BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Collaboration between Alaska Native communities and the academe is very important. This project focused on disseminating research findings to communities in a manner that is culturally appropriate and useful in planning the communities' next steps. The project relied on a collaborative process, described in terms of the activities that transpired, the approaches taken, the challenges, the lessons learned, and some examples of the final disseminated material.

背景与目标： : 阿拉斯加土著社区与学术界之间的合作非常重要。该项目侧重于以文化上适当且有助于规划社区下一步行动的方式向社区传播研究结果。该项目依赖于协作过程，该过程根据所开展的活动，所采取的方法，挑战，汲取的经验教训以及最终传播材料的一些示例进行了描述。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIM:Neonatal surgery in low-income and middle-income countries has a poorer outcome when compared with high-income countries. This study evaluated the management challenges and outcomes of neonatal surgery before and after the introduction of focused interdisciplinary team management in 2013. METHODS:We retrospectively analysed neonatal surgery undertaken at two referral hospitals in Enugu, south-eastern Nigeria from January 2011 to November 2015. Cases managed prior to July 2013 (group A) were compared with those managed from July 2013 (group B). RESULTS:There were 91 cases (group A, 47; group B, 44). The common neonatal conditions were oesophageal atresia (21), anorectal malformation (18) and intestinal atresia (18). The surgical conditions, birthweight, age at presentation and associated anomalies did not differ in the two groups. The treatment was also similar except in oesophageal atresia, where cardiac banding was added to the temporary gastrostomy in late presenting cases with undernutrition in group B. Postoperative complications occurred in 43 (47.3%) cases (group A, 55.3%; group B, 38.6%; P > 0.05), and the overall mortality was 33 (35.3%: group A, 48.9%; group B, 22.7%: P < 0.05). Causes of mortality were unremitting sepsis (group A, 11; group B, 5), anaesthesia complications (group A, 5; group B, 0) and respiratory complication (group A, 7; group B, 5). Delayed presentation, inadequate facilities and defective health insurance scheme were challenges in the two groups. CONCLUSION:Despite the persisting challenges, co-ordinated team management may result in the modest improvement of outcomes of neonatal surgery in our setting. Addressing these challenges may further improve outcomes.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The near-ubiquitous use of smartphones and the rapid emergence of free, widely used, social media platforms have combined to turbocharge the dissemination of information at a scale and speed that would have been unimaginable just a few years ago. Increasingly, internet-savvy pathologists of all ages from every corner of the world are flipping the paradigm of traditional academia by posting educational content online free of charge, unencumbered by the limitations of traditional print media and educational conferences. These platforms are being used in innovative ways, not just to disseminate research findings, but also to create new knowledge through using them to empower research collaborations. In this review, we outline ways in which social media platforms, such as Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube, are being used by pathologists to enhance academic work and facilitate the dissemination of research. We outline key differences between the various platforms with respect to pathology academics and research, and describe key areas in which these platforms have already made an impact. These include rapid dissemination of research findings to a worldwide audience, live transnational discussion of journal articles and conference proceedings, intercontinental networking between pathologists for academic purposes, free education on a global scale at minimal or no cost, and research collaborations initiated on and facilitated by social media platforms. Finally, we provide practical tips for pathologists who wish to adopt these novel 21st-century technologies to enhance their academic endeavours.

背景与目标： : 智能手机几乎无处不在的使用和免费、广泛使用的社交媒体平台的迅速出现，共同推动了信息传播的规模和速度，这在几年前是不可想象的。来自世界各个角落的各个年龄段的精通互联网的病理学家越来越多地通过免费在线发布教育内容来颠覆传统学术界的范式，而不受传统印刷媒体和教育会议的限制。这些平台正在以创新的方式使用，不仅是为了传播研究结果，而且还通过使用它们来增强研究合作的能力来创造新知识。在这篇评论中，我们概述了病理学家使用Twitter，Facebook和YouTube等社交媒体平台来增强学术工作并促进研究传播的方式。我们概述了各种平台在病理学学术和研究方面的主要差异，并描述了这些平台已经产生影响的关键领域。其中包括向全球受众快速传播研究成果，期刊文章和会议记录的现场跨国讨论，病理学家之间出于学术目的的洲际网络，在全球范围内以最低或免费的费用进行免费教育，以及在社交媒体平台上发起并促进的研究合作。最后，我们为希望采用这些新颖的21世纪技术来增强其学术成就的病理学家提供实用技巧。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Introduction:The identification, communication and management of health risk is a core task of Community Health Workers who operate at the boundaries of community and primary care, often through not-for-profit community interest companies. However, there are few opportunities or resources for workforce development. Publicly funded researchers have an obligation to be useful to the public and furthermore, university funding is increasingly contingent on demonstrating the social impact of academic research. Collaborative work with participants and other stakeholders can have reciprocal benefits to all but may be daunting to some researchers, unused to such approaches. Methods:This case study is an account of the co-creation of a (freely accessible) workforce development toolkit, as part of a collaboration between academics, community interest companies, patients and services users and arts practitioners. Results:Our collaborative group produced three short films, fictionalising encounters between Community Health Workers and their clients. These were used within a series of five discussion-led workshops with facilitator guidance to explore issues generated by the films. Two collaborating community-based, not-for-profit organisations piloted the toolkit before its launch. Conclusion:We aim to encourage other academics to maximise the impact of their own research through collaborative projects with those outside of academia, including research participants and to consider the potential value of arts-based approaches to explore and facilitate reflection on complex tasks and tensions that make up daily work practices. Whilst publication of findings from such projects may be commonplace, accounts of the process are unusual. This detailed account highlights some of the benefits and challenges involved.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) represents a significant proportion of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). The US Department of Health and Human Services issued a plan to reduce HAIs with a target 25% reduction of CAUTI by 2013. Michigan's successful collaborative to reduce unnecessary use of urinary catheters and CAUTI was based on a partnership between diverse hospitals, the state hospital association (SHA), and academic medical centers. Taking the lessons learned from Michigan, we are now spreading this work throughout the 50 states. This national spread leverages the expertise of different groups and organizations for the unified goal of reducing catheter-related harm. The key components of the project are (1) centralized coordination of the effort and dissemination of information to SHAs and hospitals, (2) data collection based on established definitions and approaches, (3) focused guidance on the technical practices that will prevent CAUTI, (4) emphasis on understanding the socioadaptive aspects (both the general, unit-wide issues and CAUTI-specific challenges), and (5) partnering with specialty organizations and governmental agencies who have expertise in the relevant subject area. The work may serve in the future as a model for other large improvement efforts to address other hospital-acquired conditions, such as venous thromboembolism and falls.

背景与目标： : 导管相关尿路感染 (CAUTI) 在医疗保健相关感染 (HAIs) 中占很大比例。美国卫生与公共服务部发布了一项减少HAIs的计划，目标是25% 减少CAUTI 2013年。密歇根州成功地合作减少了不必要的导尿管和CAUTI的使用，这是基于多元化医院，州立医院协会 (SHA) 和学术医疗中心之间的合作伙伴关系。借鉴密歇根州的经验教训，我们现在将这项工作推广到50个州。这种全国性的传播利用了不同团体和组织的专业知识，以实现减少导管相关危害的统一目标。该项目的关键组成部分是 (1) 集中协调工作并向SHAs和医院传播信息，(2) 基于既定定义和方法的数据收集，(3) 重点指导将防止CAUTI的技术实践，(4) 强调了解社会适应性方面 (包括一般的，整个单位范围的问题和特定于CAUTI的挑战)，以及 (5) 与在相关主题领域具有专业知识的专业组织和政府机构合作。这项工作将来可能会成为其他大型改进工作的典范，以解决其他医院获得的疾病，例如静脉血栓栓塞和跌倒。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This article introduces a series of 4 original research reports that used varied qualitative methods for understanding an internationally diverse sample of clients' own accounts of corrective experiences (CEs), as they looked back on their completed psychotherapy. The basis for all studies, which were conducted across 4 different countries, was the Patients' Perceptions of Corrective Experiences in Individual Therapy (PPCEIT) semistructured interview protocol (Constantino, Angus, Friedlander, Messer, & Moertl, 2011). The PPCEIT interview assesses clients' retrospective accounts of aspects of self, other, and/or relationships that may have been corrected, and what they perceived as corrective experiences that facilitated such transformations. It also asks for specific, detailed examples of these accounts and experiences. Across all studies, the PPCEIT interview generated rich clinical material and resulting empirically generated themes that may inform clinical practice. After briefly defining the CE construct and highlighting a lack of research on clients' own accounts of such experiences, we describe the development of the PPCEIT interview (and provide the full interview manual and question protocol as appendices). We then summarize the foci of the culturally diverse reports in this series.

背景与目标： : 本文介绍了一系列4份原始研究报告，这些报告使用了各种定性方法来了解客户自己的纠正经验 (CEs) 的国际样本，因为他们回顾了他们完成的心理治疗。在4个不同国家进行的所有研究的基础是患者对个体治疗 (PPCEIT) 半结构化访谈协议 (Constantino，Angus，Friedlander，Messer和Moertl，2011) 中纠正经验的看法。PPCEIT访谈评估了客户对自我，其他和/或关系的方面的回顾性描述，这些方面可能已得到纠正，以及他们认为是促进这种转变的纠正性经历。它还要求提供这些说明和经验的具体、详细的例子。在所有研究中，PPCEIT访谈产生了丰富的临床材料，并根据经验产生了可能为临床实践提供信息的主题。在简要定义CE结构并强调缺乏对客户自己的此类经验的研究之后，我们描述了PPCEIT访谈的发展 (并提供完整的访谈手册和问题协议作为附录)。然后，我们总结了本系列中不同文化报道的重点。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:It is unclear which renal function equation, employing an isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS)-aligned creatinine assay, best predicts gentamicin clearance. METHODS:The performances of the Cockcroft-Gault, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study and Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equations for predicting gentamicin clearances were assessed retrospectively in 240 patients treated with gentamicin during 2011-2012, when the local creatinine assay was IDMS-aligned. Comparisons were based on the percentage within 30% of gentamicin clearance (P 30) and the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of each equation. Gentamicin clearance was calculated from plasma concentrations using a one-compartment model. RESULTS:The Cockcroft-Gault equation and the CKD-EPI equation corrected for individual body surface area (BSA) were associated with the highest P 30 (69% and 67%, respectively) and lowest RMSE (39 and 36 mL/min, respectively) in the 240 patients. Correction for individual BSA improved the performances of the MDRD Study and CKD-EPI equations in patients with body mass indices <18.5 or ≥30 kg/m(2). The equations systematically underestimated gentamicin clearance as gentamicin clearance increased, with performance being inferior with gentamicin clearance ≥90 versus <90 mL/min. CONCLUSIONS:The CKD-EPI equation corrected for individual BSA, and the Cockcroft-Gault equation, provided the best estimates of gentamicin clearance. The CKD-EPI and MDRD Study equations should be corrected for individual BSA at the extremes of body size, if used for guiding gentamicin therapy. The performances of the equations were inferior in patients with higher values of gentamicin clearance.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The National Tuberculosis Curriculum Consortium (NTCC) seeks to instill knowledge, skills, and appropriate attitudes in the management and control of tuberculosis (TB) among students in the health professions. Unlike other organizations that have produced quality educational materials aimed at practicing clinicians, public health workers, and the general public, the NTCC is primarily focused on undergraduate and graduate education. The NTCC includes geographically disparate faculty from schools of medicine, nursing, pharmacy, public health, respiratory therapy, clinical laboratory sciences, and physician assistant who are experts in the areas of TB, curriculum development, and educational computing. Collaboration occurs through meetings, phone conferences and an innovative web portal that provides a work zone used to develop, organize, and archive products and resources. A critical accomplishment of the Consortium has been the development of core competencies for TB education for graduates in each of the health care disciplines. Those for medical schools are presented in this article. Current NTCC efforts are directed at developing interactive materials for TB education that can be accessed by multi-disciplinary faculty, nationally and abroad. The collaborative effort of the NTCC serves as a model for future endeavors to strengthen curricula, particularly pertaining to health concerns that are best served by multi-disciplinary approaches.

背景与目标： : 国家结核病课程联盟 (NTCC) 旨在向卫生专业的学生灌输知识，技能和适当的态度来管理和控制结核病 (TB)。与其他组织制作了针对临床医生，公共卫生工作者和公众的高质量教育材料的组织不同，NTCC主要专注于本科和研究生教育。NTCC包括来自医学，护理，药学，公共卫生，呼吸治疗，临床实验室科学和医师助理学院的地理位置不同的教师，他们是结核病，课程开发和教育计算领域的专家。通过会议，电话会议和创新的web门户进行协作，该门户提供了用于开发，组织和存档产品和资源的工作区。该联盟的一项重要成就是为每个卫生保健学科的毕业生开发了结核病教育的核心能力。本文介绍了医学院的那些。NTCC当前的工作旨在开发用于结核病教育的交互式材料，国内外的多学科教师都可以使用这些材料。NTCC的合作努力是未来努力加强课程的典范，特别是与多学科方法最能解决的健康问题有关的课程。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:In response to the call for a baccalaureate-prepared nursing workforce versed in enhanced critical thinking, clinical judgment, and complex decision making, an innovative and highly accessible model for developing academic and clinical practice partnerships among stake-holders in nursing education was developed and implemented. METHOD:Participatory action research informed the qualitative research methodology for implementing the model. The model allows for a number of data collection points to ensure the needs and concerns of stakeholders were considered. RESULTS:Implementation of the model resulted in six new academic partnership agreements and two new clinical practice partnerships. CONCLUSION:Academic and clinical practice partnerships are integral to fostering mutual respect among stakeholder institutions, enhancing collaboration toward evidence-based practice and joint research efforts, and creating seamless pathways to academic progression in the nursing profession. Such collaborative efforts are paramount to easing the barriers to baccalaureate and advanced-degree preparation in nursing. [J Nurs Educ. 2020;59(4):203-209.].

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The authors discuss the growing movement in the United States to develop expanded school mental health programs. These programs represent partnerships between schools and community mental health agencies to expand the range of mental health services provided by schools. Such programs emphasize effective prevention, assessment, and intervention. The authors describe efforts that have been undertaken to improve the fragmented and incomplete nature of children's services and to proactively identify and address children's emotional and behavioral problems. They also discuss a strategy to improve youth mental health programs, which includes needs assessments and an analysis of existing programs in a community. They describe the augmenting roles played by the mental health and public health systems in expanding and improving school-based mental health services. The authors outline steps to minimize or avoid the turfism and negative attitudes that may arise among professionals from different disciplines when they collaborate to expand and improve school-based programs.

背景与目标： 作者讨论了美国发展扩大学校精神卫生项目的日益增长的运动。这些方案代表了学校和社区精神卫生机构之间的伙伴关系，以扩大学校提供的精神卫生服务的范围。此类计划强调有效的预防，评估和干预。作者描述了为改善儿童服务的零散和不完整的性质以及主动识别和解决儿童的情感和行为问题所做的努力。他们还讨论了改善青年精神卫生计划的战略，其中包括需求评估和对社区现有计划的分析。他们描述了精神卫生和公共卫生系统在扩大和改善校本精神卫生服务方面发挥的增强作用。作者概述了一些步骤，以最大程度地减少或避免来自不同学科的专业人员在合作以扩大和改善学校课程时可能出现的草皮主义和消极态度。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The German Association for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (DGPPN) has committed itself to establish a prospective national cohort of patients with major psychiatric disorders, the so-called DGPPN-Cohort. This project will enable the scientific exploitation of high-quality data and biomaterial from psychiatric patients for research. It will be set up using harmonised data sets and procedures for sample generation and guided by transparent rules for data access and data sharing regarding the central research database. While the main focus lies on biological research, it will be open to all kinds of scientific investigations, including epidemiological, clinical or health-service research.

背景与目标： : 德国精神病学和心理治疗协会 (DGPPN) 已承诺建立一个前瞻性的全国主要精神疾病患者队列，即所谓的DGPPN队列。该项目将使精神病患者的高质量数据和生物材料的科学开发用于研究。它将使用统一的数据集和样本生成程序进行设置，并以有关中央研究数据库的数据访问和数据共享的透明规则为指导。虽然主要重点是生物学研究，但它将对各种科学调查开放，包括流行病学，临床或卫生服务研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The purpose of this study was to examine collaboration relating to public health nursing in different sized Norwegian municipalities. It sought to gain insight into factors that are important for successful collaboration, frequency of meeting points for collaborating activities and missing professionals in different sized municipalities. A cross-sectional e-post questionnaire study was carried out on a national sample of public health nurses and their collaborators. A total of 849 public health nurses (43.64%), 113 doctors at clinics and school health services (54.8%), 519 child protection workers (16.34%) and 115 midwives (41.3%) returned the questionnaire. The data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Analysis of variance (anova), Kruskal-Wallis H and chi-square tests were used to tests differences between groups. Trust, respect and collaborative competence were ranked highest by all the respondents and formalised structures, economy and leadership ranked least important in collaborative activity. The majority of the respondents stated that they do not have fewer meeting points compared with 5 years ago. Collaboration with mental health services was missed most by all respondents. There were associations between frequency of meeting points and statements on collaboration related to municipality size. Norway is in the throes of a major coordination reform. The fact that relational factors were deemed most important for successful collaboration is an important finding at a time when focus is on structural change. The findings indicate the need for further in depth qualitative studies on reasons for 'missing collaborators,' on professional cultures in different sized municipalities and on interpersonal relationships. Qualitative enquiry is necessary to gain a greater understanding of how relational concepts of respect, trust and conflict are understood by municipal public health professionals.

背景与目标： : 这项研究的目的是研究挪威不同规模城市中与公共卫生护理有关的合作。它试图深入了解对成功合作至关重要的因素、合作活动集合点的频率以及不同规模城市的专业人员失踪。对全国公共卫生护士及其合作者进行了横断面电子邮件问卷调查。共有849名公共卫生护士 (43.64% 名)，诊所和学校卫生服务的113名医生 (54.8% 名)，519名儿童保护工作者 (16.34% 名) 和115名助产士 (41.3% 名) 返回了调查表。数据采用描述性统计和推断性统计进行分析。方差分析 (anova)，Kruskal-Wallis H和卡方检验用于检验组之间的差异。信任，尊重和协作能力在所有受访者中排名最高，而正式的结构，经济和领导力在协作活动中排名最不重要。大多数受访者表示，与5年前相比，他们的聚会点并不少。所有受访者最怀念与精神卫生服务的合作。会议地点的频率与与市政规模有关的合作声明之间存在关联。挪威正处于重大协调改革的阵痛之中。在关注结构变化的时候，关系因素被认为是成功合作最重要的事实是一个重要的发现。研究结果表明，需要对 “缺少合作者” 的原因，不同规模的城市的专业文化以及人际关系进行进一步的深入定性研究。必须进行定性调查，以更好地了解市政公共卫生专业人员如何理解尊重，信任和冲突的关系概念。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Prominent healthcare organizations have called upon the academic and health communities to utilize interprofessional education (IPE) and collaboration to meet the changing needs of patients worldwide. Two student-led initiatives have overcome the various barriers that have historically impeded IPE and have embraced the call to improve the health of local and international underserved patients. This short report describes these two organizations, the International Health Service Collaborative at the University of South Florida and the Inter Health Professionals Alliance at Virginia Commonwealth University, and aims to encourage emerging health professional students and educators to embrace student-led IPE.

背景与目标： : 著名的医疗保健组织呼吁学术界和卫生界利用专业间教育 (IPE) 和协作来满足全球患者不断变化的需求。两项由学生主导的举措克服了历史上阻碍IPE的各种障碍，并接受了改善当地和国际服务不足患者健康的呼吁。这份简短的报告描述了这两个组织，南佛罗里达大学的国际卫生服务合作组织和弗吉尼亚联邦大学的国际卫生专业人员联盟，旨在鼓励新兴的卫生专业学生和教育工作者接受学生领导的IPE。