was found with a Clinical Global Impression (CGI) severity score of three or less. DISCUSSION:The results indicate a high descriptive validity of the symptom-severity component of the proposed remission definition. However, the new criteria differ partially from previously used outcome measures. This aspect should be considered in the interpretation of clinical trials.
    背景与目标:
  • 【安慰剂用于个性化西药的随机双盲可比性研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.ctim.2013.03.006 复制DOI
    作者列表:Berkovitz S,Bassett P,Hughes JG
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To determine the non-inferiority of placebo Individualised Western Herbal Medicine (IWHM) tinctures compared with true IWHM tinctures. DESIGN:Randomised double blind comparability study. SETTING:Pharmacy department of an NHS integrated medicine hospital. INTERVENTIONS:The IWHM intervention consisted of mixed tinctures of five herbs from a list of eleven herbs for which chronic knee pain is an established indication. Placebo IWHM tinctures contained food and colouring extracts, designed to mimic as closely as possible the taste, smell and appearance of true IWHM. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:The primary outcome of the study was the proportion of patients who indicated that they believed they were taking true IWHM. Secondary outcomes included the palatability of the true and placebo tinctures. RESULTS:64% of the placebo group indicated that they believed they had consumed true IWHM, compared with 60% of the true IWHM group. The palatability of the placebo IWHM was also acceptable to participants, and similar to the palatability of true IWHM. CONCLUSIONS:The findings from the present study indicate that the placebo tinctures were non-inferior to the true IWHM tinctures in terms of participants' ability to correctly identify them as herbal tinctures by their taste, smell and appearance. The placebo tinctures could be utilised in future double blind, placebo controlled randomised trials of IWHM.
    背景与目标:
  • 【舒芬太尼-七氟醚-一氧化二氮麻醉维持过程中脑电双频指数和状态熵指数的可比性。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1213/01.ane.0000287247.30810.aa 复制DOI
    作者列表:Lefoll-Masson C,Fermanian C,Aimé I,Verroust N,Taylor G,Laloë PA,Liu N,Aegerter P,Fischler M
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Manufacturers recommend maintaining Bispectral (BIS) or Spectral Entropy (State Entropy, SE) indexes between 40 and 60 during the maintenance of anesthesia. We compared these indexes during this period. METHODS:Data were obtained from 58 patients receiving sufentanil-sevoflurane-nitrous oxide anesthesia. The anesthesiologist was blinded to BIS and SE. Artifact-free concurrent BIS and SE values (7792 pairs), automatically recorded at 1-min intervals, were compared using Bland-Altman analysis, Kappa coefficient for agreement and crude proportion of agreement. The occurrence of errors of judgment (Type 1 defined as one parameter <40 and the other >60, or Type 2 defined as BIS and SE values on different sides of a threshold [40 or 60]) was also counted. RESULTS:Bias was -2 with limits of agreement of -18 and 9. Kappa BIS/SE obtained from all patients was 0.537 +/- 0.147; crude agreement >0.80 was observed in 45% of patients. Type 1 number of errors of judgment corresponded to two instances. Median and interquartile values of Type 2 number of errors of judgment were 4.5 [3.0-6.0] when considering a difference between BIS and SE more than 5. CONCLUSION:Although limits of agreement between BIS and SE were large, Kappa value moderate, and crude agreement <0.80 in more than half of the patients, making completely contradictory decisions (e.g., deepening the anesthetic based on one parameter and lightening it based upon the other) would have been exceptional. More common would have been a risk of error between no change versus increasing or decreasing anesthetic depth.
    背景与目标:
  • 【电子病历 (EMR) 用于肿瘤结局研究: 评估EMR信息与患者登记和健康索赔数据的可比性。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.2147/CLEP.S23690 复制DOI
    作者列表:Lau EC,Mowat FS,Kelsh MA,Legg JC,Engel-Nitz NM,Watson HN,Collins HL,Nordyke RJ,Whyte JL
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: UNLABELLED:Electronic medical records (EMRs) are used increasingly for research in clinical oncology, epidemiology, and comparative effectiveness research (CER). OBJECTIVE:To assess the utility of using EMR data in population-based cancer research by comparing a database of EMRs from community oncology clinics against Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) cancer registry data and two claims databases (Medicare and commercial claims). STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING:DEMOGRAPHIC, CLINICAL, AND TREATMENT PATTERNS IN THE EMR, SEER, MEDICARE, AND COMMERCIAL CLAIMS DATA WERE COMPARED USING SIX TUMOR SITES: breast, lung/bronchus, head/neck, colorectal, prostate, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). We identified various challenges in data standardization and selection of appropriate statistical procedures. We describe the patient and clinic inclusion criteria, treatment definitions, and consideration of the administrative and clinical purposes of the EMR, registry, and claims data to address these challenges. RESULTS:Sex and 10-year age distributions of patient populations for each tumor site were generally similar across the data sets. We observed several differences in racial composition and treatment patterns, and modest differences in distribution of tumor site. CONCLUSION:Our experience with an oncology EMR database identified several factors that must be considered when using EMRs for research purposes or generalizing results to the US cancer population. These factors were related primarily to evaluation of treatment patterns, including evaluation of stage, geographic location, race, and specialization of the medical facilities. While many specialty EMRs may not provide the breadth of data on medical care, as found in comprehensive claims databases and EMR systems, they can provide detailed clinical data not found in claims that are extremely important in conducting epidemiologic and outcomes research.
    背景与目标:
  • 【大鼠和人类视觉诱发电位的可比性。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/s0149-7634(05)80109-5 复制DOI
    作者列表:Hudnell HK,Boyes WK
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A series of experiments addressed the issue of comparability among neurological processes in pigmented rat and human visual systems. In the first set of experiments, transient visual-evoked potentials (VEPs) were elicited by the onset of sine-wave gratings of various spatial frequencies. The spatial frequency-response profiles of the first positive and immediately succeeding negative components differed from one another, but were similar in the two species. In addition, amplitude of the negative, but not the positive, component was strongly attenuated in both species following stationary pattern adaptation. In the second set of experiments, steady-state VEPs were elicited by the onset and offset of the gratings. The spatial frequency profiles of the 1F (response amplitude at the frequency of stimulus onset-offset) and 2F response components differed from one another, but were similar in both species. The final set of experiments indicated that diazepam, a GABA agonist, reduced amplitude of 2F, but not 1F, in both species. These results suggested that at least some functional subsystems mediating spatial vision in humans may have qualitatively similar counterparts in rats.
    背景与目标: : 一系列实验解决了有色大鼠和人类视觉系统中神经过程之间的可比性问题。在第一组实验中,通过各种空间频率的正弦波光栅的出现引起了瞬态视觉诱发电位 (vep)。第一个正分量和紧随其后的负分量的空间频率响应曲线彼此不同,但在两个物种中相似。此外,在固定模式适应之后,两个物种的负成分 (而非正成分) 的振幅都强烈减弱。在第二组实验中,稳态vep是由光栅的开始和偏移引起的。1F (刺激开始偏移频率下的响应幅度) 和2F响应分量的空间频率分布彼此不同,但两种物种相似。最后一组实验表明,地西epa (一种GABA激动剂) 在两种物种中均降低了2F的振幅,但没有降低1F的振幅。这些结果表明,至少一些介导人类空间视觉的功能子系统在大鼠中可能具有定性相似的对应物。
  • 【可比性,可靠性和实践对数字符号替换和符号数字模态测试的替代形式的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1037/1040-3590.17.2.237 复制DOI
    作者列表:Hinton-Bayre A,Geffen G
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The present study examined the comparability of 4 alternate forms of the Digit Symbol Substitution test and the Symbol Digit Modalities (written) test, including the original versions. Male contact-sport athletes (N = 112) were assessed on 1 of the 4 forms of each test. Reasonable alternate form comparability was demonstrated through establishing normality of form distributions and conducting pairwise form comparisons of means, variability, and intraclass correlations. Nonetheless, alternate forms are likely an insufficient means of controlling practice in speeded measures at brief (1-2 weeks) retest intervals. Reliable change indices demonstrated that practice must be accounted for in individual retesting.
    背景与目标: : 本研究检查了数字符号替换测试和符号数字模态 (书面) 测试的4种替代形式的可比性,包括原始版本。对每种测试的4种形式中的1种进行男性接触运动运动员 (N = 112) 的评估。通过建立形式分布的正态性并对均值,变异性和类内相关性进行成对形式比较,证明了合理的替代形式可比性。尽管如此,在短暂的 (1-2周) 重新测试间隔内,替代形式可能不足以控制快速措施的实践。可靠的变化指数表明,必须在个人重新测试中考虑实践。
  • 【Dsm-iii-r (SCID) 诊断的电话和面对面结构化临床访谈的可比性。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1177/107319119900600304 复制DOI
    作者列表:Cacciola JS,Alterman AI,Rutherford MJ,McKay JR,May DJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The SCID was administered twice, once by telephone and once in person (1 week later) to 41 college age men. For major depression (lifetime k =.64, current k =.66), results indicated good agreement. The lifetime occurrence estimate based on the telephone SCID diagnosis was lower than the in-person SCID estimate. Kappas for specific diagnoses were calculable for simple phobia (lifetime k =. 47, current k = .03) and social phobia (lifetime k =.29). Base rates were less than 10% for all individual diagnoses except lifetime major depression; therefore, the kappas may be unstable. For all diagnoses where there were any positive cases, percentages of negative agreement and specificity were high, whereas percentages of positive agreement and sensitivity were lower. Overall agreement was fair for specific lifetime diagnoses but poor for current diagnoses. These results suggest caution in assuming comparability of in-person and telephone SCID diagnoses. Circumstances under which a telephone SCID may be useful and ways to improve reliability are discussed.
    背景与目标: : 对41名大学年龄的男性进行了两次SCID,一次是通过电话进行的,一次是亲自进行的 (1周后)。对于重度抑郁症 (终生k =.64,当前k =.66),结果表明良好的一致性。基于电话SCID诊断的终生发生估计值低于面对面SCID估计值。对于简单恐惧症 (终生k = 0.47,当前k = .03) 和社交恐惧症 (终生k =.29),可计算特定诊断的Kappas。除终生严重抑郁症外,所有个体诊断的基本率均低于10%; 因此,kappas可能不稳定。对于所有存在阳性病例的诊断,阴性一致性和特异性的百分比较高,而阳性一致性和敏感性的百分比较低。对于特定的终生诊断,总体协议是公平的,但对于当前诊断而言,总体协议较差。这些结果表明,在假设面对面和电话SCID诊断的可比性时要谨慎。讨论了电话SCID可能有用的情况以及提高可靠性的方法。
  • 【M个响应的幅度。左右可比性。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/00002060-199302000-00005 复制DOI
    作者列表:Colachis SC 3rd,Klejka JP,Shamir DY,Pease WS,Johnson EW
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The peak amplitude of the M response from the extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) was measured in 26 healthy subjects (12 women and 14 men, aged 19 to 45 years) using conventional peroneal nerve stimulation at the fibular head. The mean amplitude of the EDL was 6.5 mV (+/- 1.3 mV) and 6.1 mV (+/- 1.2 mV) for the right and left sides, respectively. The side to side difference in amplitude of the M response was 0.4 mV (+/- 1.1 mV). Twenty-five of the twenty-six subjects had side to side amplitude differences within two standard deviations of the mean. None of the subjects had an EDL amplitude from the right lower limb over 1.8 mV less than that of the left, nor an EDL amplitude from the left lower limb over 2.8 mV less than that of the right. The technique used in the present study allows an accurate assessment of the M response amplitude from the EDL muscle. These reference data should prove useful in the evaluation of early focal nerve root injury (e.g. after 4 days, within 3 weeks) and in establishing prognosis for recovery in such conditions.
    背景与目标: : 使用腓骨头的常规腓神经刺激,在26名健康受试者 (12名女性和14名男性,年龄19至45岁) 中测量了趾长伸肌 (EDL) 的M反应峰值幅度。EDL的平均振幅在右侧和左侧分别为6.5 mV (+/- 1.3 mV) 和6.1 mV (+/- 1.2 mV)。M响应的振幅的左右差异为0.4 mV (+/- 1.1 mV)。26名受试者中有25名在平均值的两个标准偏差内具有左右振幅差异。没有一个受试者的右下肢EDL振幅1.8 mV小于左下肢的EDL振幅,左下肢的EDL振幅2.8 mV小于右下肢的EDL振幅。本研究中使用的技术可以准确评估EDL肌肉的M响应幅度。这些参考数据应被证明可用于评估早期局灶性神经根损伤 (例如,在4天后,3周内) 并确定在这种情况下恢复的预后。
  • 【癌症登记中的可比性和质量控制; 卡拉奇 (数据监测1995-2001)。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Bhurgri Y,Bhurgri A,Hasan SH
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Comparability and Quality Control in Cancer Registration remains an essential component of standardisation of cancer incidence data. The information provided by registries is used as a base-line data for cancer control and cancer research. As such misleading information will encourage fictious cancer patterns with over or under registration of some cancer sites. METHODOLOGY:The registration in Karachi started in 1995 and was confined to a single district of Karachi, the South District. Since 1998 the registration has extended to Karachi Division. For both the data sets, recommendations of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the International Association of Cancer Registries (IACR) have been followed to assure comparability and Quality Control of the results. RESULTS:The 2 data sets from Karachi show well-recorded demographic details of cases. Age was not a true indicator of validity in our case, as we have approximate ages of patients aggregated around quintiles and decades. All the cancer cases were reported from a minimum of 3 sources. Microscopic verifications (MV) were high. Cancers with the highest histological verification (HV) were those located in easily accessible sites e.g. breast, oral cavity and cervix. The age specific incidence rates (ASR) for Karachi South, all sites (1995-1999) was 148.1 males and 175.5 females. The same for Karachi Division (1998-99) was 132.4 males and 133.0 females. CONCLUSION:The cancer data in 1995 during the initial phase of registration was incomplete and suffered from inaccuracies associated with a lack of awareness in early years of registration. By the year 2001, the data (1995-1999) showed improved completion and accuracy. The incidence rates have shown no dramatic changes during the past 2 years. The malignancies also show a stable pattern, despite the possibility of under-registration of clinically diagnosed cases. The microscopic verification is high compared with the world region and similar to those observed in developed countries. This may be due to the widely available diagnostic facilities in Karachi and should therefore be considered an indicator of validity of registered data.
    背景与目标:
  • 【两种估计真实深度敏锐度方法的可比性。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1159/000307512 复制DOI
    作者列表:Pierce DM
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: The purpose of this study was to determine whether a motor adjustment (method of average error) and a verbal response (method of constant stimuli) procedure would yield comparable estimates of depth acuity using the classic Howard apparatus. The findings were that(1) thresholds derived from the two procedures were not significantly correlated under either binocular or monocular viewing conditions; (2) essentially equivalent thresholds were derived from the two procedures under the binocular viewing condition; (3) thresholds derived from the verbal procedure were significantly higher than those derived from the motor adjustment procedure under monocular viewing conditions.

    背景与目标: 这项研究的目的是确定运动调整 (平均误差方法) 和言语反应 (恒定刺激方法) 程序是否会使用经典的霍华德仪器得出可比的深度敏锐度估计值。研究结果是 :( 1) 在双眼或单目观看条件下,两种程序得出的阈值均无显着相关性; (2) 在双眼观看条件下,两种程序得出的阈值基本相等; (3) 在单眼观看条件下,从口头程序得出的阈值显着高于从运动调节程序得出的阈值。

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