• 【在爱尔兰和英国的公共卫生研究中,电话调查的新优点和缺点。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1186/1471-2458-6-208 复制DOI
    作者列表:Boland M,Sweeney MR,Scallan E,Harrington M,Staines A
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Telephone surveys have been used widely in public health research internationally and are being increasingly used in Ireland and the U.K. METHODS:This study compared three telephone surveys conducted on the island of Ireland from 2000 to 2004, examining study methodology, outcome measures and the per unit cost of each completed survey. We critically examined these population-based surveys which all explored health related attitudes and behaviours. RESULTS:Over the period from 2000 to 2005 the percentage of calls which succeeded in contacting an eligible member of the public fell, from 52.9% to 31.8%. There was a drop in response rates to the surveys (once contact was established) from 58.6% to 17.7%. Costs per completed interview rose from 4.48 euro to 15.65 euro. Respondents were prepared to spend 10-15 minutes being surveyed, but longer surveys yielded poorer completion rates. Respondents were willing to discuss issues of a sensitive nature. Interviews after 9 pm were less successful, with complaints about the lateness of the call. Randomisation from electronic residential telephone directory databases excluded all ex-directory numbers and thus was not as representative of the general population as number generation by the hundred-bank method. However the directory database was more efficient in excluding business and fax numbers. CONCLUSION:Researchers should take cognisance of under-representativeness of land-line telephone surveys, of the increasing difficulties in contacting the public and of mounting personnel costs. We conclude that telephone surveying now requires additional strategies such as a multimode approach, or incentivisation, to be a useful, cost-effective means of acquiring data on public health matters in Ireland and the U.K.
    背景与目标:
  • 【WT1 Wilms' 肿瘤抑制基因是PC12细胞中胰岛素样生长因子-I (igf-i) 作用的下游靶标。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04119.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Sarfstein R,Werner H
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The biological actions of the insulin-like growth factors, IGF-I and IGF-II, are mediated by the ligand-induced activation of the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR), a transmembrane heterotetramer linked to the ras-raf-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt signal transduction cascades. The Wilms' tumor suppressor gene (wt1) encodes a zinc finger transcription factor, WT1, which has been implicated in various cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. In the present study we demonstrated that IGF-I modulates the WT1 gene expression in neurally derived PC12 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This effect was mediated through both the MAPK and PI3-kinase signaling pathways, as shown by the ability of the specific inhibitors UO126 and LY294002 to abrogate IGF-I action. Moreover, using RT-PCR and transient transfection assays, we demonstrated that the IGF-I effect was associated with corresponding changes in WT1 mRNA levels and WT1 promoter activity. In addition, the results of the present study revealed that high WT1 levels were associated with the induction of apoptosis, whereas low WT1 levels were correlated with the inhibition of apoptosis, as demonstrated by poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage, Bax expression, Annexin V-FITC staining, and by the use of antisense oligonucleotides against WT1. In summary, our results show that the wt1 gene is a novel target for IGF-I action in neurally derived cells.
    背景与目标: : 胰岛素样生长因子igf-i和igf-ii的生物学作用是由配体诱导的igf-i受体 (igf-ir) 激活介导的,与ras-raf-有丝分裂原活化蛋白激酶 (MAPK) 和磷脂酰肌醇3激酶 (PI3K)-蛋白激酶B (PKB)/Akt信号转导级联连接的跨膜异四聚体。Wilmss的肿瘤抑制基因 (wt1) 编码锌指转录因子WT1,该因子与各种细胞过程有关,包括增殖,分化和凋亡。在本研究中,我们证明igf-i以剂量和时间依赖性方式调节神经源性PC12细胞中WT1基因的表达。这种作用通过MAPK和PI3-kinase信号通路介导,如特异性抑制剂UO126和LY294002消除igf-i作用的能力所示。此外,使用rt-pcr和瞬时转染分析,我们证明了igf-i效应与WT1 mRNA水平和WT1启动子活性的相应变化有关。此外,本研究的结果表明,高WT1水平与诱导凋亡有关,而低WT1水平与抑制凋亡有关,如聚ADP核糖聚合酶 (PARP) 切割,Bax表达,Annexin V-FITC染色,并通过使用针对wt1的反义寡核苷酸。总之,我们的结果表明wt1基因是神经源性细胞中igf-i作用的新靶标。
  • 【比目鱼肌的代谢特征与高血压父母后代的胰岛素作用有关。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.metabol.2006.06.010 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kratochvílová S,Vyhnanovská P,Vlasáková Z,Hájek M,Skibová J,Pelikánová T
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Insulin resistance affecting skeletal muscle metabolism is present in the prehypertensive state. The aim of our study was to test the hypothesis that blood pressure value is related to skeletal muscle composition, measured by (31)P magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy, and to insulin sensitivity in the offspring of hypertensive parents (OH) and healthy controls. Study groups consisted of 10 healthy young lean OH with normal glucose tolerance, confirmed with oral glucose tolerance test, and 13 controls matched for age, sex, and body mass index. Insulin action was estimated as glucose disposal (M), glucose metabolic clearance rate (MCR), and insulin sensitivity index (M/I) during a 10-hour hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. The sum of immunoreactive insulin values from the oral glucose tolerance test was calculated. (31)P MR spectroscopy was performed on a whole-body MR scanner (Siemens Vision, Erlangen, Germany) operating at 1.5 T and equipped with actively shielded gradient coils. There were no differences in common metabolic and anthropometric parameters between OH and controls except for the blood pressure, which was in the range of normal to high-normal level in OH. Mean blood pressure was significantly higher in OH (95.73 +/- 4.39 vs 83.76 +/- 3.95 mm Hg; P < .001). Trend toward insulin resistance was registered in OH with significantly lower M/I (0.74 +/- 0.47 vs 1.42 +/- 0.65 mg x kg(-1) x min(-1) x mIU(-1) x L(-1); P < .05). There were no significant differences in total serum magnesium (sMg) levels between OH and controls, although a positive correlation exists between sMg and insulin sensitivity expressed as M (r = 0.63, P < .01), MCR (r = 0.54, P < .01), and M/I (r = 0.51, P < .05). No differences in signal intensities of phosphocreatine (PCr), phosphomonoesters, phosphodiesters, inorganic phosphates (Pi), adenosine triphosphates (Patp and betaATP), and calculated concentrations of intracellular ionized magnesium (Mgi) and H(+) ions between the groups were detected. Systolic blood pressure correlates positively with PCr/Patp (r = 0.43, P < .05), Pi/Patp (r = 0.413, P < .05), and Pi/betaATP (r = 0.48, P < .05). Diastolic blood pressure correlates positively only with the ratio Pi/betaATP (r = 0.42, P < .05). The sum of immunoreactive insulin values correlates with PCr/betaATP (r = 0.53, P < .01) and with Pi/betaATP (r = 0.6, P < .01). In conclusion, increase in blood pressure and insulin resistance were confirmed in offspring of OH. Insulin sensitivity is related to sMg and the elevation of blood pressure is associated with the activation of energy metabolism in skeletal muscle. The relationship between muscle energetic characteristics and markers of insulin resistance suggests that the alteration of energy metabolism may be present in early stages of metabolic syndrome.
    背景与目标: : 影响骨骼肌代谢的胰岛素抵抗在高血压前期存在。我们研究的目的是检验以下假设: 血压值与通过 (31)P磁共振 (MR) 光谱法测量的骨骼肌组成以及高血压父母 (OH) 和健康的后代的胰岛素敏感性有关对照。研究组由10个健康的年轻lean OH组成,葡萄糖耐量正常,经口服葡萄糖耐量试验证实,以及13个年龄,性别和体重指数相匹配的对照。在10小时的高胰岛素血症正常血糖钳夹中,胰岛素的作用估计为葡萄糖处置 (M),葡萄糖代谢清除率 (MCR) 和胰岛素敏感性指数 (M/I)。计算了口服葡萄糖耐量试验的免疫反应性胰岛素值之和。(31) 在操作于1.5 T并配备有主动屏蔽梯度线圈的全身MR扫描仪 (Siemens Vision,Erlangen,德国) 上进行P MR光谱。OH和对照组之间的常见代谢和人体测量参数没有差异,但血压在OH的正常至正常水平范围内。OH中的平均血压显着更高 (95.73/- 4.39 vs 83.76/-3.95毫米Hg; P <.001)。在OH中记录了胰岛素抵抗的趋势,M/I显著降低 (0.74 +/- 0.47 vs 1.42 +/- 0.65 mg × kg(-1) × min(-1) × mIU(-1) × L(-1); P <.05)。血清总镁 (sMg) 水平与对照组无显著差异,但sMg与胰岛素敏感性呈正相关,表现为M (r = 0.63,P <.01),MCR (r = 0.54,P <.01)。和M/I (r = 0.51,P <.05)。检测到磷酸肌酸 (PCr),磷酸单酯,磷酸二酯,无机磷酸盐 (Pi),三磷酸腺苷 (Patp和 βatp) 的信号强度以及计算的细胞内离子镁 (Mgi) 和H () 离子浓度之间的差异。收缩压与PCr/Patp (r = 0.43,P <.05) 、Pi/Patp (r = 0.413,P <.05) 和Pi/betaATP (r = 0.48,P <.05) 呈正相关。舒张压仅与Pi/βatp比值正相关 (r = 0.42,P <.05)。免疫反应性胰岛素值的总和与PCr/betaATP (r = 0.53,P <.01) 和Pi/betaATP (r = 0.6,P <.01) 相关。总之,在OH的后代中证实了血压升高和胰岛素抵抗。胰岛素敏感性与sMg有关,血压升高与骨骼肌能量代谢的激活有关。肌肉能量特征与胰岛素抵抗标志物之间的关系表明,能量代谢的改变可能存在于代谢综合征的早期阶段。
  • 【严峻环境中的损伤控制手术研究小组 (DCSAERG): 一个动态程序,可促进实时远程监护/远程诊断,以解决极端和严峻环境中的失血问题。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/TA.0000000000001483 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kirkpatrick AW,McKee JL,McBeth PB,Ball CG,LaPorta A,Broderick T,Leslie T,King D,Wright Beatty HE,Keillor J,Tien H
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Hemorrhage is the most preventable cause of posttraumatic death. Many cases are potentially anatomically salvageable, yet remain lethal without logistics or trained personnel to deliver diagnosis or resuscitative surgery in austere environments. Revolutions in technology for remote mentoring of ultrasound and surgery may enhance capabilities to utilize the skill sets of non-physicians. Thus, our research collaborative explored remote mentoring to empower non-physicians to address junctional and torso hemorrhage control in austere environments. Major studies involved using remote-telementored ultrasound (RTMUS) to identify torso and junctional exsanguination, remotely mentoring resuscitative surgery for torso hemorrhage control, understanding and mitigating physiological stress during such tasks, and the technical practicalities of conducting damage control surgery (DCS) in austere environments. Iterative projects involved randomized guiding of firefighters to identify torso (RCT) and junctional (pilot) hemorrhage using RTMUS, randomized remote mentoring of MedTechs conducting resuscitative surgery for torso exsanguination in an anatomically realistic surgical trainer ("Cut Suit") including physiological monitoring, and trained surgeons conducting a comparative randomized study for torso hemorrhage control in normal (1g) versus weightlessness (0g). This work demonstrated that firefighters could be remotely mentored to perform just-in-time torso RTMUS on a simulator. Both firefighters and mentors were confident in their abilities, the ultrasounds being 97% accurate. An ultrasound-naive firefighter in Memphis could also be remotely mentored from Hawaii to identify and subsequently tamponade an arterial junctional hemorrhage using RTMUS in a live tissue model. Thereafter, both mentored and unmentored MedTechs and trained surgeons completed resuscitative surgery for hemorrhage control on the Cut-Suit, demonstrating practicality for all involved. While remote mentoring did not decrease blood loss among MedTechs, it increased procedural confidence and decreased physiologic stress. Therefore, remote mentoring may increase the feasibility of non-physicians conducting a psychologically daunting task. Finally, DCS in weightlessness was feasible without fundamental differences from 1g. Overall, the collective evidence suggests that remote mentoring supports diagnosis, noninvasive therapy, and ultimately resuscitative surgery to potentially rescue those exsanguinating in austere environments and should be more rigorously studied.
    背景与目标: : 出血是创伤后死亡最可预防的原因。许多病例在解剖学上可能是可挽救的,但如果没有后勤人员或训练有素的人员在严峻的环境中进行诊断或复苏手术,则仍然致命。超声波和外科手术远程指导技术的革命可能会增强利用非医生技能的能力。因此,我们的研究合作探索了远程指导,以使非医生能够在严峻的环境中解决交界处和躯干出血控制问题。主要研究包括使用远程远程超声 (RTMUS) 识别躯干和交界性放血,远程指导复苏手术以控制躯干出血,理解和减轻此类任务期间的生理压力,以及在严峻环境中进行损伤控制手术 (DCS) 的技术实用性。迭代项目包括随机指导消防员使用RTMUS识别躯干 (RCT) 和交界 (pilot) 出血,随机远程指导MedTechs在解剖学上逼真的外科训练器 (“切割服”) 中进行躯干放血的复苏手术,包括生理监测,和训练有素的外科医生进行了一项比较随机研究,以正常 (1g) 与失重 (0g) 的躯干出血控制。这项工作表明,可以远程指导消防员在模拟器上执行及时的躯干RTMUS。消防员和导师都对自己的能力充满信心,超声波97% 准确。孟菲斯的一名未经超声检查的消防员也可以从夏威夷进行远程指导,以识别并随后在活组织模型中使用RTMUS填塞动脉交界性出血。此后,经过指导和未经指导的MedTechs和训练有素的外科医生都完成了复苏手术,以控制剪裁服上的出血,这证明了所有参与者的实用性。虽然远程指导并没有减少MedTechs的失血,但它增加了程序信心并减少了生理压力。因此,远程指导可能会增加非医生执行心理艰巨任务的可行性。最后,失重的dc是可行的,与1g没有根本差异。总体而言,集体证据表明,远程指导支持诊断,无创治疗以及最终的复苏手术,以潜在地挽救那些在严峻环境中失血的人,因此应进行更严格的研究。
  • 【研究注册和方案在整形外科研究中的应用: 系统评价。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.ijsu.2017.06.035 复制DOI
    作者列表:Pidgeon TE,Limb C,Agha RA,Whitehurst K,Chandrakumar C,Wellstead G,Fowler AJ,Orgill DP
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:In 2013, the Declaration of Helsinki changed to mandate that all research studies involving human subjects, rather than just clinical trials alone, must have a protocol registered in a publicly accessible database prior to the enrolment of the first patient. The objective of this work was to assess the number of research studies involving human participants published in leading journals of plastic surgery that had either published a protocol or registered a protocol with a publicly accessible database. MATERIALS AND METHODS:This systematic review examined all research articles involving human participants published in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Journal of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery and The Annals of Plastic Surgery from 1st April 2014-31st March 2015. The primary outcome measure was whether each study had either published or registered a protocol with any mainstream registry database. ClinicalTrials.gov, the International Standard Randomized Control Trial Number (ISRCTN) registry, the WHO (World Health Organisation) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, The Cochrane Collaboration, the Research Registry, PROSPERO and PubMed were all reviewed. RESULTS:Of 595 included articles, the most common study designs were case series (n = 185, 31.1%). There were 24 randomized controlled trials (RCTs, 4.0%). A total of 24 studies had a protocol registered (4.0%). The most common database to register a protocol was with ClinicalTrials.gov (n = 17). The study design that most commonly had a registered protocol was the RCT (n = 8 of 24, 33.3% of RCTs). Three studies published a protocol in a journal (0.6%). CONCLUSION:Publication or registration of protocols for recent studies involving human participants in major plastic surgery journals is low. There is considerable scope to improve this and guidance is provided.
    背景与目标:
  • 【通过实践整合行动和大小感知。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1177/0301006617715378 复制DOI
    作者列表:Coutte A,Camus T,Heurley L,Brouillet D
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Size perception is known to influence our usual interactions with environment. Numerous studies highlighted that during the visual presentation of an object, the properties of manual actions vary as a function of this object's size. In order to better understand the dynamic variations of relationships between size perception and action, we used an experimental paradigm consisting in two phases. During a previous implicit learning phase, a manual response (right or left) was specifically associated with the appearance of a large or small stimulus. During further test phase, participants were required to prepare a response while discriminating the color of a stimulus (GO/No GO task). We observed that the response execution was faster when the size of the stimulus was congruent with the size that had been associated to this response (during implicit learning phase). These results suggest that when a response usually co-occurs with visual stimuli characterized by a specific size pattern, the response and the size pattern become integrated. Any subsequent preparation and execution of this action are therefore influenced by the reactivation of this visual pattern. This result brings out new insights on how sensorimotor interactions may modulate the ability to anticipate perceptive size variations in the environment.
    背景与目标: : 众所周知,大小感知会影响我们通常与环境的互动。大量研究强调,在对象的视觉呈现过程中,手动动作的属性随对象大小的变化而变化。为了更好地理解大小感知和动作之间关系的动态变化,我们使用了一个由两个阶段组成的实验范例。在先前的内隐学习阶段,手动响应 (右或左) 与大或小刺激的出现特别相关。在进一步的测试阶段,要求参与者在区分刺激颜色的同时准备响应 (GO/No GO任务)。我们观察到,当刺激的大小与与该响应相关的大小一致时 (在隐式学习阶段),响应执行更快。这些结果表明,当响应通常与以特定大小模式为特征的视觉刺激同时发生时,响应和大小模式将成为一体。因此,此操作的任何后续准备和执行都受到此视觉模式重新激活的影响。该结果为感觉运动相互作用如何调节预测环境中感知大小变化的能力带来了新的见解。
  • 【加强利益相关者参与的研究和利益相关者参与的研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.2217/cer-2016-0096 复制DOI
    作者列表:Ray KN,Miller E
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Stakeholder engagement is an emerging field with little evidence to inform best practices. Guidelines are needed to improve the quality of research on stakeholder engagement through more intentional planning, evaluation and reporting. We developed a preliminary framework for planning, evaluating and reporting stakeholder engagement, informed by published conceptual models and recommendations and then refined through our own stakeholder engagement experience. Our proposed exploratory framework highlights contexts and processes to be addressed in planning stakeholder engagement, and potential immediate, intermediate and long-term outcomes that warrant evaluation. We use this framework to illustrate both the minimum information needed for reporting stakeholder-engaged research and the comprehensive detail needed for reporting research on stakeholder engagement.
    背景与目标: : 利益相关者参与是一个新兴领域,几乎没有证据为最佳实践提供信息。需要通过更有意的计划,评估和报告来提高有关利益相关者参与的研究质量的准则。我们通过已发布的概念模型和建议为规划,评估和报告利益相关者参与制定了初步框架,然后通过我们自己的利益相关者参与经验进行了完善。我们提出的探索性框架强调了在规划利益相关者参与时要解决的背景和过程,以及需要评估的潜在的近期,中期和长期结果。我们使用此框架来说明报告利益相关者参与研究所需的最低信息,以及报告利益相关者参与研究所需的全面细节。
  • 【单绒毛膜和双绒毛膜双胎妊娠的早期胎儿丢失: 西南泰晤士河产科研究合作 (STORK) 多胎妊娠队列的分析。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1002/uog.12363 复制DOI
    作者列表:D'Antonio F,Khalil A,Dias T,Thilaganathan B,Southwest Thames Obstetric Research Collaborative (STORK).
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:Monochorionic (MC) twins are at increased risk of early fetal loss secondary to vascular complications such as twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). This study compared the early perinatal loss rates between MC and dichorionic (DC) twins in an era of invasive treatment for TTTS. METHODS:This was a retrospective study of all twin pregnancies of known chorionicity from a large regional cohort of nine hospitals over a 10-year period. Ultrasound data were matched to hospital delivery records and to a mandatory national register of pregnancy losses. Prospective risk of pregnancy loss from 14 to 24 weeks' gestation was calculated and the survival trend of MC and DC twins was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. RESULTS:The analysis included 3117 twin pregnancies (605 MC and 2512 DC). The total risk of early pregnancy loss (miscarriage and neonatal death) before 24 weeks was significantly higher in MC twins (60.3 per 1000 fetuses) than in DC twins (6.6 per 1000 fetuses), with a relative risk of 9.18 (95% CI, 6.0-13.9). Survival analysis showed a significant difference in overall and early mortality between MC and DC twins (log-rank test, P < 0.0001), while no difference was noted after 24 weeks' gestation (log-rank test, P = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS:Early pregnancy loss is significantly more common in MC than in DC twins, but no difference in the prospective risk of mortality between MC and DC twins is evident after 24 weeks' gestation. The observed early mortality rate has almost halved in comparison with previous studies in the published literature. Early detection and prompt treatment of complications in MC twins are likely to have contributed to this improvement in outcome.
    背景与目标:
  • 【达法普利定的临床概述: 一种具有新作用机制的药物,可帮助治疗步态障碍。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.clinthera.2012.10.003 复制DOI
    作者列表:Egeberg MD,Oh CY,Bainbridge JL
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Medication used to treat multiple sclerosis (MS) can be categorized as disease-modifying therapies, symptomatic therapies, or treatment of acute exacerbations. Dalfampridine is the first symptomatic therapy approved by the Food and Drug Administration to improve walking in patients with MS. OBJECTIVE:This article reviews the pharmacology, pharmacodynamic properties, and pharmacokinetic properties of dalfampridine, as well as its clinical efficacy, safety profile, pharmacoeconomic considerations, and place in therapy. METHODS:Three PubMed searches were conducted for original articles published in English between 1966 and August 2012 with human study participants. Articles concerning the pharmacology, pharmacokinetic properties, pharmacodynamic properties, efficacy, and safety profile of dalfampridine were evaluated. RESULTS:Dalfampridine theoretically works to improve conduction and enhance walking by inhibiting potassium channels in the axonal membrane and by prolonging action potentials in demyelinated neurons. The efficacy of dalfampridine has been reported in 2 Phase III clinical trials in patients with MS. When comparing dalfampridine 10 mg twice daily with placebo, these studies found a statistically significant improvement in walking (42.9% vs 9.3% and 35% vs 8%; P < 0.001). However, clinical trials and postmarketing surveillance have shown an increased risk of seizures with dalfampridine use that appears to be dose related [corrected]. CONCLUSIONS:Dalfampridine has a unique mechanism of action, leading to its approval as the first symptomatic therapy for MS to improve walking speed. The increased risk of seizures can be a safety concern and will require health care providers to be diligent in monitoring patients and to ensure adequate patient education [corrected]. The addition of dalfampridine as symptomatic therapy for MS may lead to additional novel products in the future.
    背景与目标:
  • 【开发用于临床和研究的血管胎记数据库的机会和障碍。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Sharma VK,Fraulin FO,Harrop AR,McPhalen DF
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Databases are useful tools in clinical settings. The authors review the benefits and challenges associated with the development and implementation of an efficient electronic database for the multidisciplinary Vascular Birthmark Clinic at the Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta. METHODS:The content and structure of the database were designed using the technical expertise of a data analyst from the Calgary Health Region. Relevant clinical and demographic data fields were included with the goal of documenting ongoing care of individual patients, and facilitating future epidemiological studies of this patient population. After completion of this database, 10 challenges encountered during development were retrospectively identified. Practical solutions for these challenges are presented. RESULTS:THE CHALLENGES IDENTIFIED DURING THE DATABASE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS INCLUDED: identification of relevant data fields; balancing simplicity and user-friendliness with complexity and comprehensive data storage; database expertise versus clinical expertise; software platform selection; linkage of data from the previous spreadsheet to a new data management system; ethics approval for the development of the database and its utilization for research studies; ensuring privacy and limited access to the database; integration of digital photographs into the database; adoption of the database by support staff in the clinic; and maintaining up-to-date entries in the database. CONCLUSIONS:There are several challenges involved in the development of a useful and efficient clinical database. Awareness of these potential obstacles, in advance, may simplify the development of clinical databases by others in various surgical settings.
    背景与目标:
  • 【基因研究和土著和托雷斯海峡岛民澳大利亚人。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s11673-012-9391-x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kowal E,Pearson G,Rouhani L,Peacock CS,Jamieson SE,Blackwell JM
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :While human genetic research promises to deliver a range of health benefits to the population, genetic research that takes place in Indigenous communities has proven controversial. Indigenous peoples have raised concerns, including a lack of benefit to their communities, a diversion of attention and resources from non-genetic causes of health disparities and racism in health care, a reinforcement of "victim-blaming" approaches to health inequalities, and possible misuse of blood and tissue samples. Drawing on the international literature, this article reviews the ethical issues relevant to genetic research in Indigenous populations and considers how some of these have been negotiated in a genomic research project currently under way in a remote Aboriginal community. We consider how the different levels of Indigenous research governance operating in Australia impacted on the research project and discuss whether specific guidelines for the conduct of genetic research in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities are warranted.
    背景与目标: : 虽然人类基因研究有望为人们带来一系列健康益处,但事实证明,在土著社区进行的基因研究存在争议。土著人民提出了关切,包括缺乏对其社区的利益,将注意力和资源从健康差异的非遗传原因和卫生保健中的种族主义转移,加强对健康不平等的 “指责受害者” 方法,以及可能滥用血液和组织样本。本文借鉴国际文献,回顾了与土著居民遗传研究相关的伦理问题,并考虑了其中一些问题是如何在偏远土著社区目前正在进行的基因组研究项目中进行谈判的。我们考虑在澳大利亚运作的不同程度的土著研究治理如何影响该研究项目,并讨论是否有必要在土著和托雷斯海峡岛民社区进行基因研究的具体准则。
  • 【横桥作用在肌肉收缩中的x射线干扰研究: 来自快速释放的证据。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.08.075 复制DOI
    作者列表:Huxley H,Reconditi M,Stewart A,Irving T
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We have used a high-resolution small angle X-ray scattering system, together with a high-performance CCD camera, on the BioCAT beamline at the APS synchrotron radiation facility at the Argonne National Laboratory, to study X-ray interference effects in the meridional reflections generated by the arrays of myosin crossbridges in contracting muscle. These give information about axial movements of the myosin heads during contraction with sub-nanometer resolution. Using whole intact muscle preparations (frog sartorius) we have been able to record the detailed behavior of M3 (the first order meridional reflection from the myosin crossbridges, at 14.56 nm) at each of a number of quick releases of increasing magnitude, on the same specimen, and at the same time make similar measurements on higher order myosin meridional reflections, particularly M6. The latter provides information about the dispersion of lever arm angles of the actin-attached myosin heads. The observations show that in isometric contraction the lever arm angles are dispersed through +/- 20-25 degrees on either side of a mean orientation that is about 60 degrees away from their orientation at the end of the working stroke: and that they move towards that orientation in synchronized fashion, with constant dispersion, during quick releases. The relationship between the shift in the interference fringes (which measures the shift of the myosin heads scattering mass towards the center of the sarcomere, and the changes in the total intensity of the reflections, which measures the changes in the axial profile of the heads, is consistent with the tilting lever arm mechanism of muscle contraction. Significant fixed contributions to the meridional reflections come from unattached myosin heads and from backbone components of the myosin filaments, and the interaction of these with the contributions from actin-attached myosin heads determines the behavior of these reflections.
    背景与目标: : 我们在阿贡国家实验室APS同步加速器辐射设施的BioCAT束线上使用了高分辨率小角度x射线散射系统以及高性能CCD相机,研究收缩肌肉中肌球蛋白交叉桥阵列产生的子午反射中的x射线干扰效应。这些以亚纳米分辨率提供了有关收缩过程中肌球蛋白头部轴向运动的信息。使用完整的完整肌肉制剂 (frog sartorius),我们已经能够记录M3的详细行为 (肌球蛋白横桥的一阶子午反射,在14.56 nm处),在相同的标本上,同时对高阶肌球蛋白子午反射,特别是m6进行类似的测量。后者提供了有关肌动蛋白附着的肌球蛋白头的杠杆臂角度分散的信息。观察结果表明,在等距收缩中,杠杆臂角在平均方向的两侧分散了20-25度,该方向在工作行程结束时与它们的方向相距约60度: 并且它们以同步方式向该方向移动,并具有恒定的色散,在快速释放期间。干涉条纹的位移 (测量肌球蛋白头部散射质量向肌节中心的位移) 与反射总强度的变化 (测量头部轴向轮廓的变化) 之间的关系,与肌肉收缩的倾斜杠杆臂机制一致。对子午反射的显着固定贡献来自未附着的肌球蛋白头和肌球蛋白细丝的骨干成分,而这些与肌动蛋白附着的肌球蛋白头的贡献的相互作用决定了这些反射的行为。
  • 【总状花序中的花状末端结构: 形态发生和进化研究的工具。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1093/jxb/erl126 复制DOI
    作者列表:Sokoloff D,Rudall PJ,Remizowa M
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Terminal flower-like structures (TFLS) occur in many angiosperms that possess indeterminate inflorescences such as spikes, racemes, or spadices. We describe and review TFLS in early-divergent angiosperms, especially the magnoliid order Piperales and the monocot order Alismatales, in which floral interpretation is controversial. Essentially similar TFLS occur in a wide range of taxa. Among magnoliids, they occur in some Piperales (Saururaceae and a few Piperaceae), but are absent from Chloranthaceae. Among monocots, they occur in some early-divergent families such as Acoraceae, Aponogetonaceae, Juncaginaceae, Potamogetonaceae, and Ruppiaceae. Similar TFLS with obscure organ identity are recorded in mutants of Arabidopsis. TFLS can often be interpreted as pseudanthia (close aggregations of reduced flowers), but in some cases the entire terminal pseudanthium is very similar to a true flower. In some cases, elaborated TFLS could therefore have given rise to what are normally termed 'true' (i.e. euanthial) flowers. Data presented here on terminal pseudanthia in Potamogeton and Ruppia support a pseudanthial evolutionary origin of reproductive units in the alismatid families Zannichelliaceae and Cymodoceaceae. Furthermore, in some alismatid species, either the entire inflorescence apex or an individual primordium at or near the inflorescence tip can be transformed into a filamentous or tubular (or intermediate) structure. A tubular structure enclosing stamens and carpels is described in Piper. This indicates that pseudanthium formation can provoke morphological novelties, perhaps due to new patterns of overlap between expression zones of regulatory genes and/or new spatial constraints.
    背景与目标: : 末端花状结构 (tfl) 出现在许多被子植物中,这些被子植物具有不确定的花序,例如穗状花序,总状花序或穗状花序。我们描述并审查了早期发散的被子植物中的tfl,尤其是木兰状的Piperales和单子叶植物的Alismatales,其中的花卉解释是有争议的。基本上相似的tfl出现在广泛的分类单元中。在木兰属植物中,它们出现在某些胡椒中 (Saururaceae和一些胡椒科),但在金黄科中却没有。在单子叶植物中,它们出现在一些早期发散的家族中,例如橡果科,木瓜科,木瓜科,木瓜科和Ruppiaceae。在拟南芥的突变体中记录了具有模糊器官身份的类似tfl。Tfl通常可以解释为假单胞菌 (减少的花朵的紧密聚集),但在某些情况下,整个终端假单胞菌与真正的花朵非常相似。因此,在某些情况下,精心制作的tfl可能会产生通常称为 “真” (即euanthial) 的花朵。此处提供的有关Potamogeton和Ruppia的末端假单胞菌的数据支持了泽泻科Zannichelliaceae和Cymodoceaceae中生殖单位的假单胞菌进化起源。此外,在某些泽泻物种中,整个花序先端或花序尖端处或附近的单个原基可以转化为丝状或管状 (或中间) 结构。Piper中描述了包围雄蕊和心皮的管状结构。这表明假单胞菌的形成可能会引起形态上的新颖性,这可能是由于调控基因表达区之间的新重叠模式和/或新的空间限制所致。
  • 【滴答控制: 对研究议程的进一步思考。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.pt.2006.09.003 复制DOI
    作者列表:Sonenshine DE,Kocan KM,de la Fuente J
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Tick control is a subject that has stimulated intense interest for more than a century. This article is a commentary on the research needs for tick control proposed in Peter Willadsen's recent article and it calls attention to tick control strategies that were either poorly represented or omitted from the latter. Special consideration is given to host-targeted devices to control disease vector ticks infesting wildlife, to pheromone-impregnated decoys for attracting and killing ticks in the natural environment and on hosts, and to more up-to-date advances in vaccine development.
    背景与目标: : Tick控制是一个多世纪以来激发人们强烈兴趣的主题。本文是对Peter Willadsen最近的文章中提出的tick控制的研究需求的评论,它引起了人们对tick控制策略的关注,这些策略在后者中表现不佳或被省略。特别考虑了以宿主为目标的装置,以控制感染野生动物的病媒蜱,在自然环境和宿主上吸引和杀死蜱的信息素浸渍诱饵,以及疫苗开发的最新进展。
  • 【在网络上进行研究: 生物信息学链接目录的2007更新。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1093/nar/gkm459 复制DOI
    作者列表:Fox JA,McMillan S,Ouellette BF
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The Bioinformatics Links Directory, http://bioinformatics.ca/links_directory, is an actively maintained compilation of servers published in this and previous issues of Nucleic Acids Research issues together with many other useful tools, databases and resources for life sciences research. The 2007 update includes the 130 websites highlighted in the July 2007 Web Server issue of Nucleic Acids Research and brings the total number of servers listed in the Bioinformatics Links Directory to just under 1200 links. In addition to the updated content, the 2007 update of the Bioinformatics Links Directory includes new features for improved navigation, accessibility and open data exchange. A complete listing of all links listed in this Nucleic Acids Research 2007 Web Server issue can be accessed online at, http://bioinformatics.ca/links_directory/narweb2007. The 2007 update of the Bioinformatics Links Directory, which includes the Web Server list and summaries is also available online, at the Nucleic Acids Research web site, http://nar.oupjournals.org.
    背景与目标: : 生物信息学链接目录,http://bioinformatics.ca/links_directory,是一个积极维护的服务器汇编,该服务器在本期和以前的《核酸研究问题》中发表,以及许多其他有用的工具,数据库和生命科学研究资源。2007更新包括在核酸研究的2007年7月网络服务器问题中突出显示的130个网站,并使生物信息学链接目录中列出的服务器总数不到1200个链接。除了更新的内容外,生物信息学链接目录的2007更新还包括用于改进导航,可访问性和开放数据交换的新功能。可以通过http://bioinformatics.ca/links_directory/narweb2007在线访问此核酸研究2007 Web服务器问题中列出的所有链接的完整列表。生物信息学链接目录 (包括Web服务器列表和摘要) 的2007更新也可在http://nar.oupjournals.org的核酸研究网站上在线获得。

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