BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Hemolytic reactions are adverse complications associated with red blood cell transfusion. These reactions are associated with clinically important erythrocyte antigens, such as those of Duffy blood Meny (2010). Individuals with the Duffy null phenotype Fy (a-b-) are more likely to develop an alloimmunization reaction, resulting in an incompatibility with all available red blood cell units, thus increasing the risk of complications from their underlying disease Höher et al. (2018). Hence, it is important to determine the prevalence of the Fy (a-b-) phenotype in blood donors in our population and to create a database to ensure safe transfusion in patients with this phenotype. Moreover, we intend to establish whether there is any relationship between individuals with this phenotype and the sickle cell trait. We conducted this study to measure the prevalence of the Fy (a-b-) phenotype in our blood donors. MATERIALS AND METHODS:This prospective, descriptive study included black blood donors visiting the blood bank of a tertiary care university hospital between January 2019 and July 2019. We used Fitzpatrick classification phototype VI and self-identification to select donors in the study. The presence of the Duffy antigens Fya and Fyb was determined by the Coombs test using monoclonal antibodies. To establish the presence of hemoglobin S (HbS) and sickle cell traits, a hemoglobin electrophoresis test was performed. RESULTS:We included 166 patients in the study. Seventy-nine donors were identified as having Fy (a-b-). The prevalence of the Fy (a-b-) phenotype was 48 %. Sickle cell trait hemoglobinopathy was found in 6 blood donors (8%). CONCLUSION:This information is relevant for the implementation of a database of blood donors to guarantee the safety of transfusion in patients with a Fitzpatrick skin type 6at our institution. Moreover, it may provide information of interest to other blood banks in case donors with this phenotype are needed. No significant association was found between the donor Fy (a-b-) phenotype and the sickle cell trait.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Thirty-one of 75 extracts of plants used by traditional healers for snakebites, had moderate or high neutralizing ability against the haemorrhagic effect of Bothrops atrox venom from Antioquia and Chocó, north-western Colombia. After preincubation of several doses of every extract (7.8-4000 microg/mouse) with six minimum haemorrhagic doses (10 microg) of venom, 12 of them demonstrated 100% neutralizing capacity when the mixture was i.d. injected into mice (18-20 g). These were the stem barks of Brownea rosademonte (Caesalpiniaceae) and Tabebuia rosea (Bignoniaceae); the whole plants of Pleopeltis percussa (Polypodiaceae), Trichomanes elegans (Hymenophyllaceae) and Senna dariensis (Caesalpiniaceae); rhizomes of Heliconia curtispatha (Heliconiaceae); leaves and branches of Bixa orellana (Bixaceae), Philodendron tripartitum (Araceae), Struthanthus orbicularis (Loranthaceae) and Gonzalagunia panamensis (Rubiaceae); the ripe fruits of Citrus limon (Rutaceae); leaves, branches and stem of Ficus nymphaeifolia (Moraceae). Extracts of another 19 species showed moderate neutralization (21-72%) at doses up to 4 mg/mouse, e.g. the whole plants of Aristolochia grandiflora (Aristolochiaceae), Columnea kalbreyeriana (Gesneriaceae), Sida acuta (Malvaceae), Selaginella articulata (Selaginellaceae) and Pseudoelephantopus spicatus (Asteraceae); rhizomes of Renealmia alpinia (Zingiberaceae); the stem of Strychnos xinguensis (Loganiaceae); leaves, branches and stems of Hyptis capitata (Lamiaceae), Ipomoea cairica (Convolvulaceae), Neurolaena lobata (Asteraceae), Ocimum micranthum (Lamiaceae), Piper pulchrum (Piperaceae), Siparuna thecaphora (Monimiaceae), Castilla elastica (Moraceae) and Allamanda cathartica (Apocynaceae); the macerated ripe fruits of Capsicum frutescens (Solanaceae); the unripe fruits of Crescentia cujete (Bignoniaceae); leaves and branches of Piper arboreum (Piperaceae) and Passiflora quadrangularis (Passifloraceae). When the extracts were independently administered by oral, i.p. or i.v. route either before or after an i.d. venom injection (10 microg), neutralization of haemorrhage dropped below 25% for all the extracts. Additionally, B. rosademonte and P. percussa extracts were able to inhibit the proteolytic activity of B. atrox venom on casein.

背景与目标： : 传统治疗师用于蛇咬伤的75种植物提取物中有31种具有中等或较高的中和能力，可抵抗来自哥伦比亚西北部安蒂奥基亚和乔科的Bothrops atrox毒液的出血作用。在将几种剂量的每种提取物 (7.8-4000微克/小鼠) 与六种最小出血性剂量 (10微克) 的毒液预孵育后，当混合物为i.d.时，其中12种表现出100% 的中和能力。注射到小鼠体内 (18-20g)。这些是Brownea rosademonte (Caesalpiniaceae) 和Tabebuia rosea (Bignoniaceae) 的茎皮; 百叶 (Polypodiaceae)，秀丽隐杆线虫 (Hymenophyllaceae) 和Senna dariensis (Caesalpiniaceae) 的整个植物; Heliconia curtisspatha (Heliconiaceae) 的根茎; orellana (Bixaceae) 的叶子和树枝，philodendron tripartetum (天南星科) 、弓形龙 (Loranthaceae) 和Gonzalagunia panamensis (茜草科); 柑橘利蒙 (芸香科) 的成熟果实; 若叶榕 (桑科) 的叶、枝和茎。另外19个物种的提取物以高达4 mg/小鼠的剂量显示出中等中和作用 (21-72%)，例如马兜铃 (马兜铃科)，小柱 (苦苣苔科)，Sida acuta (锦葵科)，卷柏 (卷柏科) 和假象鼻 (菊科) 的全株; 山姜属 (姜科) 的根茎; 新果属 (Loganiaceae) 的茎; 头孢属 (唇形科)，山姜属 (Ipomoea cairica) (旋花科)，小叶 (菊科)，花叶 (柳叶草科)，花叶 (唇形科)，胡椒 (胡椒科)，天花 (天花科)，天花 (天花科)，天花 (天花科)，castilla elastica (桑科) 和Allamanda cathartica (夹竹桃科); 辣椒粉 (茄科) 的浸软成熟果实; Crescentia cujete (紫花科) 的未成熟果实; Piper arboreum (Piperaceae) 和西番莲 (西番莲科) 的叶子和树枝。当提取物通过口服独立给药时，ip。或者静脉注射在身份证之前或之后的路线。对于所有提取物，注射毒液 (10微克)，出血的中和度降至25% 以下。此外，rosademonte和P. percussa提取物能够抑制B. atrox毒液对酪蛋白的蛋白水解活性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Nevado del Ruiz volcano (NRV), Columbia, is one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world and caused the death of 25,000 people in 1985. Using a new algorithm for repeated tomography, we have found a prominent seismic anomaly with high values of the Vp/Vs ratio at depths of 2-5 km below the surface, which is associated with a shallow magma reservoir. The amplitude and shape of this anomaly changed during the current phase of unrest which began in 2010. We interpret these changes as due to the ascent of gas bubbles through magma and to degassing of the reservoir. In 2011-2014, most of this gas escaped through permeable roof rocks, feeding surface fumarole activity and leading to a gradual decrease of the Vp/Vs ratio in the reservoir. This trend was reversed in 2015-2016 due to replenishment of the reservoir by a new batch of volatile-rich magma likely to sustain further volcanic activity. It is argued that the recurring "breathing" of the shallow reservoir is the main cause of current eruptions at NRV.

背景与目标： : 哥伦比亚的Nevado del Ruiz火山 (NRV) 是世界上最危险的火山之一，1985年造成25,000人死亡。使用重复层析成像的新算法，我们发现了一个突出的地震异常，在地表以下2-5 km km的深度处具有较高的Vp/Vs比值，这与浅层岩浆储层有关。在2010年开始的当前动荡阶段，这种异常的幅度和形状发生了变化。我们将这些变化解释为由于通过岩浆的气泡上升以及储层的脱气。在2011-2014年，大部分气体通过可渗透的屋顶岩石逸出，为地表喷气孔活动供料，并导致储层中Vp/Vs比逐渐降低。2015-2016年，由于一批新的富含挥发性的岩浆可能会维持进一步的火山活动，从而补充了储层，这一趋势被逆转。有人认为，浅层水库的反复 “呼吸” 是NRV当前喷发的主要原因。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:The pfmdr1 gene of Plasmodium falciparum has been described as a gene conferring resistance to several antimalarial drugs. In particular, polymorphisms on specific codons have been associated with resistance and treatment failure with cloroquine, amodiaquine and mefloquine. However, the role of these polymorphisms in treatment response to antimalarials remains unexplored in Colombia. Furthermore, the relationship of these polymorphisms to severe malaria is unknown. OBJECTIVE:This work studied the association of the Asn 86Tyr and Asp1246Tyr pfmdr1 polymorphisms with response to cloroquine, amodiaquine and mefloquine treatment in three municipalities of Antioquia, and severe malaria cases from the municipality Tumaco. MATERIALS AND METHODS:The polymorphisms were assessed by nucleic acid amplification followed by restriction length polymorphism analysis. RESULTS:The wild-type codon Asn 86 was detected in 97% of the clinical samples from the treatment response study. No association was detected between this polymorphism and treatment failure to the three antimalarials administered. The 1246Tyr polymorphism was detected with a higher frequency in the samples from Antioquia 92% (130/141) than in those from Tumaco 22% (20/89). However, again, no association was found between the presence of a specific polymorphism and the presence of severe malaria in the municipality of Tumaco. CONCLUSIONS:The 86Tyr and 1246Tyr polymorphisms of the pfmdr1 gene are not useful as predictors of treatment failure or severe malaria in the municipalities studied. In addition, we report for the first time, the presence of the mutant codon 86Tyr in field samples in South America.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Human hair samples from male and female people aged 6-85 years, as well as muscle of crabs (Callinectes sapidus and Callinectes bocourti) were collected from different fishing places along the Caribbean coastal shoreline of Colombia and analyzed for total mercury (T-Hg) in order to establish the impact of mercury-polluted sediments in Cartagena bay on the ecosystem. Hair T-Hg in inhabitants varied between 0.1 and 21.8 microg/g, with average and median of 1.52 microg/g and 1.1 microg/g, respectively. Differences between sampling locations were significant (P<0.01) and median values decreased in the order: Caño del Oro (1.5 microg/g)

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To deliver, through children, educational messages to families in Neiva, the capital city of the department of Huila, in Colombia. METHODS:An educational project was developed to include, in schoolchildren's natural sciences and environmental education curriculum, basic education on dengue, its vector, and its control. Through surveys and Likert scales, the knowledge and attitudes in the schoolchildren's homes were determined. This was complemented with open-ended interviews that reflected cultural aspects in the area of health and how dengue disease is a part of people's lives. Before and after the intervention, larval infestation indices were determined for the schoolchildren's homes. RESULTS:A cultural pattern was found for the disease that differentiated between rompehuesos (breakbone fever) and "dengue". Rompehuesos corresponds, in popular terms, to classical dengue, a disease that can be dealt with using family and community resources. Institutional medicine, by means of its health agencies and health workers, as well as the communications media, has managed to superimpose another model: that which is associated with dengue hemorrhagic fever. DISCUSSION:Alternatives are considered for prevention efforts that would be sufficient for the conditions in which the vector's cycle occurs in Neiva. Also presented are the community's disease model and the survey results. Together, these elements can guide the formulation and development of educational efforts.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Aedes aegypti, the major vector of dengue, breeds in domestic water containers. The development of immature mosquitoes in such containers is influenced by various environmental, ecological and socioeconomic factors. Urban and rural disparities in water storage practices and water source supply may affect mosquito immature abundance and, potentially, dengue risk. We evaluated the effect of water and container characteristics on A. aegypti immature abundance in urban and rural areas. Data were collected in the wet season of 2011 in central Colombia from 36 urban and 35 rural containers, which were either mosquito-positive or negative. Immature mosquitoes were identified to species. Data on water and container characteristics were collected from all containers. RESULTS:A total of 1452 Aedes pupae and larvae were collected of which 81% were A. aegypti and 19% A. fluviatilis. Aedes aegypti immatures were found in both urban and rural sites. However, the mean number of A. aegypti pupae was five times higher in containers in the urban sites compared to those in the rural sites. One of the important factors associated with A. aegypti infestation was frequency of container washing. Monthly-washed or never-washed containers were both about four times more likely to be infested than those washed every week. There were no significant differences between urban and rural sites in frequency of washing containers. Aedes aegypti immature infestation was positively associated with total dissolved solids, but negatively associated with dissolved oxygen. Water temperature, total dissolved solids, ammonia, nitrate, and organic matter were significantly higher in urban than in rural containers, which might explain urban-rural differences in breeding of A. aegypti. However, many of these factors vary substantially between studies and in their degree of association with vector breeding, therefore they may not be reliable indices for vector control interventions. CONCLUSIONS:Although containers in urban areas were more likely to be infested with A. aegypti, rural containers still provide suitable habitats for A. aegypti. Containers that are washed more frequent are less likely to produce A. aegypti. These results highlight the importance of container washing as an effective vector control tool in both urban and rural areas. In addition, alternative designs of the highly productive washbasins should continue to be explored. To control diseases such as dengue, Zika and chikungunya, effective vector breeding site control must be implemented in addition to other interventions.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:American cutaneous leishmaniasis is endemic in Colombia, where approximately 6.000 new cases are reported every year. Current prevention and control measures are restricted to the diagnosis and treatment of cases. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the efficacy of a multifaceted intervention to prevent the transmission of Leishmania in the endemic focus of Tumaco, on the Pacific Coast of Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS:A group-randomized trial was conducted. Twenty villages were matched according to prevalence of Leishmania infection, number of inhabitants and level of community participation, and then randomly assigned to intervention or control. The intervention included deltamethrin-impregnated bednets, repellent (20% diethyltoluamide and 0.5% permethrin), modification of sand fly resting sites, and health education. Villages were under surveillance for one year and the use of the intervention measures monitored. The incidence of American cutaneous leishmaniasis and Leishmania infection in the two groups were compared, adherence to the intervention and adverse events were monitored, and the results were adjusted for village intraclass correlation. RESULTS:Ten cases of American cutaneous leishmaniasis were confirmed in the intervention and 23 in the control group, OR = 0.42, 95% CI 0.14-1.26. The intervention had a greater effect in children < 10 years old, in people living on the periphery of the village and in villages with a prevalence of infection in small children > 1%. Adverse events associated with the use of the bednets and the repellent were reported in 2% of the participants and were always mild. CONCLUSION:Incident cases of American cutaneous leishmaniasis were reduced by 58% in the intervention group. However, the small number of cases renders the effect estimate imprecise and precludes us to claim a protective effect for the intervention. Specific populations could be the targets of simpler and more cost-effective interventions in the future.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Anti-platelet therapy, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers, beta-blockers and statins are cost-effective in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD) for reducing the risk of ASCVD events. Unfortunately, there is abundant evidence that adherence to these cardiovascular medications is far from ideal. A recent Cochrane review showed a potential beneficial effect of Short Message Service (SMS) interventions on adherence to medication in ASCVD patients. METHODS AND ANALYSIS:The txt2heart study is a pragmatic randomised single-blind controlled trial. The objective is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of an intervention with SMS messages delivered by mobile phones to improve adherence to cardiovascular medications in patients with ASCVD. The intervention consists of behavioural techniques delivered via SMS. The primary outcome is change in blood serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels as an indicator of adherence to statins. Secondary outcomes will include systolic blood pressure as an indicator of adherence to blood-lowering therapies and heart rate as an indicator of adherence to beta-blockers, urine levels of 11-dehydrothromboxane B2, self-reported adherence to cardiovascular medications and rates of cardiovascular death or hospitalisation due to cardiovascular disease. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION:The study will be performed in compliance with the protocol, regulatory requirements, Good Clinical Practice and ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The Ethics Committee of Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia evaluated and approved the trial. The txt2heart Colombia trial aims to provide robust evidence to evaluate whether SMS messages delivered through mobile telephones change the behaviour of Colombian patients who have suffered a cardiovascular event. Trial results will be presented to the local health authorities, and if the intervention is effective and safe, we hope this strategy will be implemented quickly because of its low cost and wide-reaching impact on the population. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER:NCT03098186.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In this study a techno-economic analysis of the production of bioethanol from four lignocellusic (Sugarcane bagasse, Coffee cut-stems, Rice Husk, and Empty Fruit Bunches) residues is presented for the Colombian case. The ethanol production was evaluated using Aspen Plus and Aspen Process Economic Analyzer carrying out the simulation and the economic evaluation, respectively. Simulations included the composition of lignocellulosic residues, which was determined experimentally. It was found that empty fruit bunches presents the highest ethanol yield from a dry basis point of view (313.83 L/t), while rice husk produced less ethanol (250.56 L/t). The ethanol production cost was assessed for the standalone ethanol plant and the ethanol plant coupled with a cogeneration system. Moreover, ethanol production cost using EFB was the lowest with (0.49 US$/L) and without (0.58 US$/L) cogeneration scheme.

背景与目标： : 在这项研究中，对哥伦比亚的四种木质素 (甘蔗渣，咖啡切茎，稻壳和空水果串) 残留物生产生物乙醇进行了技术经济分析。使用Aspen Plus和Aspen过程经济分析仪分别进行了模拟和经济评估，对乙醇生产进行了评估。模拟包括木质纤维素残基的组成，这是通过实验确定的。已发现，从干基的角度来看，空的水果束表现出最高的乙醇产量 (313.83 L/t)，而稻壳产生的乙醇较少 (250.56 L/t)。评估了独立乙醇工厂和乙醇工厂与热电联产系统的乙醇生产成本。此外，在 (0.49美元/升) 和没有 (0.58美元/升) 热电联产方案的情况下，使用EFB的乙醇生产成本最低。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-type enzymes have largely disseminated worldwide among K. pneumoniae isolates. In this study, 11 non-K. pneumoniae KPC-producing enterobacterial isolates from four hospitals located in different Colombian cities were genetically investigated. All isolates were multidrug-resistant and harboured the bla(KPC-2) gene along with several other acquired β-lactamase genes. The bla(KPC-2) gene was associated with transposon Tn4401b inserted in different loci of plasmids varying in size and replicon type. The presence of KPC-2 in different enterobacterial species from different cities within Colombia underlines the spread of KPC beyond K. pneumoniae.

背景与目标： : 肺炎克雷伯菌碳青霉烯酶 (KPC) 型酶已在全球范围内广泛传播。肺炎克雷伯菌分离株。在这项研究中，对来自哥伦比亚不同城市的四家医院的11种非肺炎克雷伯菌产肠杆菌分离株进行了基因研究。所有分离株均具有多药耐药性，并带有bla(KPC-2) 基因以及其他几种获得的 β-内酰胺酶基因。bla(KPC-2) 基因与转座子Tn4401b相关，转座子Tn4401b插入不同大小和复制子类型的质粒的不同位点。来自哥伦比亚不同城市的不同肠杆菌物种中存在KPC-2，这突显了KPC在肺炎克雷伯菌以外的传播。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in children. Viruses are the main etiological agents, and their behavior tends to be seasonal and vary by geographical location. Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) has recently been described as a cause of severe acute respiratory infection and its prevalence and clinical behavior in children at moderate altitudes is unknown. METHODS:A cross-sectional study was carried out on patients seen at a university hospital in Bogotá, Colombia between October 2015 and December 2017 in a city at a moderate altitude above sea level. Children with acute respiratory infections who had had a multiplex RT-PCR assay were selected. The prevalence of HMPV infection, its clinical outcomes and its relationship to rainfall were evaluated. RESULTS:Out of a total of 14,760 discharged patients, multiplex RT-PCR was performed on 502 and a virus was detected in 420 children with acute respiratory infection (ARI). The study group had a median age of 21 months (IQR 7-60), with similar proportion of males and females (56.4 and 43.6% respectively) and 5.2% (CI 95 3.3-7.8%) prevalence of HMPV infection. The group with HMPV infection showed a greater frequency of viral coinfection (22.7% vs 14% P = 0.03) compared with ARI caused by other viruses. The rate of bacterial coinfection (P = 0.31), presence of comorbidities (p = 0.75), length of hospital stay (P = 0.42), need for mechanical ventilation (P = 0.75) and mortality (P = 0.22) were similar for HMPV and other viral infections. A moderate correlation was established between HMPV infection and rainfall peaks (Spearman's Rho 0.44 p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS:Human metapneumovirus was the fifth most frequently isolated virus in children with ARI, had similar clinical behavior and severity to other viruses but a higher rate of viral coinfection. Its peaks seem to correlate to rainy seasons.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:A common recommendation is to reduce the consumption of snack food and replace this consumption with nutrient-dense foods. The objective was to assess whether in Colombian children and adults there were changes in the consumption of the snack dietary pattern (SP) in the 5 years 2010-2015. In addition, this study aimed to establish the relationship between the SP and some biological, socioeconomic, and geographic variables in Colombia, South America. METHODS:Based on a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) applied both in 2010 and 2015 in the national nutritional situation surveys, the adherence to the snack consumption pattern was established through factor analysis. The change in the adherence of consumption to the SP was established for the five-year period [2015 minus 2010], using multiple linear regression models. Crude and adjusted differences were estimated by the following covariables: sex, age, marital status, food security, wealth index, ethnicity, education of the head of the household, area and region. In total, 37,981 subjects were analyzed. In 2010, 10,150 children (5 to 17 years old) and 5145 adults (18 to 64 years old) were included, and in 2015, 13,243 children and 9443 adults. RESULTS:In children, the adjusted difference in the adherence to SP was - 0.37 (95% CI: - 0.42, - 0.32). In adults, the adjusted difference in the adherence to SP was - 0.27 (95% CI: - 0.31, - 0.24). In all categories of covariables, consumption decreased, for all p < 0.0001. In children, the decrease in consumption was inversely associated with height-age. The decrease was smaller at the extremes of the BMI distribution, Z < -2 and Z > 2. The decrease in consumption was directly associated with the level of food security in the home and the wealth index. In adults, the decrease in consumption was inversely related to age and was directly related to the level of food security of the household, wealth index, and education level. The BMI decrease was greater in subjects with 18.5-24.9. In subjects with 30+, it was lower than in subjects with 25.0-29.9. CONCLUSIONS:In the 5 years 2010-2015, snack consumption is decreasing. The region, the richest subjects, those with adequate BMI, and in households with more educated heads of household, achieved a greater decrease in SP.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The purpose of this research project was to study the relationship between drug consumption and sexual practices in teenagers in the city of Medellin, Colombia. A transversal studied was designed in order to identify the variables related to having had sexual intercourse under the effects of drugs or alcohol. The sample was made up of 955 teenagers between 14 and 17, who were in 9th, 10th and 11th grades in public and private schools in the city of Medellin. The results show that the prevalence of drug and alcohol influence in sexual intercourse is 43,67%. The most common drugs used for sexual practices are alcohol, marihuana, popper, cocaine and ecstasy. Consuming alcohol or drugs and having sexual practices shows an associated meaningful statistic (p= .001). The more common sexual practices under psychoactive substances are the exploratory ones (caresses and touching) (71%), vaginal penetration (63.67%), oral sex (45.30%) and masturbation (19.59%). Regarding the protection methods during sexual intercourse under drug or alcohol influence 55,9% always use a condom, 37,3% sometimes use it, and 6,8% never do it. This study proves what had been previously established by other research projects that show a high statistic association between drug consumption and sexual practices, but realizes that there is no statistically significant association between sexual practices under the influence of alcohol or drugs and the use or non-use of protective methods, which is the most important finding.

背景与目标： : 该研究项目的目的是研究哥伦比亚麦德林市青少年吸毒与性行为之间的关系。设计了横向研究，以确定与在药物或酒精作用下进行性交有关的变量。样本由955名14至17岁的青少年组成，他们分别在麦德林市的公立和私立学校中处于9、10和11年级。结果表明，毒品和酒精在性交中的患病率为43，67%。用于性行为的最常见药物是酒精，大麻，波普，可卡因和摇头丸。饮酒或吸毒和性行为显示了相关的有意义的统计 (p = .001)。精神活性物质下更常见的性行为是探索性行为 (爱抚和触摸) (71%)，阴道渗透 (63.67%)，口交 (45.30%) 和手淫 (19.59%)。关于在毒品或酒精影响下性交时的保护方法55，9% 总是使用避孕套，37，3% 有时会使用，6,8% 从不这样做。这项研究证明了以前由其他研究项目建立的东西，这些项目显示了毒品消费和性行为之间的高度统计关联，但意识到在酒精或毒品的影响下的性行为与使用或不使用保护性方法之间没有统计学上的显著关联，这是最重要的发现。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Despite advances in the treatment of malnutrition in pediatric hospitals, this remains a problem that must be recognized and to call the attention of academia and health authorities to be handled in time. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the nutritional status of hospitalized children at a referral teaching hospital and to describe the current prevalence of malnutrition. METHODS:The study was conducted during the months of February, March and April 2010 at the University Hospital Rafael Henao Toro Colombian Red Cross in Manizales, Colombia, South America. We evaluated all patients admitted to a day of each month by calculating the Z score of the, weight for age, height or length for age, body mass index, mid-arm circumference, triceps and subscapular folds for children under 5 years and height for age and body mass index for school children and adolescents. RESULTS:A total of 174 children (age 1-216 mo) were evaluated during the 3-days survey. There were 52.8% children less than 60 months old, 17.2% between 61 and 120 months and 29.9% over 121 months. There were 44.3% females and 55.7% males. Children from the urban residence were 83.3% and 16.6% were rural. The overall prevalence of underweight was 27%, stunting 22.4%, wasting 16.6% and overweight and obesity 6.3%. Males less than five years old were more affected than older children. Rural children were more affected than urban children. The prevalence of overweight children was greater in children 61-120 months than other ages. CONCLUSION:Given the observed levels of malnutrition, it takes up a system for early identification of children hospitalized with nutritional risk in order to provide adequate and timely support and prevent hospital-acquired malnutrition. This requires the use of previously validated pediatric protocols.

背景与目标：