• 【学习风格得分指数的有效性: 与三种认知/学习风格工具的多特征-多方法比较。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2929.2006.02542.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Cook DA,Smith AJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cognitive and learning styles research is limited by the lack of evidence supporting valid interpretations of style assessment scores. We sought evidence to support the validity of scores from 4 instruments: the Index of Learning Styles (ILS); the Learning Style Inventory (LSI); the Cognitive Styles Analysis (CSA), and the Learning Style Type Indicator (LSTI). The ILS assesses 4 domains: sensing-intuitive (SensInt), active-reflective (ActRefl), sequential-global (SeqGlob) and visual-verbal (VisVerb), each of which parallel a similar domain in at least 1 of the other instruments. We administered the ILS, LSI and CSA to family medicine and internal medicine residents and Year 1 and 3 medical students and applied the multitrait-multimethod matrix to evaluate convergence and discrimination. After 3 months participants repeated the ILS and completed the LSTI. A total of 89 residents and medical students participated. Multitrait-multimethod analysis showed evidence of both convergence and discrimination for ActRefl (ILS, LSI and LSTI) and SensInt (ILS and LSTI) scores. ILS SeqGlob and SensInt scores showed unanticipated correlation. No other domains met the criteria for convergence or discrimination. Test-retest reliabilities for ILS scores were 0.856 for SensInt, 0.809 for ActRefl, 0.703 for SeqGlob and 0.684 for VisVerb. Cronbach's alpha values were > or = 0.810 for LSI and 0.237-0.758 for LSTI. At least 9 participants misinterpreted the LSI instructions. These data support the validity of ILS active-reflective and sensing-intuitive scores, LSI active-reflective scores and LSTI sensing-intuitive scores for determining learning styles in this population. Cognitive style and learning style scores may not be interchangeable, even for constructs with similar definitions.
    背景与目标: : 认知和学习风格研究受到缺乏支持风格评估分数有效解释的证据的限制。我们从4种工具中寻找证据来支持分数的有效性: 学习风格指数 (ILS); 学习风格清单 (LSI); 认知风格分析 (CSA) 和学习风格类型指标 (LSTI)。ILS评估4个域: 感知-直觉 (SensInt),主动-反射 (ActRefl),顺序-全局 (SeqGlob) 和视觉-言语 (VisVerb),每个域在至少1个其他工具中都平行于一个相似的域。我们对家庭医学和内科住院医师以及1年级和3年级的医学生进行了ILS,LSI和CSA的管理,并应用了多性状-多方法矩阵来评估收敛和歧视。3个月后,参与者重复ILS并完成LSTI。共有89名居民和医学生参加。多性状-多方法分析显示了ActRefl (ILS,LSI和LSTI) 和SensInt (ILS和LSTI) 得分的收敛性和区分性。ILS SeqGlob和SensInt评分显示出意想不到的相关性。没有其他领域符合趋同或歧视的标准。对SensInt,ActRefl,SeqGlob,0.703和VisVerb,对0.809 0.856 ILS分数的重测可靠性。LSI的Cronbach α 值> 或 = 0.810,LSTI的0.237-0.758。至少有9名参与者误解了LSI指令。这些数据支持ILS主动反射和感知直觉分数,LSI主动反射分数和LSTI感知直觉分数用于确定该人群的学习方式的有效性。认知风格和学习风格得分可能不可互换,即使对于具有相似定义的结构也是如此。
  • 【增强欧洲护士的流动性: 语言技能案例。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/s0260-6917(97)80023-8 复制DOI
    作者列表:Ludvigsen C
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: The recognition of professional qualifications in all European Union (EU) member states for nurses is covered by both sectoral and general systems directives, yet in reality, few nurses take up their rights as European citizens to live and work in another EU country. One of the main reasons for this is a lack of linguistic skills. This article argues that the nursing profession should be taking a more active role in enabling nurses to move freely around Europe by encouraging language acquisition. It is argued that there are political, social, economic, professional and individual reasons why this should be so. The author gives a brief account of a pilot project which is currently under way to help improve (albeit in a small way) this situation. The project, which has been granted financial support of 100,000 ECU from the European Commission's new training programme, Leonardo da Vinci, will create a multimedia language pack in four languages aimed specifically at nurses.

    背景与目标: 部门和一般系统指令涵盖了所有欧盟 (EU) 成员国对护士的专业资格的认可,但实际上,很少有护士作为欧洲公民在另一个欧盟国家生活和工作的权利。造成这种情况的主要原因之一是缺乏语言技能。本文认为,护理专业应通过鼓励语言习得,在使护士能够在欧洲自由流动方面发挥更加积极的作用。有人认为,有政治,社会,经济,专业和个人原因应如此。作者简要介绍了一个试点项目,该项目目前正在进行中,以帮助改善这种情况 (尽管很小)。该项目已获得欧盟委员会新培训计划莱昂纳多·达·芬奇100,000 ECU的财政支持,该项目将创建一个针对护士的四种语言的多媒体语言包。
  • 【服用中度胆碱饮食的孕妇补充磷脂酰胆碱不会增强婴儿的认知功能: 一项随机,双盲,安慰剂对照试验。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.3945/ajcn.112.037184 复制DOI
    作者列表:Cheatham CL,Goldman BD,Fischer LM,da Costa KA,Reznick JS,Zeisel SH
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Choline is essential for fetal brain development, and it is not known whether a typical American diet contains enough choline to ensure optimal brain development. OBJECTIVE:The study was undertaken to determine whether supplementing pregnant women with phosphatidylcholine (the main dietary source of choline) improves the cognitive abilities of their offspring. DESIGN:In a double-blind, randomized controlled trial, 140 pregnant women were randomly assigned to receive supplemental phosphatidylcholine (750 mg) or a placebo (corn oil) from 18 wk gestation through 90 d postpartum. Their infants (n = 99) were tested for short-term visuospatial memory, long-term episodic memory, language development, and global development at 10 and 12 mo of age. RESULTS:The women studied ate diets that delivered ∼360 mg choline/d in foods (∼80% of the recommended intake for pregnant women, 65% of the recommended intake for lactating women). The phosphatidylcholine supplements were well tolerated. Groups did not differ significantly in global development, language development, short-term visuospatial memory, or long-term episodic memory. CONCLUSIONS:Phosphatidylcholine supplementation of pregnant women eating diets containing moderate amounts of choline did not enhance their infants' brain function. It is possible that a longer follow-up period would reveal late-emerging effects. Moreover, future studies should determine whether supplementing mothers eating diets much lower in choline content, such as those consumed in several low-income countries, would enhance infant brain development.
    背景与目标:
  • 【饮食补充含有鱼油,b族维生素,抗氧化剂和精氨酸的营养混合物,可增强中老年猫的认知能力。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1017/S0007114512004771 复制DOI
    作者列表:Pan Y,Araujo JA,Burrows J,de Rivera C,Gore A,Bhatnagar S,Milgram NW
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cognitive dysfunction syndrome is a major disease affecting old cats and is the consequence of severe and irreversible loss of brain cells and brain atrophy. The present study focused on the hypothesis that the optimal strategy for promoting successful brain ageing is to target risk factors associated with brain ageing and dementia. We used a nutritional strategy involving supplementation with a blend of nutrients (antioxidants, arginine, B vitamins and fish oil) to test this hypothesis. Middle-aged and old cats between 5·5 and 8·7 years of age were assigned to cognitively equivalent control or treatment groups based on prior cognitive experience and performance on baseline cognitive tests. The cats in the treatment group were maintained on a diet supplemented with the nutrient blend and the cats in the control group were maintained on the identical base diet without the additional supplementation. After an initial wash-in period, all cats were tested on a battery of cognitive test protocols. The cats fed the test diet showed significantly better performance on three of four test protocols: a protocol assessing egocentric learning, a protocol assessing discrimination and reversal learning and a protocol focused on acquisition of a spatial memory task. The results support the hypothesis that brain function of middle-aged and old cats can be improved by the nutrient blend that was selected to minimise or eliminate the risk factors associated with brain ageing and dementia.
    背景与目标: : 认知功能障碍综合征是影响老猫的主要疾病,是严重且不可逆转的脑细胞丧失和脑萎缩的后果。本研究的重点是以下假设: 促进成功的大脑衰老的最佳策略是针对与大脑衰老和痴呆症相关的危险因素。我们使用了一种营养策略,包括补充营养素 (抗氧化剂,精氨酸,b族维生素和鱼油),以检验这一假设。根据先前的认知经验和基线认知测试的表现,将5·5至8·7岁的中年和老年猫分配到认知上等效的对照组或治疗组。治疗组中的猫维持在补充营养混合物的饮食中,而对照组中的猫维持在相同的基础饮食中,而无需额外补充。在最初的冲洗期后,所有猫都接受了一系列认知测试协议的测试。喂养测试饮食的猫在四个测试协议中的三个协议中表现出明显更好的性能: 评估以自我为中心的学习的协议,评估歧视和逆转学习的协议以及专注于获取空间记忆任务的协议。结果支持以下假设: 可以通过选择营养混合物来改善中老年猫的脑功能,以最大程度地减少或消除与脑衰老和痴呆症相关的危险因素。
  • 【一项全基因组关联研究将APOE基因座与非病理性认知衰老有关。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1038/mp.2012.159 复制DOI
    作者列表:
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cognitive decline is a feared aspect of growing old. It is a major contributor to lower quality of life and loss of independence in old age. We investigated the genetic contribution to individual differences in nonpathological cognitive ageing in five cohorts of older adults. We undertook a genome-wide association analysis using 549 692 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 3511 unrelated adults in the Cognitive Ageing Genetics in England and Scotland (CAGES) project. These individuals have detailed longitudinal cognitive data from which phenotypes measuring each individual's cognitive changes were constructed. One SNP--rs2075650, located in TOMM40 (translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homolog)--had a genome-wide significant association with cognitive ageing (P=2.5 × 10(-8)). This result was replicated in a meta-analysis of three independent Swedish cohorts (P=2.41 × 10(-6)). An Apolipoprotein E (APOE) haplotype (adjacent to TOMM40), previously associated with cognitive ageing, had a significant effect on cognitive ageing in the CAGES sample (P=2.18 × 10(-8); females, P=1.66 × 10(-11); males, P=0.01). Fine SNP mapping of the TOMM40/APOE region identified both APOE (rs429358; P=3.66 × 10(-11)) and TOMM40 (rs11556505; P=2.45 × 10(-8)) as loci that were associated with cognitive ageing. Imputation and conditional analyses in the discovery and replication cohorts strongly suggest that this effect is due to APOE (rs429358). Functional genomic analysis indicated that SNPs in the TOMM40/APOE region have a functional, regulatory non-protein-coding effect. The APOE region is significantly associated with nonpathological cognitive ageing. The identity and mechanism of one or multiple causal variants remain unclear.
    背景与目标: : 认知能力下降是变老的一个令人恐惧的方面。这是导致老年生活质量下降和失去独立性的主要原因。我们调查了五个老年人群对非病理性认知衰老个体差异的遗传贡献。在英格兰和苏格兰的认知老化遗传学 (CAGES) 项目中,我们使用549   692单核苷酸多态性 (snp) 对3511无关的成年人进行了全基因组关联分析。这些个体具有详细的纵向认知数据,从中构建了用于测量每个人的认知变化的表型。位于tom40 (线粒体外膜40同源物的转位酶) 中的一个SNP-rs2075650与认知老化具有全基因组显着关联 (P = 2.5 × 10(-8))。该结果在三个独立的瑞典队列的荟萃分析中被复制 (P = 2.41 × 10(-6))。先前与认知衰老相关的载脂蛋白E (APOE) 单倍型 (与tom40相邻) 对笼子样本中的认知衰老具有显着影响 (P = 2.18 × 10(-8); 女性,P = 1.66 × 10(-11); 男性,P = 0.01)。Tom40/APOE区域的精细SNP图谱将APOE (rs429358; P = 3.66 × 10(-11)) 和tom40 (rs11556505; P = 2.45 × 10(-8)) 识别为与认知衰老相关的基因座。发现和复制队列中的插补和条件分析强烈表明,这种效应是由于APOE引起的 (rs429358)。功能基因组分析表明,tom40/APOE区域的snp具有功能性,调节的非蛋白质编码作用。APOE区域与非病理性认知老化显着相关。一种或多种因果变异的身份和机制仍不清楚。
  • 【青少年神经性厌食症的增强认知行为疗法: 家庭疗法的替代方法?】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2012.09.008 复制DOI
    作者列表:Dalle Grave R,Calugi S,Doll HA,Fairburn CG
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A specific form of family therapy (family-based treatment) is the leading treatment for adolescents with anorexia nervosa. As this treatment has certain limitations, alternative approaches are needed. "Enhanced" cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT-E) is a potential candidate given its utility as a treatment for adults with eating disorder psychopathology. The aim of the present study was to establish, in a representative cohort of patients with marked anorexia nervosa, the immediate and longer term outcome following CBT-E. Forty-nine adolescent patients were recruited from consecutive referrals to a community-based eating disorder clinic. Each was offered 40 sessions of CBT-E over 40 weeks from a single therapist. Two-thirds completed the full treatment with no additional input. In these patients there was a substantial increase in weight together with a marked decrease in eating disorder psychopathology. Over the 60-week post-treatment follow-up period there was little change despite minimal subsequent treatment. These findings suggest that CBT-E may prove to be a cost-effective alternative to family-based treatment.
    背景与目标: : 一种特殊形式的家庭治疗 (基于家庭的治疗) 是青少年神经性厌食症的主要治疗方法。由于这种治疗有一定的局限性,因此需要其他方法。“增强” 认知行为疗法 (cbt-e) 是一种潜在的候选药物,因为它可用于饮食失调精神病理学的成年人。本研究的目的是在具有明显神经性厌食症的代表性队列中,建立cbt-e后的近期和长期结果。从连续转诊到社区饮食失调诊所招募了49名青少年患者。每位治疗师在40周内接受了40次cbt-e治疗。三分之二的人完成了完整的治疗,没有额外的投入。在这些患者中,体重显着增加,进食障碍心理病理学显着减少。在治疗后60周的随访期内,尽管后续治疗很少,但变化不大。这些发现表明,cbt-e可能被证明是基于家庭的治疗的一种经济有效的替代方法。
  • 【澳大利亚全科注册服务商的程序技能: 横断面分析。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Aghajafari F,Tapley A,Sylvester S,Davey AR,Morgan S,Henderson KM,van Driel ML,Spike NA,Kerr RH,Catzikiris NF,Mulquiney KJ,Magin PJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Procedural skills are an essential component of general practice vocational training. The aim of this study was to investigate the type, frequency and rural or urban associations of procedures performed by general practice registrars, and to establish levels of concordance of procedures performed with a core list of recommended procedural skills in general practice training. METHODS:A cross-sectional analysis of a cohort study of registrars' consultations between 2010 and 2016 was undertaken. Registrars record 60 consecutive consultations during each six-month training term. The outcome was any procedure performed. RESULTS:In 182,782 consultations, 19,411 procedures were performed. Procedures (except Papanicolaou [Pap] tests) were performed more often in rural than urban areas. Registrars commonly sought help from supervisors for more complex procedures. The majority of procedures recommended as essential in registrar training were infrequently performed. DISCUSSION:Registrars have low exposure to many relevant clinical procedures. There may be a need for greater use of laboratory-based training and/or to review the expectations of the scope of procedural skills in general practice.
    背景与目标:
  • 【社会天真的自我评估调节了精神分裂症的认知洞察力与阳性症状之间的关系。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.schres.2012.10.037 复制DOI
    作者列表:Guerrero AG,Lysaker PH
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cognitive insight refers to awareness of one's own thinking. Research has found deficits in cognitive insight in schizophrenia but studies of its links with positive symptoms and delusions have been equivocal. One possibility is that the association of cognitive insight with positive symptoms and delusions is moderated by other factors. To explore this issue this study examined whether level of socially naive self-appraisal moderated the relationship of two forms of cognitive insight, self-reflectivity and self-certainty with delusions and positive symptoms. Participants were 92 adults, with diagnoses of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, who were administered the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, self-deceptive subscale from the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale and the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale. Stepwise multiple regressions with the interaction term of the predictive and moderator variables suggested that social naiveté moderates the relationship between self-reflectivity and self-certainty with positive symptoms in general. Moreover, association between self-certainty and delusions was also moderated by social naiveté self-appraisal. All models were significant after controlling for willful impression management as well as a measure of executive function. Results suggest that higher levels of self-certainty are a risk factor for having greater positive symptoms including more severe levels of delusions, when one has a view of oneself that is not tempered by the perceptions of others. Concerning lower levels of self-reflectivity it may be that this combined with a socially naïve view of oneself leaves persons less inhibited when they are tempted to accept unusual thoughts and perceptions as accurate. Implications for treatment are discussed.
    背景与目标: : 认知洞察力是指对自己思维的认识。研究发现精神分裂症的认知能力不足,但对其与阳性症状和妄想的联系的研究却模棱两可。一种可能性是,认知洞察力与积极症状和妄想的关联受到其他因素的调节。为了探讨这个问题,本研究检查了社交天真的自我评估水平是否调节了两种认知洞察力,自我反射和自我确定性与妄想和积极症状之间的关系。参与者为92名诊断为精神分裂症或分裂情感障碍的成年人,他们接受了阳性和阴性综合征量表,Marlowe-Crowne社会期望量表和Beck认知洞察力量表的自我欺骗性量表。具有预测变量和调节变量相互作用项的逐步多元回归表明,社会天真通常会缓和自我反射性和自我确定性与积极症状之间的关系。此外,社会天真的自我评估也减轻了自我确定性和妄想之间的联系。在控制了故意的印象管理以及执行功能的度量之后,所有模型都很重要。结果表明,当一个人对自己的看法不受他人的看法影响时,较高的自我确定性水平是出现更大积极症状 (包括更严重的妄想) 的危险因素。关于较低的自我反射率,这可能与对自己的社会天真的看法相结合,使人们在试图接受不寻常的想法和看法准确时受到的抑制较小。讨论了对治疗的影响。
  • 【儿科住院医师心脏听诊技巧的评价。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1177/0009922812466584 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kumar K,Thompson WR
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: UNLABELLED:Auscultation skills are in decline, but few studies have shown which specific aspects are most difficult for trainees. We evaluated individual aspects of cardiac auscultation among pediatric residents using recorded heart sounds to determine which elements pose the most difficulty. METHODS:Auscultation proficiency was assessed among 34 trainees following a pediatric cardiology rotation using an open-set format evaluation module, similar to the actual clinical auscultation description process. RESULTS:Diagnostic accuracy for distinguishing normal from abnormal cases was 73%. Findings most commonly correctly identified included pathological systolic and diastolic murmurs and widely split second heart sounds. Those least likely to be identified included continuous murmurs and clicks. Accuracy was low for identifying specific diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS:Given time constraints for clinical skills teaching, this suggests that focusing on distinguishing normal from abnormal heart sounds and murmurs instead of making specific diagnoses may be a more realistic goal for pediatric resident auscultation training.
    背景与目标:
  • 【焦虑症成人认知行为治疗结果的荟萃分析综述。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/01.nmd.0000253843.70149.9a 复制DOI
    作者列表:Norton PJ,Price EC
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The efficacy of cognitive behavioral treatments (CBT) for anxiety in adults has been supported by multiple meta-analyses. However, most have focused on only 1 diagnosis, thereby disallowing diagnostic comparisons. This study examined the efficacy of CBT across the anxiety disorders. One hundred eight trials of CBT for an anxiety disorder met study criteria. Cognitive therapy and exposure therapy alone, in combination, or combined with relaxation training, were efficacious across the anxiety disorders, with no differential efficacy for any treatment components for any specific diagnoses. However, when comparing across diagnoses, outcomes for generalized anxiety disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder were superior to those for social anxiety disorder, but no other differences emerged. CBT effects were superior to those for no-treatment and expectancy control treatments, although tentative evidence suggested equal effects of CBT when compared with relaxation-only treatments.
    背景与目标: : 认知行为治疗 (CBT) 对成年人焦虑的功效已得到多项荟萃分析的支持。然而,大多数只关注1个诊断,因此不允许进行诊断比较。这项研究检查了CBT在焦虑症中的功效。针对焦虑症的CBT试验达到了研究标准。单独使用认知疗法和暴露疗法,或与放松训练相结合,在焦虑症中是有效的,对于任何特定诊断的任何治疗成分都没有不同的功效。然而,当比较各种诊断时,广泛焦虑症和创伤后应激障碍的结果优于社交焦虑症,但没有其他差异。CBT效果优于无治疗和预期对照治疗,尽管初步证据表明CBT与仅松弛治疗相比具有相同的效果。
  • 【重度抑郁症治疗后复发与认知反应性的关系。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1037/0022-006X.75.3.447 复制DOI
    作者列表:Fresco DM,Segal ZV,Buis T,Kennedy S
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Z. V. Segal et al. (2006) demonstrated that depressed patients treated to remission through either antidepressant medication (ADM) or cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), but who evidenced mood-linked increases in dysfunctional thinking, showed elevated rates of relapse over 18 months. The current study sought to evaluate whether treatment response was associated with gains in decentering-the ability to observe one's thoughts and feelings as temporary, objective events in the mind-and whether these gains moderated the relationship between mood-linked cognitive reactivity and relapse of major depression. Findings revealed that CBT responders exhibited significantly greater gains in decentering compared with ADM responders. In addition, high post acute treatment levels of decentering and low cognitive reactivity were associated with the lowest rates of relapse in the 18-month follow-up period.
    背景与目标: : Z。五.Segal等人 (2006) 证明,抑郁症患者通过抗抑郁药物 (ADM) 或认知行为疗法 (CBT) 治疗缓解,但证明了功能障碍思维的情绪相关增加,显示出超过18个月的复发率升高。当前的研究试图评估治疗反应是否与偏心的增加有关-观察一个人的思想和感觉作为暂时的,客观的心理事件的能力-以及这些增加是否缓解了与情绪相关的认知反应与重抑郁症复发之间的关系。调查结果显示,与ADM响应者相比,CBT响应者在偏心方面表现出更大的收益。此外,在18个月的随访期内,急性治疗后高水平的偏心和低认知反应性与最低的复发率相关。
  • 【评估多奈哌齐改善精神分裂症患者认知障碍的前景。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1517/13543784.2013.750650 复制DOI
    作者列表:Thakurathi N,Vincenzi B,Henderson DC
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Even though cognitive impairment is manifested in almost all patients with schizophrenia, the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials for Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) study showed no significant difference between first- and second-generation psychotropic drugs in improving cognitive abilities. Discovering new drugs that can improve impaired cognition, thus, is an attractive treatment target for patients with schizophrenia. AREAS COVERED:This article briefly reviews about donepezil, a highly selective (IC(50) = 6.7 nM) centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that has been approved by FDA for treating cognitive deficit states such as in Alzheimer's disease and its uses in clinical trials for the treatment of schizophrenia. The literature search included PubMed and Cochrane library with the following words: donepezil, schizophrenia and cognitive impairments. EXPERT OPINION:The results of several clinical trials utilizing donepezil as an adjunct to second-generation antipsychotic drugs targeting cognitive deficits in schizophrenia subjects have been disappointing and would not lead clinicians to consider this as a potential treatment option. While longer randomized controlled trials, increase dosage and selected groups of patients at different stage of cognitive impairment may provide a better understanding of the potential for this drug in addressing cognitive deficits, results to date have not been encouraging.
    背景与目标:
  • 【社交焦虑症的认知疗法: “自我关注的注意和安全行为实验” 对治疗过程的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1017/S1352465813000672 复制DOI
    作者列表:Schreiber F,Heimlich C,Schweitzer C,Stangier U
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND AND AIMS:Several studies have shown that cognitive therapy is an effective treatment for social anxiety disorder (SAD). However, it remains unclear which of the complex interventions are associated with an anxiety reduction during the course of treatment. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of the intervention referred to as the "self-focused attention and safety behaviours experiment" on treatment outcome. METHOD:This study was part of a randomized controlled trial including 16 sessions of either individual cognitive therapy (CT) or interpersonal therapy (IPT) for SAD. Of particular importance, a concomitant time-series analysis was used to investigate the impact of the self-focused attention and safety behaviours experiment on subsequent social anxiety (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after the intervention) in 32 patients with SAD, who are receiving cognitive treatment. RESULTS:The results revealed a significant reduction of social anxiety after the self-focused attention and safety behaviours experiment during the subsequent month of treatment. CONCLUSION:The findings of the current study confirm current cognitive theories of SAD and demonstrate the importance of interventions that target self-focused attention and safety behaviour in cognitive therapy for SAD.
    背景与目标:
  • 【多发性精神分裂症患者功能能力的认知筛查和行为观察: 一项探索性研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014783 复制DOI
    作者列表:Norlin Bagge E,Esbjörnsson E,Sunnerhagen KS
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To evaluate the usability of a neuropsychological screening instrument and two observation scales of everyday behaviour to describe cognitive and functional capacity of patients with multiepisode schizophrenia and considerable care needs, who frequently refuse to participate in cognitive testing or performance-based functional measurement. SETTING:One psychiatric unit specialised in severe mental illness at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden. PARTICIPANTS:Patients were included consecutively from date of admission to the unit. INCLUSION CRITERIA:age 18-65 years, International Classification of Diseases 10 diagnoses F20.0-F20.9 (schizophrenia) or F25.0-F25.9 (schizoaffective disorder) since at least 5 years. EXCLUSION CRITERIA:acute serious psychotic episodes or physical illness, alcohol or drug abuse during the year before the study, diagnosed cerebral disorder at admission to the unit, and insufficient ability to speak Swedish. 64 patients filled the criteria and 19 accepted participation: 14 males, 5 females, median age 56 years. OUTCOME MEASURES:Barrow Neurological Institute Screen for Higher Cerebral Functions (BNIS) scores, measured by a psychologist; Frontal Systems Behaviour Scale (FrSBe) Family Version and Functional Independence Measure (FIM) V.4.0 scores, measured by nursing staff. Non-parametric statistics were consistently applied to process the data. RESULTS:Failure analysis showed differences regarding gender and subdiagnoses between participants and non-participants. All participants had BNIS scores indicating cognitive dysfunction. FrSBe group medians showed apathy and executive problems, indicating possible frontal lobe disturbance. FIM showed dependency on others for linguistic and social communication, everyday problem solving, and remembering persons and daily routines. Correlations between FrSBe and FIM (p≤0.01) suggested executive dysfunction being crucial to explain difficulties in performing activities of daily functioning. CONCLUSIONS:Indications of considerable cognitive and functional difficulties found among the participants suggestedthat the instruments are clinically applicable for tentative assessment of cognitive and functional ability among patients with multiepisode schizophrenia and considerable care needs.
    背景与目标:
  • 【社区老年人的脑白质道完整性和认知能力: 洛锡安出生队列,1936。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1037/a0033354 复制DOI
    作者列表:Booth T,Bastin ME,Penke L,Maniega SM,Murray C,Royle NA,Gow AJ,Corley J,Henderson RD,Hernández Mdel C,Starr JM,Wardlaw JM,Deary IJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The present study investigates associations between brain white matter tract integrity and cognitive abilities in community-dwelling older people (N = 655). We explored two potential confounds of white matter tract-cognition associations in later life: (a) whether the associations between tracts and specific cognitive abilities are accounted for by general cognitive ability (g); and (b) how the presence of atrophy and white matter lesions affect these associations. METHOD:Tract integrity was determined using quantitative diffusion magnetic resonance imaging tractography (tract-averaged fractional anisotropy [FA]). Using confirmatory factor analysis, we compared first-order and bifactor models to investigate whether specific tract-ability associations were accounted for by g. RESULTS:Significant associations were found between g and FA in bilateral anterior thalamic radiations (r range: .16-.18, p < .01), uncinate (r range: .19-.26, p < .001), arcuate fasciculi (r range: .11-.12, p < .05), and the splenium of corpus callosum (r = .14, p < .01). After controlling for g within the bifactor model, some significant specific cognitive domain associations remained. Results also suggest that the primary effects of controlling for whole brain integrity were on g associations, not specific abilities. CONCLUSION:Results suggest that g accounts for most of, but not all, the tract-cognition associations in the current data. When controlling for age-related overall brain structural changes, only minor attenuations of the tract-cognition associations were found, and these were primarily with g. In totality, the results highlight the importance of controlling for g when investigating associations between specific cognitive abilities and neuropsychology variables.
    背景与目标:

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