• 【精神疾病是合并症还是导致RLS的原因?】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.sleep.2006.05.008 复制DOI
    作者列表:Berger K
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2
    背景与目标: -2
  • 【血液透析开始前合并症的进展是事件患者生存的有价值的预测指标。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1093/ndt/gfs512 复制DOI
    作者列表:Ng YY,Hung YN,Wu SC,Ko PJ,Hwang SM
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Most studies investigate the association between the baseline Romano-Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) and survival on hemodialysis (HD). Few consider the effect of progression in the CCI score (CCIp) on patient survival before HD initiation. That is CCIp = CCI-1 - CCI-3, where CCI(-1) is the CCI score in the first year before HD initiation, and CCI-3 is the CCI score in the third year before HD initiation. The present study investigated whether CCIp affects the survival of incident HD patients. METHODS:Using the National Health Insurance (NHI) Research Database of Taiwan, we recruited 7391 adult incident HD patients in the year 2006 for this historical cohort study. We followed the cohort until the end of 2007. Using the Romano-Charlson method, each comorbidity was assigned a score of 1, 2, 3 or 6. The scores were then summed to produce a total score (CCI), which predicts mortality. The log-rank test and a Cox regression model were used to analyze the association between CCIp and survival, and the risk markers of survival. RESULTS:Diabetes, ulcers, congestive heart failure, chronic pulmonary disease and cerebrovascular disease were the most common comorbid conditions. The median CCI-3 was 2 (interquartile range 0-3). The overall survival rate in 1 year was 82.8%. In incident patients with a CCI-3 score of <3, the rate was 85.1%, and in patients with a CCI-3 score of ≥ 3, the rate was 76.8%. Each increase of one point in the CCI-3 score (HR = 1.69, 95% CI 1.42-2.01) and the CCIp (HR = 1.22, 95% CI 1.17-1.27) affected survival in HD patients. CONCLUSIONS:The CCI-3 and CCIp before HD initiation are valuable predictors of survival in incident patients.
    背景与目标:
  • 【对抗违抗障碍的终生患病率,相关性和持续性: 国家合并症调查复制的结果。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01733.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Nock MK,Kazdin AE,Hiripi E,Kessler RC
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a leading cause of referral for youth mental health services; yet, many uncertainties exist about ODD given it is rarely examined as a distinct psychiatric disorder. We examined the lifetime prevalence, onset, persistence, and correlates of ODD. METHODS:Lifetime prevalence of ODD and 18 other DSM-IV disorders was assessed in a nationally representative sample of adult respondents (n = 3,199) in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Retrospective age-of-onset reports were used to test temporal priorities with comorbid disorders. RESULTS:Lifetime prevalence of ODD is estimated to be 10.2% (males = 11.2%; females = 9.2%). Of those with lifetime ODD, 92.4% meet criteria for at least one other lifetime DSM-IV disorder, including: mood (45.8%), anxiety (62.3%), impulse-control (68.2%), and substance use (47.2%) disorders. ODD is temporally primary in the vast majority of cases for most comorbid disorders. Both active and remitted ODD significantly predict subsequent onset of secondary disorders even after controlling for comorbid conduct disorder (CD). Early onset (before age 8) and comorbidity predict slow speed of recovery of ODD. CONCLUSIONS:ODD is a common child- and adolescent-onset disorder associated with substantial risk of secondary mood, anxiety, impulse-control, and substance use disorders. These results support the study of ODD as a distinct disorder. Prospective and experimental studies are needed to further delineate the temporal and causal relations between ODD and related disorders.
    背景与目标:
  • 【焦虑症中人格障碍的合并症: 30年研究的荟萃分析。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2012.07.004 复制DOI
    作者列表:Friborg O,Martinussen M,Kaiser S,Overgård KT,Rosenvinge JH
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:A comprehensive meta-analysis to identify the proportions of comorbid personality disorders (PD) across the major subtypes of anxiety disorders (AD) has not previously been published. METHODS:A literature search identified 125 empirical papers from the period 1980-2010 on patients with panic disorders, social phobia, generalised anxiety, obsessive-compulsive (OCD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Several moderators were coded. RESULTS:The rate of any comorbid PD was high across all ADs, ranging from .35 for PTSD to .52 for OCD. Cluster C PDs occurred more than twice as often as cluster A or B PDs. Within cluster C the avoidant PD occurred most frequently, followed by the obsessive-compulsive and the dependent PD. PTSD showed the most heterogeneous clinical picture and social phobia was highly comorbid with avoidant PD. A range of moderators were examined, but most were non-significant or of small effects, except an early age of onset, which in social phobia increased the risk of an avoidant PD considerably. Gender or duration of an AD was not related to variation in PD comorbidity. LIMITATIONS:Blind rating of diagnoses was recorded from the papers as an indication of diagnostic validity. However, as too few studies reported it the validity of the comorbid estimates of PD was less strong. CONCLUSIONS:The findings provided support to several of the proposed changes in the forthcoming DSM-5. Further comorbidity studies are needed in view of the substantial changes in how PDs will be diagnosed in the DSM-5.
    背景与目标:
  • 【抑郁症: 普通人群中与代谢综合征的重要合并症。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.2337/dc08-0175 复制DOI
    作者列表:Dunbar JA,Reddy P,Davis-Lameloise N,Philpot B,Laatikainen T,Kilkkinen A,Bunker SJ,Best JD,Vartiainen E,Kai Lo S,Janus ED
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:There is a recognized association among depression, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to examine in a sample representative of the general population whether depression, anxiety, and psychological distress are associated with metabolic syndrome and its components. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:Three cross-sectional surveys including clinical health measures were completed in rural regions of Australia during 2004-2006. A stratified random sample (n = 1,690, response rate 48%) of men and women aged 25-84 years was selected from the electoral roll. Metabolic syndrome was defined by the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults, Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III), and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. Anxiety and depression were assessed by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and psychological distress by the Kessler 10 measure. RESULTS:Metabolic syndrome was associated with depression but not psychological distress or anxiety. Participants with the metabolic syndrome had higher scores for depression (n = 409, mean score 3.41, 95% CI 3.12-3.70) than individuals without the metabolic syndrome (n = 936, mean 2.95, 95% CI 2.76-3.13). This association was also present in 338 participants with the metabolic syndrome and without diabetes (mean score 3.37, 95% CI 3.06-3.68). Large waist circumference and low HDL cholesterol showed significant and independent associations with depression. CONCLUSIONS:Our results show an association between metabolic syndrome and depression in a heterogeneous sample. The presence of depression in individuals with the metabolic syndrome has implications for clinical management.
    背景与目标:
  • 【真菌真菌病患者的精神病合并症,抑郁和焦虑水平以及生活质量。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/dth.13922 复制DOI
    作者列表:Engin B,Keçici AS,Uzun AÖ,Yalçın M
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Mycosis fungoides (MF) is a chronic disease, causing serious morbidities and mortality. This study was designed to measure depression and anxiety levels in MF patients, and quality of life (QoL) assessments and to compare the results with controls. Fifty-two patients with a diagnosis of MF and 52 age and sex matching healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) were administered to all patients and controls. Mean BAI and BDI scores of the patients with MF were significantly higher than controls. In case of the SF-36, general health perception, emotional, and social functioning scores were significantly lower in MF patients. Depression scores of the patients' were positively correlated with the age of disease onset and negatively correlated with physical functioning scores. Significant negative correlation was detected between eight subscales of the SF-36 and BDI and BAI scores. This study has demonstrated that there is significant impairment of QoL in MF patients MF, with higher anxiety and depression levels, when compared to control group. As the disease progresses, level of depression increases and patients' general health perception deteriorates.
    背景与目标: : 蕈样肉芽肿 (MF) 是一种慢性疾病,可引起严重的发病率和死亡率。这项研究旨在测量MF患者的抑郁和焦虑水平以及生活质量 (QoL) 评估,并将结果与对照组进行比较。本研究招募了52名诊断为MF的患者以及52名年龄和性别匹配的健康对照者。对所有患者和对照组进行了贝克抑郁量表 (BDI),贝克焦虑量表 (BAI) 和36项简短健康调查 (SF-36)。MF患者的平均BAI和BDI评分明显高于对照组。在SF-36的情况下,MF患者的总体健康感知,情绪和社会功能评分明显较低。患者抑郁评分与发病年龄呈正相关,与躯体功能评分呈负相关。在SF-36的八个分量表与BDI和BAI评分之间检测到显着的负相关。这项研究表明,与对照组相比,MF患者的生活质量明显受损,焦虑和抑郁水平更高。随着疾病的发展,抑郁水平增加,患者的总体健康意识恶化。
  • 【[合并症指标: 文献综述及其在老年研究中的应用]。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Harboun M,Ankri J
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Older patients often suffer concomitant chronic diseases in addition to various health disorders. When attempting to study one of these diseases, it is necessary to consider the complexity of the patient's health status. Comorbidity is a cause of confusion, especially for elderly patients with multiple diseases. Comorbidity indexes have been developed in order to measure this complexity. METHODS:We focused this article on a review of the literature in order to identify and examine the validity of comorbidity indexes applied to the elderly population. RESULTS:Five indexes have been used to measure comorbidity in patient populations with complex health situations: the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale (CIRS), the Kaplan-Feinstein index, the Charlson index, the Index of Coexistent Disease (ICED), and the Total Illness Burden Index (TIBI). Each of these indexes included a series of domains which vary according to the authors'view of comorbidity. These indexes were validated under different conditions with similar targets. Their validation fields limited their use and extrapolation of results. Only the CIRS, the Charlson index, the Kaplan-Feinstein index and the ICED were validated and applied to old patients. However, the Charlson index was found to be limited in recording the entirety of the old patients'pathologies, and in patients with cognitive deficits, only CIRS appeared to be sufficiently trustworthy because it allows a comprehensive recording of all the comorbid disease from clinical examination and medical file data. CONCLUSION:When studying chronic disease states in frail elderly patients, it is essential to consider comorbidity using standard validated indexes in order to get a comprehensive assessment of the patient's situation and avoid neglecting diseases and handicaps. Further studies are necessary to develop and validate tools specifically adapted to the elderly population.
    背景与目标:
  • 【精神分裂症的恐慌症状: 合并症和临床相关性。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2007.01724.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Ulas H,Alptekin K,Akdede BB,Tumuklu M,Akvardar Y,Kitis A,Polat S
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of panic attack (PA) and panic disorder (PD) in patients with schizophrenia and detect the clinical features. Forty-nine patients with schizophrenia were included in the study. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Clinical Global Impression (CGI), Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS) and Bandelow Panic and Agoraphobia Rating Scale were administered. Fifteen patients were found to have PA and seven patients had PD. Patients with panic symptoms had higher scores of PANSS, HDRS, CGI and ESRS. Comorbid panic symptoms in schizophrenia may be related to positive symptoms, extrapyramidal side-effects and depression.
    背景与目标: : 本研究的目的是调查精神分裂症患者惊恐发作 (PA) 和恐慌症 (PD) 的患病率并检测临床特征。研究纳入了49名精神分裂症患者。采用阳性和阴性综合征量表 (PANSS),汉密尔顿抑郁量表 (HDRS),临床总体印象 (CGI),锥体外系症状量表 (ESRS) 和班德洛恐慌和广场恐惧症量表。发现15名患者患有PA,7名患者患有PD。有恐慌症状的患者的PANSS,HDRS,CGI和ESRS评分较高。精神分裂症的合并症恐慌症状可能与阳性症状,锥体外系副作用和抑郁症有关。
  • 【骨关节炎的临床合并症: 家庭实践中老年患者与身体功能的关系。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kadam UT,Croft PR
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To determine the influence of comorbidity on physical function in osteoarthritis (OA) consulters aged 50 years and over in family practice. METHODS:The study design linked morbidity consultations during an 18-month period to self-reported physical function status measured at the end of the period. Clinical comorbidity was compared between consulters with (n = 1026) and without (n = 8160) OA. Comorbidity was defined by morbidity counts (1-2 low, 3-4 medium,> 5 high) and by a measure of severity of individual morbidities based on chronicity. Associations between comorbidity and physical function were assessed using unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for age, sex, and socioeconomic deprivation. RESULTS:Of the 1026 OA consulters, 38 (3.7%) had an OA consultation only, 260 (25.3%) had low, 288 (28.1%) medium, and 440 (42.9%) high morbidity counts. Higher OA comorbid counts were associated with poorer physical function, after adjusting for age, sex, and socioeconomic deprivation. Associations between OA comorbidity severity and poor physical function showed estimates that were in excess of simply multiplying the individual effects of OA and comorbidity severity separately. Comorbidity, however, did not explain all of the association between OA and poor physical function. CONCLUSION:Comorbidity increases the likelihood of poor physical function in patients with OA in population-based family practice. The combined influence is greater than would be expected from the influence of either OA or the comorbid conditions alone. Treating comorbidity in patients with OA is likely to be crucial in preventing or reducing the related physical decline.
    背景与目标:
  • 【精神科再入院及其与身体合并症的关系: 系统文献综述。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1186/s12888-016-1172-3 复制DOI
    作者列表:Šprah L,Dernovšek MZ,Wahlbeck K,Haaramo P
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Comorbidity between mental and physical disorder conditions is the rule rather than the exception. It is estimated that 25% of adult population have mental health condition and 68% of them suffer from comorbid medical condition. Readmission rates in psychiatric patients are high and we still lack understanding potential predictors of recidivism. Physical comorbidity could be one of important risk factors for psychiatric readmission. The aim of the present study was to review the impact of physical comorbidity variables on readmission after discharge from psychiatric or general inpatient care among patients with co-occurring psychiatric and medical conditions. METHODS:A comprehensive database search from January 1990 to June 2014 was performed in the following bibliographic databases: Ovid Medline, PsycINFO, ProQuest Health Management, OpenGrey and Google Scholar. An integrative research review was conducted on 23 observational studies. RESULTS:Six studies documented physical comorbidity variables only at admission/discharge and 17 also at readmission. The main body of studies supported the hypothesis that patients with mental disorders are at increased risk of readmission if they had co-occurring medical condition. The impact of physical comorbidity variables on psychiatric readmission was most frequently studied in in patients with affective and substance use disorders (SUD). Most common physical comorbidity variables with higher probability for psychiatric readmission were associated with certain category of psychiatric diagnoses. Chronic lung conditions, hepatitis C virus infection, hypertension and number of medical diagnoses were associated with increased risk of readmission in SUD; Charlson Comorbidity Index, somatic complaints, physical health problems with serious mental illnesses (schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, personality disorders); not specified medical illness, somatic complaints, number of medical diagnoses, hyperthyroidism with affective disorders (depression, bipolar disorder). Co-occurring physical and mental disorders can worsen patient's course of illness leading to hospital readmission also due to non-psychiatric reasons. CONCLUSIONS:The association between physical comorbidity and psychiatric readmission is still poorly understood phenomenon. Nevertheless, that physical comorbid conditions are more common among readmitted patients than single admission patients, their association with readmission can vary according to the nature of mental disorders, characteristics of study population, applied concept of comorbidity, and study protocol.
    背景与目标:
  • 【向患有慢性疾病和精神病合并症的年轻人过渡到成人保健服务。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.chc.2016.12.010 复制DOI
    作者列表:McManus M,White P
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This article provides national data on the lack of transition preparation among youth with special health care needs, including those with emotional, behavioral, and developmental conditions. Consumer and provider transition barriers pertaining to inadequate transition support are summarized. In addition, current US transition goals are presented along with health professional recommendations on transition. The Six Core Elements of Health Care Transition, which are aligned with professional recommendations, are reviewed with practice-based lessons learned from quality improvement efforts. The article concludes with a discussion of transition evaluation needs and opportunities.
    背景与目标: : 本文提供了有关具有特殊医疗保健需求的年轻人 (包括具有情感,行为和发育状况的年轻人) 缺乏过渡准备的国家数据。总结了与过渡支持不足有关的消费者和提供者过渡障碍。此外,还提出了当前的美国过渡目标以及有关过渡的卫生专业建议。卫生保健过渡的六个核心要素与专业建议相一致,并结合从质量改进工作中吸取的基于实践的经验教训进行了审查。文章最后讨论了过渡评估的需求和机会。
  • 【多发性硬化症的合并症: 对患者护理的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1038/nrneurol.2017.33 复制DOI
    作者列表:Marrie RA
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Most efforts aimed at understanding the notable heterogeneity of outcomes in multiple sclerosis (MS) have focused on disease-specific factors, such as symptoms at initial presentation, initial relapse rate, and age at symptom onset. These factors, however, explain relatively little of the heterogeneity of disease outcomes. Owing to the high prevalence of comorbidity in MS and the potential for its prevention or treatment, comorbidity is of rising interest as a factor that could explain the heterogeneity of outcomes. A rapidly growing body of evidence suggests that comorbidity adversely affects outcomes throughout the disease course in MS, including diagnostic delays from symptom onset, disability at diagnosis and subsequent progression, cognition, mortality, and health-related quality of life. Therefore, clinicians need to incorporate the prevention and management of comorbidity when treating patients with MS, but managing comorbidities in MS successfully may require the adoption of new collaborative models of care.
    背景与目标: : 大多数旨在了解多发性硬化症 (MS) 结局的显着异质性的努力都集中在疾病特异性因素上,例如初始表现时的症状,初始复发率和症状发作时的年龄。然而,这些因素对疾病结局异质性的解释相对较少。由于MS中合并症的高患病率及其预防或治疗的潜力,合并症作为可以解释结果异质性的一个因素引起了人们的关注。快速增长的证据表明,合并症会对MS的整个病程产生不利影响,包括症状发作的诊断延迟,诊断时的残疾以及随后的进展,认知,死亡率和与健康相关的生活质量。因此,临床医生在治疗MS患者时需要结合合并症的预防和管理,但是成功地管理MS中的合并症可能需要采用新的协作护理模式。
  • 【癌症患者和幸存者的合并症,身体和精神卫生: 一项基于澳大利亚人群的研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/ajco.12677 复制DOI
    作者列表:Ng HS,Roder D,Koczwara B,Vitry A
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIM:To assess the prevalence of comorbidities and measures of physical and mental health among the cancer patients and survivors compared with the general population. METHODS:Data collected by the Australian Bureau of Statistics from 2011-2012 National Health Survey were utilized for this cross-sectional study. Comparisons were made between adults aged 25 years and over with history of cancer (n = 2170) and those respondents who did not report having had a cancer (n = 11 592) using logistic regression models. Analyses were repeated according to cancer status (current cancer vs. cancer survivor). RESULTS:People with history of cancer had significantly higher odds of reporting mental and behavioral problems (overall cancer group adjusted odds ratio 1.36, 95 percent confidence interval 1.20-1.54; current cancer 2.53, 1.97-3.27; cancer survivor 1.20, 1.05-1.38), circulatory conditions (overall cancer group 1.25, 1.12-1.39; current cancer 1.38, 1.08-1.76; cancer survivor 1.22, 1.09-1.38), musculoskeletal conditions (overall cancer group 1.37, 1.24-1.52; current cancer 1.66, 1.30-2.12; cancer survivor 1.33, 1.19-1.48) and endocrine system disorders (overall cancer group 1.19, 1.06-1.34; current cancer 1.29, 1.00-1.66; cancer survivor 1.17, 1.04-1.33) compared with the noncancer group. Cancer patients and survivors were more likely to report poor health status, a higher level of distress, and a greater number of chronic conditions compared with the noncancer group. CONCLUSION:Poor health and comorbidity is more prevalent among cancer patients and survivors than the noncancer population. Our results further support the need to develop models of care that effectively address multiple chronic conditions experienced by the cancer population.
    背景与目标:
  • 【二十一世纪初美国情绪障碍的患病率,合并症和服务利用。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091444 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kessler RC,Merikangas KR,Wang PS
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The results of recent community epidemiological research are reviewed, documenting that major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent, persistent, and often seriously impairing disorder, and that bipolar disorder (BPD) is less prevalent but more persistent and more impairing than MDD. The higher persistence and severity of BPD results in a substantial proportion of all seriously impairing depressive episodes being due to threshold or subthreshold BPD rather than to MDD. Although the percentage of people with mood disorders in treatment has increased substantially since the early 1990s, a majority of cases remain either untreated or undertreated. An especially serious concern is the misdiagnosis of depressive episodes due to BPD as due to MDD because the majority of depression treatment involves medication provided by primary care doctors in the absence of psychotherapy. The article closes with a discussion of future directions for research.
    背景与目标: : 回顾了最近的社区流行病学研究的结果,记录了重性抑郁症 (MDD) 是一种高度流行,持续且经常严重损害的疾病,双相情感障碍 (BPD) 的患病率较低,但比MDD更持久和更具损害。BPD的较高持久性和严重程度导致所有严重损害抑郁发作的很大一部分是由于阈值或阈值以下的BPD而不是MDD引起的。尽管自20世纪90年代初以来,接受治疗的情绪障碍患者的比例已大大增加,但大多数病例仍未得到治疗或治疗不足。一个特别严重的问题是由于BPD和MDD导致的抑郁发作的误诊,因为大多数抑郁症治疗涉及初级保健医生在没有心理治疗的情况下提供的药物。本文最后讨论了未来的研究方向。
  • 【国家合并症调查中的广场恐惧症,简单恐惧症和社交恐惧症。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830020077009 复制DOI
    作者列表:Magee WJ,Eaton WW,Wittchen HU,McGonagle KA,Kessler RC
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Data are presented on the general population prevalences, correlates, comorbidities, and impairments associated with DSM-III-R phobias. METHODS:Analysis is based on the National Comorbidity Survey. Phobias were assessed with a revised version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. RESULTS:Lifetime (and 30-day) prevalence estimates are 6.7% (and 2.3%) for agoraphobia, 11.3% (and 5.5%) for simple phobia, and 13.3% (and 4.5%) for social phobia. Increasing lifetime prevalences are found in recent cohorts. Earlier median ages at illness onset are found for simple (15 years of age) and social (16 years of age) phobias than for agoraphobia (29 years of age). Phobias are highly comorbid. Most comorbid simple and social phobias are temporally primary, while most comorbid agoraphobia is temporally secondary. Comorbid phobias are generally more severe than pure phobias. Despite evidence of role impairment in phobia, only a minority of individuals with phobia ever seek professional treatment. CONCLUSIONS:Phobias are common, increasingly prevalent, often associated with serious role impairment, and usually go untreated. Focused research is needed to investigate barriers to help seeking.
    背景与目标:

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