BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The National Tuberculosis Curriculum Consortium (NTCC) seeks to instill knowledge, skills, and appropriate attitudes in the management and control of tuberculosis (TB) among students in the health professions. Unlike other organizations that have produced quality educational materials aimed at practicing clinicians, public health workers, and the general public, the NTCC is primarily focused on undergraduate and graduate education. The NTCC includes geographically disparate faculty from schools of medicine, nursing, pharmacy, public health, respiratory therapy, clinical laboratory sciences, and physician assistant who are experts in the areas of TB, curriculum development, and educational computing. Collaboration occurs through meetings, phone conferences and an innovative web portal that provides a work zone used to develop, organize, and archive products and resources. A critical accomplishment of the Consortium has been the development of core competencies for TB education for graduates in each of the health care disciplines. Those for medical schools are presented in this article. Current NTCC efforts are directed at developing interactive materials for TB education that can be accessed by multi-disciplinary faculty, nationally and abroad. The collaborative effort of the NTCC serves as a model for future endeavors to strengthen curricula, particularly pertaining to health concerns that are best served by multi-disciplinary approaches.

背景与目标： : 国家结核病课程联盟 (NTCC) 旨在向卫生专业的学生灌输知识，技能和适当的态度来管理和控制结核病 (TB)。与其他组织制作了针对临床医生，公共卫生工作者和公众的高质量教育材料的组织不同，NTCC主要专注于本科和研究生教育。NTCC包括来自医学，护理，药学，公共卫生，呼吸治疗，临床实验室科学和医师助理学院的地理位置不同的教师，他们是结核病，课程开发和教育计算领域的专家。通过会议，电话会议和创新的web门户进行协作，该门户提供了用于开发，组织和存档产品和资源的工作区。该联盟的一项重要成就是为每个卫生保健学科的毕业生开发了结核病教育的核心能力。本文介绍了医学院的那些。NTCC当前的工作旨在开发用于结核病教育的交互式材料，国内外的多学科教师都可以使用这些材料。NTCC的合作努力是未来努力加强课程的典范，特别是与多学科方法最能解决的健康问题有关的课程。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:In response to the call for a baccalaureate-prepared nursing workforce versed in enhanced critical thinking, clinical judgment, and complex decision making, an innovative and highly accessible model for developing academic and clinical practice partnerships among stake-holders in nursing education was developed and implemented. METHOD:Participatory action research informed the qualitative research methodology for implementing the model. The model allows for a number of data collection points to ensure the needs and concerns of stakeholders were considered. RESULTS:Implementation of the model resulted in six new academic partnership agreements and two new clinical practice partnerships. CONCLUSION:Academic and clinical practice partnerships are integral to fostering mutual respect among stakeholder institutions, enhancing collaboration toward evidence-based practice and joint research efforts, and creating seamless pathways to academic progression in the nursing profession. Such collaborative efforts are paramount to easing the barriers to baccalaureate and advanced-degree preparation in nursing. [J Nurs Educ. 2020;59(4):203-209.].

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The authors discuss the growing movement in the United States to develop expanded school mental health programs. These programs represent partnerships between schools and community mental health agencies to expand the range of mental health services provided by schools. Such programs emphasize effective prevention, assessment, and intervention. The authors describe efforts that have been undertaken to improve the fragmented and incomplete nature of children's services and to proactively identify and address children's emotional and behavioral problems. They also discuss a strategy to improve youth mental health programs, which includes needs assessments and an analysis of existing programs in a community. They describe the augmenting roles played by the mental health and public health systems in expanding and improving school-based mental health services. The authors outline steps to minimize or avoid the turfism and negative attitudes that may arise among professionals from different disciplines when they collaborate to expand and improve school-based programs.

背景与目标： 作者讨论了美国发展扩大学校精神卫生项目的日益增长的运动。这些方案代表了学校和社区精神卫生机构之间的伙伴关系，以扩大学校提供的精神卫生服务的范围。此类计划强调有效的预防，评估和干预。作者描述了为改善儿童服务的零散和不完整的性质以及主动识别和解决儿童的情感和行为问题所做的努力。他们还讨论了改善青年精神卫生计划的战略，其中包括需求评估和对社区现有计划的分析。他们描述了精神卫生和公共卫生系统在扩大和改善校本精神卫生服务方面发挥的增强作用。作者概述了一些步骤，以最大程度地减少或避免来自不同学科的专业人员在合作以扩大和改善学校课程时可能出现的草皮主义和消极态度。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The German Association for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (DGPPN) has committed itself to establish a prospective national cohort of patients with major psychiatric disorders, the so-called DGPPN-Cohort. This project will enable the scientific exploitation of high-quality data and biomaterial from psychiatric patients for research. It will be set up using harmonised data sets and procedures for sample generation and guided by transparent rules for data access and data sharing regarding the central research database. While the main focus lies on biological research, it will be open to all kinds of scientific investigations, including epidemiological, clinical or health-service research.

背景与目标： : 德国精神病学和心理治疗协会 (DGPPN) 已承诺建立一个前瞻性的全国主要精神疾病患者队列，即所谓的DGPPN队列。该项目将使精神病患者的高质量数据和生物材料的科学开发用于研究。它将使用统一的数据集和样本生成程序进行设置，并以有关中央研究数据库的数据访问和数据共享的透明规则为指导。虽然主要重点是生物学研究，但它将对各种科学调查开放，包括流行病学，临床或卫生服务研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The purpose of this study was to examine collaboration relating to public health nursing in different sized Norwegian municipalities. It sought to gain insight into factors that are important for successful collaboration, frequency of meeting points for collaborating activities and missing professionals in different sized municipalities. A cross-sectional e-post questionnaire study was carried out on a national sample of public health nurses and their collaborators. A total of 849 public health nurses (43.64%), 113 doctors at clinics and school health services (54.8%), 519 child protection workers (16.34%) and 115 midwives (41.3%) returned the questionnaire. The data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Analysis of variance (anova), Kruskal-Wallis H and chi-square tests were used to tests differences between groups. Trust, respect and collaborative competence were ranked highest by all the respondents and formalised structures, economy and leadership ranked least important in collaborative activity. The majority of the respondents stated that they do not have fewer meeting points compared with 5 years ago. Collaboration with mental health services was missed most by all respondents. There were associations between frequency of meeting points and statements on collaboration related to municipality size. Norway is in the throes of a major coordination reform. The fact that relational factors were deemed most important for successful collaboration is an important finding at a time when focus is on structural change. The findings indicate the need for further in depth qualitative studies on reasons for 'missing collaborators,' on professional cultures in different sized municipalities and on interpersonal relationships. Qualitative enquiry is necessary to gain a greater understanding of how relational concepts of respect, trust and conflict are understood by municipal public health professionals.

背景与目标： : 这项研究的目的是研究挪威不同规模城市中与公共卫生护理有关的合作。它试图深入了解对成功合作至关重要的因素、合作活动集合点的频率以及不同规模城市的专业人员失踪。对全国公共卫生护士及其合作者进行了横断面电子邮件问卷调查。共有849名公共卫生护士 (43.64% 名)，诊所和学校卫生服务的113名医生 (54.8% 名)，519名儿童保护工作者 (16.34% 名) 和115名助产士 (41.3% 名) 返回了调查表。数据采用描述性统计和推断性统计进行分析。方差分析 (anova)，Kruskal-Wallis H和卡方检验用于检验组之间的差异。信任，尊重和协作能力在所有受访者中排名最高，而正式的结构，经济和领导力在协作活动中排名最不重要。大多数受访者表示，与5年前相比，他们的聚会点并不少。所有受访者最怀念与精神卫生服务的合作。会议地点的频率与与市政规模有关的合作声明之间存在关联。挪威正处于重大协调改革的阵痛之中。在关注结构变化的时候，关系因素被认为是成功合作最重要的事实是一个重要的发现。研究结果表明，需要对 “缺少合作者” 的原因，不同规模的城市的专业文化以及人际关系进行进一步的深入定性研究。必须进行定性调查，以更好地了解市政公共卫生专业人员如何理解尊重，信任和冲突的关系概念。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Prominent healthcare organizations have called upon the academic and health communities to utilize interprofessional education (IPE) and collaboration to meet the changing needs of patients worldwide. Two student-led initiatives have overcome the various barriers that have historically impeded IPE and have embraced the call to improve the health of local and international underserved patients. This short report describes these two organizations, the International Health Service Collaborative at the University of South Florida and the Inter Health Professionals Alliance at Virginia Commonwealth University, and aims to encourage emerging health professional students and educators to embrace student-led IPE.

背景与目标： : 著名的医疗保健组织呼吁学术界和卫生界利用专业间教育 (IPE) 和协作来满足全球患者不断变化的需求。两项由学生主导的举措克服了历史上阻碍IPE的各种障碍，并接受了改善当地和国际服务不足患者健康的呼吁。这份简短的报告描述了这两个组织，南佛罗里达大学的国际卫生服务合作组织和弗吉尼亚联邦大学的国际卫生专业人员联盟，旨在鼓励新兴的卫生专业学生和教育工作者接受学生领导的IPE。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) underscored the importance of influenza detection and response in China. From 2004, the Chinese National Influenza Center (CNIC) and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USCDC) initiated Cooperative Agreements to build capacity in influenza surveillance in China.From 2004 to 2014, CNIC and USCDC collaborated on the following activities: 1) developing human technical expertise in virology and epidemiology in China; 2) developing a comprehensive influenza surveillance system by enhancing influenza-like illness (ILI) reporting and virological characterization; 3) strengthening analysis, utilization and dissemination of surveillance data; and 4) improving early response to influenza viruses with pandemic potential.Since 2004, CNIC expanded its national influenza surveillance and response system which, as of 2014, included 408 laboratories and 554 sentinel hospitals. With support from USCDC, more than 2500 public health staff from China received virology and epidemiology training, enabling > 98% network laboratories to establish virus isolation and/or nucleic acid detection techniques. CNIC established viral drug resistance surveillance and platforms for gene sequencing, reverse genetics, serologic detection, and vaccine strains development. CNIC also built a bioinformatics platform to strengthen data analysis and utilization, publishing weekly on-line influenza surveillance reports in English and Chinese. The surveillance system collects 200,000-400,000 specimens and tests more than 20,000 influenza viruses annually, which provides valuable information for World Health Organization (WHO) influenza vaccine strain recommendations. In 2010, CNIC became the sixth WHO Collaborating Centre for Influenza. CNIC has strengthened virus and data sharing, and has provided training and reagents for other countries to improve global capacity for influenza control and prevention.The collaboration's successes were built upon shared mission and values, emphasis on long-term capacity development and sustainability, and leadership commitment.

背景与目标： : 严重急性呼吸系统综合症 (传染性非典型肺炎) 的出现凸显了中国流感检测和应对的重要性。从2004年起，中国国家流感中心 (CNIC) 和美国疾病控制与预防中心 (USCDC) 启动了合作协议，以建设中国的流感监测能力。从2004 2014年开始，CNIC和USCDC合作开展了以下活动: 1) 在中国发展人类在病毒学和流行病学方面的技术专长; 2) 通过加强流感样疾病 (ILI) 报告和病毒学表征来开发全面的流感监测系统; 3) 加强监测数据的分析，利用和传播; 和4) 改善对流感病毒的早期反应。自2004年以来，CNIC扩大了其国家流感监测和应对系统，2014年包括408个实验室和554个哨点医院。在美国疾病预防控制中心的支持下，来自中国的2500多名公共卫生人员接受了病毒学和流行病学学培训，使>   98% 个网络实验室能够建立病毒分离和/或核酸检测技术。CNIC建立了病毒耐药性监测和基因测序，反向遗传学，血清学检测和疫苗株开发平台。CNIC还建立了一个生物信息学平台，以加强数据分析和利用，每周发布中英文在线流感监测报告。该监测系统每年收集200,000-400,000份标本并检测超过20,000种流感病毒，为世卫组织流感疫苗株推荐提供了有价值的信息。2010年，CNIC成为世卫组织第六个流感合作中心。CNIC加强了病毒和数据共享，并为其他国家提供了培训和试剂，以提高全球控制和预防流感的能力。合作的成功建立在共同的使命和价值观，强调长期能力发展和可持续性以及领导承诺的基础上。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The role of the nurse educator is to prepare students to collaborate and practice competently and safely. One way of promoting collaboration is with the use of students as standardized patients (SPs). METHOD:This exercise used undergraduate nursing students in collaboration with graduate nurse practitioner (NP) students in an advanced health assessment course. Undergraduate students were assigned a specific disease process to review, then as SPs were asked to describe symptoms and answer questions regarding the disease by the NP students. At the end of a combined group debriefing, a survey was given to evaluate the process. RESULTS:Analysis of the survey identified the following themes: Positive Learning Method, "Aha" Moments, Improvement in Critical Thinking, and Communication. CONCLUSION:Using undergraduate nursing students as SPs helped create real-life scenarios for both the undergraduate and graduate nursing students to learn from. [J Nurs Educ. 2019;58(11):657-660.].

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIM:The aim of this study was to explore the lived experiences of interprofessional collaboration among nurses, doctors, and respiratory therapists during medical emergencies in the intensive care unit. DESIGN:Descriptive phenomenological study. METHOD:Participants will be recruited through purposive sampling with maximum variation across the ICUs in a tertiary hospital in Singapore. Guided by data saturation, data collection will include individual semi-structured interviews with ICU nurses, physicians, and respiratory therapist who have attended to medical emergencies such as cardiopulmonary arrest or difficult airway management in the ICUs. Interviews will be audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed via Colaizzi's descriptive phenomenology method. Research Ethics Committee approval was sought from the National Healthcare Group, Domain Specific Review Board (April 2019). The study is funded by the National Healthcare Group - Health Outcomes and Medical Education Research Grant (April 2019). The study is expected to be concluded by April 2020. DISCUSSION:Whilst interprofessional collaboration remains a major interest among nursing research, there is a paucity of evidence surrounding interprofessional collaboration in the specific context of medical emergencies in the ICUs. This is especially crucial as the failure of interprofessional collaboration during medical emergencies can be catastrophic to patient safety. Hence, this study will adopt a qualitative approach to contribute to the evidence base surrounding this lesser known phenomenon. The findings generated from this study will inform future team training initiatives, advance nursing leadership initiatives, and identify barriers and facilitators towards fostering greater interprofessional collaboration during medical emergencies. IMPACT:The evidence gained from this study contributes to the limited knowledge base of interprofessional collaboration during medical emergencies. Findings will have vast impact on nursing and interprofessional programs such as crisis leadership and management. The findings could also inform practice frameworks during medical emergencies to support interprofessional collaboration and optimize patient care. :目的: 本研究旨在探讨在重症监护病房医疗紧急情况下护士、医生和呼吸治疗师之间的专业间合作的现实经历。 设计: 描述性现象学研究。 方法: 在新加坡三级医院的重症监护病房中通过有目的抽样尽可能多地招募参与者。受实现数据饱和目标的引领,数据收集将包括对重症监护病房护士、内科医生和呼吸治疗师进行个人半结构式访谈。因为他们曾在重症监护病房处理过紧急医疗事件,如心肺骤停和气道管理困难。访谈将被录音,然后逐字转录,并采用Colaizzi的描述现象学方法进行分析。研究伦理委员会经过国家卫生保健集团特定领域审查委员会(2019年4月)批准。此研究由国家医疗保健集团-健康结果和医学教育研究提供资金支持(2019年4月)。这项研究预计将于2020年4月完成。 讨论: 虽然跨专业合作仍然是护理研究的一个主要兴趣领域,但是目前在重症监护病房的医疗紧急情况的特定背景下的有关跨专业合作的证据非常缺乏。这一点非常关键,因为在医疗紧急情况下,跨专业合作的失败可能对病人的生命造成灾难性影响。因此,本研究将采用定性的方法来为这一鲜为人知的现象提供证据基础。这项研究的结果将为未来的团队培训计划提供信息,推进护理领导计划,并确定在医疗紧急情况下识别障碍和促进更大的专业间合作。 影响: 从研究中获得的证据将有助于扩大有限的医疗紧急情况下专业间合作知识库。研究结果将对护理和诸如危机领导和管理等跨专业合作项目产生巨大影响。研究结果还可以为医疗紧急情况下的实践框架提供信息,以支持专业间的协作和优化患者护理。.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: : Background and Introduction: In Brazil, the Telemedicine University Network (RUTE) initiative promotes collaboration between university hospitals, teaching hospitals, health professionals, and students using information and communication technology infrastructure to support special interest groups (SIGs) in health care. Health professionals in institutions belonging to RUTE plan a program of video conferences and/or web conferences to discuss specific themes. This article presents the results of an analysis of collaboration in these SIGs. Materials and Methods: This study uses descriptive statistical analysis and visualization of data contained in management reports provided by RUTE national coordinators for the period between 2007 and 2016 to evaluate the extent of participation in SIGs between institutions associated with RUTE. In this data visualization, we employ concepts from social network theory. Results: The analysis identified the most influential institutions as measured by social network theory metrics. A small number of institutions were found to have many participating SIGs, but most had only a few participating institutions (more than 130 institutions have only one participating SIG). Over the study period, a significant quantitative growth in collaboration occurred, increasing from 21 institutions and 92 participating SIGs in 2007 to 380 institutions and 1,912 participating SIGs in 2016. Conclusion: The growth in collaboration within the network indicates increasing interest and participation in telehealth initiatives in Brazil.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The Peterborough Hospital Human Tissue Bank (PHHTB) and National Blood Service Tissue Services (London and South East Zone) (NBSTS) operate within the U.K. National Health Service (NHS) and have a system in place to retrieve cadaveric tissues for commercial sector research. The collaboration meets the aims of PHHTB and NBSTS and is legal, ethical and safe. This paper presents the results of the first 20 successful retrievals referred from NBSTS to PHHTB. Cadaveric retrieval of tissue for research extends the options for donors and their relatives. The research option is particularly welcomed in cases where clinical retrieval for tissue transplantation is contraindicated. We believe the system is applicable to other centres.

背景与目标： : 彼得伯勒医院人体组织银行 (PHHTB) 和国家血液服务组织服务 (伦敦和东南区) (NBSTS) 在英国国家卫生局 (NHS) 内运作，并拥有用于商业部门研究的尸体组织检索系统。该合作符合PHHTB和NBSTS的目标，并且是合法，道德和安全的。本文介绍了从nbst转到PHHTB的前20次成功检索的结果。用于研究的组织的尸体检索扩展了供体及其亲属的选择。在禁忌进行组织移植的临床检索的情况下，特别欢迎该研究选择。我们认为该系统适用于其他中心。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Multiple biomarkers improve prognostication for long-term mortality in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). However, one-third of mortality after STEMI occurs within initial discharge. Our objective was to determine whether multiple biomarkers (glucose, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)) predict both short-term as long-term mortality in STEMI. We used a patient-pooled dataset of consecutive STEMI patients, with complete biomarkers, who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in two single centers (Amsterdam and Groningen). With a previously developed multimarker risk score, based on three biomarkers, patients were indicated as low-, intermediate- or high risk. Cumulative 4-year mortality was estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with a log-rank test. We compared short-term and long-term mortality with a landmark set at 30 days because previous studies have shown that mortality largely occurs within 30 days. A total of 2,355 STEMI-patients were treated with primary PCI. The mortality rates in the low- (n = 1,531), intermediate- (n = 403) and high-risk (n = 421) groups were 4.8, 16.1, and 43.9 %, respectively. The differences were observed at a follow-up up to 30 days (log-rank p < 0.001) as well as after 30 days (log-rank p < 0.001). A multimarker risk score, based on admission levels of glucose, NT-proBNP, and eGFR identifies STEMI patients at low-, intermediate-, and high-risk for short-term and long-term mortality.

背景与目标： : 多种生物标志物可改善ST段抬高型心肌梗死 (STEMI) 长期死亡率的预后。然而，STEMI后的死亡率3分之1发生在初始放电中。我们的目标是确定多种生物标志物 (葡萄糖，N末端脑钠肽前体 (NT-proBNP) 和估计的肾小球滤过率 (eGFR)) 是否预测STEMI的短期长期死亡率。我们使用了在两个单一中心 (阿姆斯特丹和格罗宁根) 接受初次经皮冠状动脉介入治疗 (PCI) 的具有完整生物标志物的连续STEMI患者的患者汇总数据集。根据先前开发的基于三种生物标志物的多标记风险评分，患者被指示为低，中或高风险。使用Kaplan-Meier方法估算了4年的累积死亡率，并与log-rank检验进行了比较。我们将短期和长期死亡率与设定为30天的里程碑进行了比较，因为先前的研究表明死亡率主要发生在30天内。共有2,355例STEMI患者接受了原发性PCI治疗。低 (n = 1,531)，中 (n = 403) 和高危 (n = 421) 组的死亡率分别为4.8，16.1和43.9%。在随访30天 (log-rank p < 0.001) 以及30天后 (log-rank p < 0.001) 观察到差异。基于血糖，NT-proBNP和eGFR的入院水平的多标记风险评分可识别STEMI患者处于短期和长期死亡率的低，中和高风险。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The 2.4 billion working people in the developing countries often have to endure employment conditions, which do not meet even basic occupational safety and health (OSH) standards. The lack of work safety, excessive work loads, and occupational physical, chemical and biological exposures result in occupational diseases, injuries and as many as 1.2 million fatalities each year. Furthermore, as little as 15% of workers in the developing countries have access to occupational health and safety services. Some collaboration between the industrialized and developing countries in the field of OSH has been practiced for 30 years but its volume has been modest compared to other sectors of development assistance. The lessons learned from 30 years of experience are that the most important OSH improving factors in developing countries include legal and policy instruments, national OSH programs, infrastructure for OSH implementation, and OSH services. The establishment of OSH expert human resources, centers serving as engines for research, training, as well as information and registration systems can also be considered as key factors in any such collaboration. A convincing government OSH policy, and close cooperation between social partners and the government are also critical factors that guarantee sustainable OSH programs in a developing country over a long-term basis.

背景与目标： : 发展中国家的24亿劳动人民经常不得不忍受甚至不符合基本职业安全与健康 (OSH) 标准的就业条件。缺乏工作安全，工作量过大以及职业物理，化学和生物暴露每年导致职业病，伤害和多达120万人死亡。此外，发展中国家只有15% 的工人能够获得职业健康和安全服务。工业化国家和发展中国家在职业安全与卫生领域的一些合作已经实践了30年，但与其他发展援助部门相比，其数量不大。从30年的经验中吸取的教训是，发展中国家最重要的OSH改善因素包括法律和政策工具，国家OSH计划，实施OSH的基础设施以及OSH服务。建立OSH专家人力资源，作为研究，培训以及信息和注册系统引擎的中心也可以被视为任何此类合作的关键因素。令人信服的政府OSH政策以及社会伙伴与政府之间的密切合作也是确保发展中国家长期可持续的OSH计划的关键因素。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Thousands of youth participate in residential substance abuse treatment each year. After completing treatment, many of these youth return to school. This study analyzed the process of substance abuse treatment at the Generations Youth Program, and identified opportunities for collaboration with school health personnel. A qualitative case study design was employed. Analysis of the treatment process revealed the primary goal of treatment was to assist youth in developing a belief in their ability to remain sober. This goal was achieved through a peer support network, development of self-control, and acquisition of treatment knowledge. Youth who develop these skills are successfully discharged from treatment and return to home and school. Opportunities exist for collaboration between school health and substance abuse treatment personnel to enable discharged youth to remain drug free.

背景与目标： : 每年有成千上万的青年参加居住药物滥用治疗。在完成治疗后，这些年轻人中的许多人回到了学校。这项研究分析了世代青年计划中药物滥用治疗的过程，并确定了与学校卫生人员合作的机会。采用定性案例研究设计。对治疗过程的分析表明，治疗的主要目标是帮助年轻人培养对保持清醒能力的信念。此目标是通过同伴支持网络，自我控制的发展以及获取治疗知识来实现的。发展这些技能的青年将成功出院，并返回家庭和学校。学校卫生和药物滥用治疗人员之间存在合作的机会，以使出院的年轻人保持无毒。