• 【一项全基因组关联研究将APOE基因座与非病理性认知衰老有关。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1038/mp.2012.159 复制DOI
    作者列表:
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cognitive decline is a feared aspect of growing old. It is a major contributor to lower quality of life and loss of independence in old age. We investigated the genetic contribution to individual differences in nonpathological cognitive ageing in five cohorts of older adults. We undertook a genome-wide association analysis using 549 692 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 3511 unrelated adults in the Cognitive Ageing Genetics in England and Scotland (CAGES) project. These individuals have detailed longitudinal cognitive data from which phenotypes measuring each individual's cognitive changes were constructed. One SNP--rs2075650, located in TOMM40 (translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homolog)--had a genome-wide significant association with cognitive ageing (P=2.5 × 10(-8)). This result was replicated in a meta-analysis of three independent Swedish cohorts (P=2.41 × 10(-6)). An Apolipoprotein E (APOE) haplotype (adjacent to TOMM40), previously associated with cognitive ageing, had a significant effect on cognitive ageing in the CAGES sample (P=2.18 × 10(-8); females, P=1.66 × 10(-11); males, P=0.01). Fine SNP mapping of the TOMM40/APOE region identified both APOE (rs429358; P=3.66 × 10(-11)) and TOMM40 (rs11556505; P=2.45 × 10(-8)) as loci that were associated with cognitive ageing. Imputation and conditional analyses in the discovery and replication cohorts strongly suggest that this effect is due to APOE (rs429358). Functional genomic analysis indicated that SNPs in the TOMM40/APOE region have a functional, regulatory non-protein-coding effect. The APOE region is significantly associated with nonpathological cognitive ageing. The identity and mechanism of one or multiple causal variants remain unclear.
    背景与目标: : 认知能力下降是变老的一个令人恐惧的方面。这是导致老年生活质量下降和失去独立性的主要原因。我们调查了五个老年人群对非病理性认知衰老个体差异的遗传贡献。在英格兰和苏格兰的认知老化遗传学 (CAGES) 项目中,我们使用549   692单核苷酸多态性 (snp) 对3511无关的成年人进行了全基因组关联分析。这些个体具有详细的纵向认知数据,从中构建了用于测量每个人的认知变化的表型。位于tom40 (线粒体外膜40同源物的转位酶) 中的一个SNP-rs2075650与认知老化具有全基因组显着关联 (P = 2.5 × 10(-8))。该结果在三个独立的瑞典队列的荟萃分析中被复制 (P = 2.41 × 10(-6))。先前与认知衰老相关的载脂蛋白E (APOE) 单倍型 (与tom40相邻) 对笼子样本中的认知衰老具有显着影响 (P = 2.18 × 10(-8); 女性,P = 1.66 × 10(-11); 男性,P = 0.01)。Tom40/APOE区域的精细SNP图谱将APOE (rs429358; P = 3.66 × 10(-11)) 和tom40 (rs11556505; P = 2.45 × 10(-8)) 识别为与认知衰老相关的基因座。发现和复制队列中的插补和条件分析强烈表明,这种效应是由于APOE引起的 (rs429358)。功能基因组分析表明,tom40/APOE区域的snp具有功能性,调节的非蛋白质编码作用。APOE区域与非病理性认知老化显着相关。一种或多种因果变异的身份和机制仍不清楚。
  • 【青少年神经性厌食症的增强认知行为疗法: 家庭疗法的替代方法?】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2012.09.008 复制DOI
    作者列表:Dalle Grave R,Calugi S,Doll HA,Fairburn CG
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A specific form of family therapy (family-based treatment) is the leading treatment for adolescents with anorexia nervosa. As this treatment has certain limitations, alternative approaches are needed. "Enhanced" cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT-E) is a potential candidate given its utility as a treatment for adults with eating disorder psychopathology. The aim of the present study was to establish, in a representative cohort of patients with marked anorexia nervosa, the immediate and longer term outcome following CBT-E. Forty-nine adolescent patients were recruited from consecutive referrals to a community-based eating disorder clinic. Each was offered 40 sessions of CBT-E over 40 weeks from a single therapist. Two-thirds completed the full treatment with no additional input. In these patients there was a substantial increase in weight together with a marked decrease in eating disorder psychopathology. Over the 60-week post-treatment follow-up period there was little change despite minimal subsequent treatment. These findings suggest that CBT-E may prove to be a cost-effective alternative to family-based treatment.
    背景与目标: : 一种特殊形式的家庭治疗 (基于家庭的治疗) 是青少年神经性厌食症的主要治疗方法。由于这种治疗有一定的局限性,因此需要其他方法。“增强” 认知行为疗法 (cbt-e) 是一种潜在的候选药物,因为它可用于饮食失调精神病理学的成年人。本研究的目的是在具有明显神经性厌食症的代表性队列中,建立cbt-e后的近期和长期结果。从连续转诊到社区饮食失调诊所招募了49名青少年患者。每位治疗师在40周内接受了40次cbt-e治疗。三分之二的人完成了完整的治疗,没有额外的投入。在这些患者中,体重显着增加,进食障碍心理病理学显着减少。在治疗后60周的随访期内,尽管后续治疗很少,但变化不大。这些发现表明,cbt-e可能被证明是基于家庭的治疗的一种经济有效的替代方法。
  • 【课堂上使用电子设备对药学学生学习成绩的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.5688/ajpe769167 复制DOI
    作者列表:Prescott WA Jr,Johnson HL,Wrobel MJ,Prescott GM
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To evaluate and assess the impact of pharmacy students' electronic device (e-device) use during a lecture-based pharmacotherapeutics sequence. METHODS:A validated survey instrument to assess e-device use was e-mailed to 238 second- (P2) and third-year (P3) pharmacy students. Grades were reviewed retrospectively and correlated with e-device use to determine its impact on academic performance. RESULTS:Of 140 responding students (59% response rate), 106 reported using e-devices during class for course-related (91.5%) and non-course-related (81.1%) activities. When P2 and P3 students were combined, e-device use was not associated with academic performance (p = 0.70). Academic performance was not impacted among P3 students (p = 0.86), but P2 students performed better academically if they refrained from using e-devices during class (mean grade = 88.5% vs. 83.3%; p=0.019). CONCLUSIONS:The impact of e-device use on overall academic performance was negligible. Use of e-devices by students enrolled in their first pharmacotherapeutics course may negatively impact academics.
    背景与目标:
  • 【社会天真的自我评估调节了精神分裂症的认知洞察力与阳性症状之间的关系。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.schres.2012.10.037 复制DOI
    作者列表:Guerrero AG,Lysaker PH
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cognitive insight refers to awareness of one's own thinking. Research has found deficits in cognitive insight in schizophrenia but studies of its links with positive symptoms and delusions have been equivocal. One possibility is that the association of cognitive insight with positive symptoms and delusions is moderated by other factors. To explore this issue this study examined whether level of socially naive self-appraisal moderated the relationship of two forms of cognitive insight, self-reflectivity and self-certainty with delusions and positive symptoms. Participants were 92 adults, with diagnoses of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, who were administered the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, self-deceptive subscale from the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale and the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale. Stepwise multiple regressions with the interaction term of the predictive and moderator variables suggested that social naiveté moderates the relationship between self-reflectivity and self-certainty with positive symptoms in general. Moreover, association between self-certainty and delusions was also moderated by social naiveté self-appraisal. All models were significant after controlling for willful impression management as well as a measure of executive function. Results suggest that higher levels of self-certainty are a risk factor for having greater positive symptoms including more severe levels of delusions, when one has a view of oneself that is not tempered by the perceptions of others. Concerning lower levels of self-reflectivity it may be that this combined with a socially naïve view of oneself leaves persons less inhibited when they are tempted to accept unusual thoughts and perceptions as accurate. Implications for treatment are discussed.
    背景与目标: : 认知洞察力是指对自己思维的认识。研究发现精神分裂症的认知能力不足,但对其与阳性症状和妄想的联系的研究却模棱两可。一种可能性是,认知洞察力与积极症状和妄想的关联受到其他因素的调节。为了探讨这个问题,本研究检查了社交天真的自我评估水平是否调节了两种认知洞察力,自我反射和自我确定性与妄想和积极症状之间的关系。参与者为92名诊断为精神分裂症或分裂情感障碍的成年人,他们接受了阳性和阴性综合征量表,Marlowe-Crowne社会期望量表和Beck认知洞察力量表的自我欺骗性量表。具有预测变量和调节变量相互作用项的逐步多元回归表明,社会天真通常会缓和自我反射性和自我确定性与积极症状之间的关系。此外,社会天真的自我评估也减轻了自我确定性和妄想之间的联系。在控制了故意的印象管理以及执行功能的度量之后,所有模型都很重要。结果表明,当一个人对自己的看法不受他人的看法影响时,较高的自我确定性水平是出现更大积极症状 (包括更严重的妄想) 的危险因素。关于较低的自我反射率,这可能与对自己的社会天真的看法相结合,使人们在试图接受不寻常的想法和看法准确时受到的抑制较小。讨论了对治疗的影响。
  • 【[口腔健康对巴西南里奥格兰德州阿雷格里港城市废物处理工人日常表现的影响]。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1590/s0102-311x2007000700023 复制DOI
    作者列表:Gomes AS,Abegg C
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of oral health impact on daily performance in Brazilian adults. 276 civil servants 35 to 44 years of age from the Public Works and Waste Disposal Department of Porto Alegre, in southern Brazil, were interviewed and clinically examined. Oral Impacts on Daily Performance (OIDP) was used to evaluate the impact of oral health status on daily performance. 73.6% of all subjects had at least one daily performance affected by an oral impact in the previous six months. The most commonly affected performance was eating (48.6%), while the most common symptoms were discomfort (40.6%) and dissatisfaction with one's appearance (31.5%). Missing teeth (21.7%) and toothache (20.7%) were recognized as the main causes of oral impacts on daily performance. OIDP was useful for measuring (physically, psychologically, and socially) the oral impacts on daily performance.
    背景与目标: : 这项研究旨在调查巴西成年人口腔健康对日常表现的影响。来自巴西南部阿雷格里港公共工程和废物处理部门的276名35至44岁的公务员接受了采访和临床检查。口腔对日常表现的影响 (OIDP) 用于评估口腔健康状况对日常表现的影响。在过去的六个月中,所有受试者的73.6% 至少有一个每日表现受到口腔影响的影响。最常见的影响表现是进食 (48.6%),而最常见的症状是不适 (40.6%) 和对自己的外表不满意 (31.5%)。牙齿缺失 (21.7%) 和牙痛 (20.7%) 被认为是口腔影响日常表现的主要原因。OIDP可用于测量 (身体,心理和社交) 口头对日常表现的影响。
  • 【焦虑症成人认知行为治疗结果的荟萃分析综述。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/01.nmd.0000253843.70149.9a 复制DOI
    作者列表:Norton PJ,Price EC
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The efficacy of cognitive behavioral treatments (CBT) for anxiety in adults has been supported by multiple meta-analyses. However, most have focused on only 1 diagnosis, thereby disallowing diagnostic comparisons. This study examined the efficacy of CBT across the anxiety disorders. One hundred eight trials of CBT for an anxiety disorder met study criteria. Cognitive therapy and exposure therapy alone, in combination, or combined with relaxation training, were efficacious across the anxiety disorders, with no differential efficacy for any treatment components for any specific diagnoses. However, when comparing across diagnoses, outcomes for generalized anxiety disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder were superior to those for social anxiety disorder, but no other differences emerged. CBT effects were superior to those for no-treatment and expectancy control treatments, although tentative evidence suggested equal effects of CBT when compared with relaxation-only treatments.
    背景与目标: : 认知行为治疗 (CBT) 对成年人焦虑的功效已得到多项荟萃分析的支持。然而,大多数只关注1个诊断,因此不允许进行诊断比较。这项研究检查了CBT在焦虑症中的功效。针对焦虑症的CBT试验达到了研究标准。单独使用认知疗法和暴露疗法,或与放松训练相结合,在焦虑症中是有效的,对于任何特定诊断的任何治疗成分都没有不同的功效。然而,当比较各种诊断时,广泛焦虑症和创伤后应激障碍的结果优于社交焦虑症,但没有其他差异。CBT效果优于无治疗和预期对照治疗,尽管初步证据表明CBT与仅松弛治疗相比具有相同的效果。
  • 【注意力缺陷/多动障碍患者的药物使用与高等教育入学考试成绩之间的关联。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.1472 复制DOI
    作者列表:Lu Y,Sjölander A,Cederlöf M,D'Onofrio BM,Almqvist C,Larsson H,Lichtenstein P
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Importance:Individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at greater risk for academic problems. Pharmacologic treatment is effective in reducing the core symptoms of ADHD, but it is unclear whether it helps to improve academic outcomes. Objective:To investigate the association between the use of ADHD medication and performance on higher education entrance tests in individuals with ADHD. Design, Setting, and Participants:This cohort study observed 61 640 individuals with a diagnosis of ADHD from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2013. Records of their pharmacologic treatment were extracted from Swedish national registers along with data from the Swedish Scholastic Aptitude Test. Using a within-patient design, test scores when patients were taking medication for ADHD were compared with scores when they were not taking such medication. Data analysis was performed from November 24, 2015, to November 4, 2016. Exposures:Periods with and without ADHD medication use. Main Outcomes and Measures:Scores from the higher education entrance examination (score range, 1-200 points). Results:Among 930 individuals (493 males and 437 females; mean [SD] age, 22.2 [3.2] years) who had taken multiple entrance tests (n = 2524) and used ADHD medications intermittently, the test scores were a mean of 4.80 points higher (95% CI, 2.26-7.34; P < .001) during periods they were taking medication vs nonmedicated periods, after adjusting for age and practice effects. Similar associations between ADHD medication use and test scores were detected in sensitivity analyses. Conclusions and Relevance:Individuals with ADHD had higher scores on the higher education entrance tests during periods they were taking ADHD medication vs nonmedicated periods. These findings suggest that ADHD medications may help ameliorate educationally relevant outcomes in individuals with ADHD.
    背景与目标:
  • 【口服补充谷氨酸和GABA对大鼠海马记忆性能和神经化学特征的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Tabassum S,Ahmad S,Madiha S,Khaliq S,Shahzad S,Batool Z,Haider S
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Glutamate (GLU) and gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) are essential amino acids (AA) for brain function serving as excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter respectively. Their tablets are available in market for improving gut function and muscle performance. Despite of having a major role during memory formation and processing, effects of these tablets on brain functioning like learning and memory have not been investigated. Therefore, present study is aimed to investigate the effects of orally supplemented GLU and GABA on learning and memory performance and further to monitor related effects of these orally supplemented GLU and GABA on brain levels of these AA. Three groups of rats were supplemented orally with drinking water (control group) or suspension of tablets of GABA and Glutamate, respectively for four weeks. Cognitive performance was determined using behavioral tests (Novel object recognition test, Morris water maze, Passive avoidance test) measuring recognition, spatial reference and aversive memory. Levels of GLU, GABA and acetylcholine (ACh) were estimated in rat hippocampus. Results showed that chronic oral administration of GLU and GABA tablets has a significant impact on brain function and can alter GLU and GABA content in rat hippocampus. Compared to GABA, GLU supplementation specifically enhances memory performance via increasing ACh. Thus, GLU can be suggested as a useful supplement for improving learning and memory performance and neurochemical status of brain and in future could be effective in the treatment of neurological disorders affecting learning and memory performance.
    背景与目标: 谷氨酸 (GLU) 和 γ-氨基丁酸 (GABA) 是脑功能必需氨基酸 (AA),分别作为兴奋性和抑制性神经递质。他们的片剂可用于改善肠道功能和肌肉性能。尽管在记忆形成和处理过程中起着重要作用,但尚未研究这些片剂对大脑功能 (如学习和记忆) 的影响。因此,本研究旨在研究口服补充的GLU和GABA对学习和记忆性能的影响,并进一步监测这些口服补充的GLU和GABA对这些AA的大脑水平的相关影响。三组大鼠分别口服补充饮用水 (对照组) 或GABA和谷氨酸混悬剂,持续4周。使用行为测试 (新颖物体识别测试,莫里斯水迷宫,被动回避测试) 来确定认知能力,以测量识别,空间参考和厌恶记忆。估计大鼠海马中GLU,GABA和乙酰胆碱 (ACh) 的水平。结果表明,长期口服GLU和GABA片对大鼠脑功能有明显影响,可改变大鼠海马GLU和GABA的含量。与GABA相比,补充GLU通过增加ACh来特别增强记忆性能。因此,GLU可以被建议作为改善学习和记忆性能以及大脑神经化学状态的有用补充,并且将来可以有效地治疗影响学习和记忆性能的神经系统疾病。
  • 【重度抑郁症治疗后复发与认知反应性的关系。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1037/0022-006X.75.3.447 复制DOI
    作者列表:Fresco DM,Segal ZV,Buis T,Kennedy S
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Z. V. Segal et al. (2006) demonstrated that depressed patients treated to remission through either antidepressant medication (ADM) or cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), but who evidenced mood-linked increases in dysfunctional thinking, showed elevated rates of relapse over 18 months. The current study sought to evaluate whether treatment response was associated with gains in decentering-the ability to observe one's thoughts and feelings as temporary, objective events in the mind-and whether these gains moderated the relationship between mood-linked cognitive reactivity and relapse of major depression. Findings revealed that CBT responders exhibited significantly greater gains in decentering compared with ADM responders. In addition, high post acute treatment levels of decentering and low cognitive reactivity were associated with the lowest rates of relapse in the 18-month follow-up period.
    背景与目标: : Z。五.Segal等人 (2006) 证明,抑郁症患者通过抗抑郁药物 (ADM) 或认知行为疗法 (CBT) 治疗缓解,但证明了功能障碍思维的情绪相关增加,显示出超过18个月的复发率升高。当前的研究试图评估治疗反应是否与偏心的增加有关-观察一个人的思想和感觉作为暂时的,客观的心理事件的能力-以及这些增加是否缓解了与情绪相关的认知反应与重抑郁症复发之间的关系。调查结果显示,与ADM响应者相比,CBT响应者在偏心方面表现出更大的收益。此外,在18个月的随访期内,急性治疗后高水平的偏心和低认知反应性与最低的复发率相关。
  • 【卢旺达基于绩效的融资的公平分析: 服务是否惠及最贫穷的妇女?】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1093/heapol/czs122 复制DOI
    作者列表:Priedeman Skiles M,Curtis SL,Basinga P,Angeles G
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Maternal health services continue to favour the wealthiest in lower and middle income countries. Debate about the potential of performance-based financing (PBF) to address these disparities continues. As PBF is adopted by countries, it is critical to understand the equity effects for maternal services. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of PBF on equity in maternal health service use when no specific provisions target the poorest in the population. In Rwanda, PBF was designed to increase health service use, which was universally low. Paired districts were randomly assigned to intervention and control for PBF implementation. Using Rwanda's Demographic Health Survey data from 2005 (pre-intervention) and 2007-8 (post-intervention), a cluster-level panel dataset of 7899 women 15-49 years of age from intervention (4477) and control districts (3422) was created. The impact of PBF on reported use of facility deliveries, antenatal care (ANC) and modern contraceptive use was estimated using a difference-in-differences model with community fixed effects. Interaction terms between wealth quintiles and PBF were estimated to identify the differential effect of PBF among poorer women. The probability of a facility delivery increased by 10 percentage points in the intervention when compared with the control districts (P = 0.014), while no significant effects were noted for ANC visits or modern contraceptive use. Service use increased for intervention and control populations and across all wealth quintiles from 2005 to 2007, with no evidence that PBF was a pro-poor or a pro-rich strategy. Insurance remained a positive predictor of service use. This research suggests that if service use is uniformly low then a PBF programme that incentivizes select services, such as facility deliveries, may improve service use overall. However, if the equity gap is extreme, then a PBF programme without equity targets will do little to alleviate disparities.
    背景与目标: : 孕产妇保健服务继续有利于中低收入国家的最富有的人。关于基于绩效的融资 (PBF) 解决这些差距的潜力的辩论仍在继续。随着PBF被各国采用,了解孕产妇服务的公平效应至关重要。这项研究的目的是在没有针对最贫困人口的具体规定的情况下,研究PBF对孕产妇保健服务使用公平性的影响。在卢旺达,PBF旨在增加普遍较低的卫生服务使用。成对的地区被随机分配到PBF实施的干预和控制中。使用卢旺达的人口健康调查数据2005年 (干预前) 和2007-8 (干预后),创建了来自干预 (4477) 和控制区 (3422) 的7899名15-49岁妇女的集群级面板数据集。使用具有社区固定效应的差异差异模型估算了PBF对报告的设施分娩使用,产前护理 (ANC) 和现代避孕药具使用的影响。估计了财富五分位数与PBF之间的相互作用项,以确定PBF在较贫穷妇女中的不同作用。与对照地区相比,干预措施中提供设施的可能性增加了10个百分点 (P = 0.014),而对ANC就诊或使用现代避孕药具没有显着影响。干预和控制人群以及所有财富五分之一2005年2007年的服务使用有所增加,没有证据表明PBF是扶贫或致富战略。保险仍然是服务使用的积极预测因素。这项研究表明,如果服务使用率一直很低,那么激励特定服务 (例如设施交付) 的PBF计划可能会总体上改善服务使用率。但是,如果股权差距是极端的,那么没有股权目标的PBF计划将对缓解差距无济于事。
  • 【比较四种不同工具在诊断与疾病相关的厌食症方面的性能及其与住院患者营养,功能和临床结局指标的关系。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.clnu.2012.11.011 复制DOI
    作者列表:Arezzo di Trifiletti A,Misino P,Giannantoni P,Giannantoni B,Cascino A,Fazi L,Rossi Fanelli F,Laviano A
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND & AIMS:In hospitalized patients, lack of appetite, i.e., disease-associated anorexia, is the main factor determining insufficient food intake and weight loss, which in turn increase morbidity and mortality. Controversies exist on which tool should be preferred when diagnosing anorexia. Aim of the study was to evaluate in hospitalized medical patients, the performance of 4 different tools [i.e., self-assessment of appetite, FAACT-ESPEN score, visual analog scale (VAS), and the Anorexia Questionnaire (AQ)] in assessing disease-associated anorexia and predicting nutritional and clinical variables. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Hospitalized patients consecutively admitted to the Internal Medicine ward at our institution were considered. After informed consent was obtained, patients were asked to self-assess their appetite vs the previous month. The VAS, the FAACT-ESPEN score and the Anorexia Questionnaire were also submitted. Food intake immediately following the interview was recorded. Nutritional (i.e., body weight, height), functional (i.e., handgrip strength) and clinical variables (i.e., length of stay) were registered upon admission and before discharge. RESULTS:We studied 105 patients (74M:31F; 66.2 ± 16.3 yrs). The prevalence of anorexia as assessed by patients' self assessment, FAACT-ESPEN score, and the Anorexia Questionnaire was 23%, 10% and 48%, respectively. VAS did not show any correlation with food intake. Anorexic patients as identified by the self assessment of appetite showed reduced food intake and weaker handgrip strength than non-anorexic. The FAACT-ESPEN score correlated with body weight, food intake and handgrip strength, but was not related with length of stay. Anorexic patients as identified by the Anorexia Questionnaire showed reduced food intake, lower body weight, weaker handgrip strength and longer hospital stay than non-anorexic patients. DISCUSSION:The prevalence of anorexia significantly varies according to the diagnostic tool used. Except for VAS, all the tested tools identify patients with impaired nutritional and functional variables. However, only the Anorexia Questionnaire identifies patients with longer hospital stay. Our results suggest that in clinical practice, modification of appetite reflects different underlying mechanisms whose impacts on clinical outcome measures may differ. Therefore, an ideal anorexia assessment tool does not appear to exist, but it should be chosen according to the outcome measures to be assessed (i.e., Anorexia Questionnaire to predict length of stay).
    背景与目标:
  • 【评估多奈哌齐改善精神分裂症患者认知障碍的前景。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1517/13543784.2013.750650 复制DOI
    作者列表:Thakurathi N,Vincenzi B,Henderson DC
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Even though cognitive impairment is manifested in almost all patients with schizophrenia, the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials for Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) study showed no significant difference between first- and second-generation psychotropic drugs in improving cognitive abilities. Discovering new drugs that can improve impaired cognition, thus, is an attractive treatment target for patients with schizophrenia. AREAS COVERED:This article briefly reviews about donepezil, a highly selective (IC(50) = 6.7 nM) centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that has been approved by FDA for treating cognitive deficit states such as in Alzheimer's disease and its uses in clinical trials for the treatment of schizophrenia. The literature search included PubMed and Cochrane library with the following words: donepezil, schizophrenia and cognitive impairments. EXPERT OPINION:The results of several clinical trials utilizing donepezil as an adjunct to second-generation antipsychotic drugs targeting cognitive deficits in schizophrenia subjects have been disappointing and would not lead clinicians to consider this as a potential treatment option. While longer randomized controlled trials, increase dosage and selected groups of patients at different stage of cognitive impairment may provide a better understanding of the potential for this drug in addressing cognitive deficits, results to date have not been encouraging.
    背景与目标:
  • 【生物电化学系统中碳源对脱氮性能的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.004 复制DOI
    作者列表:Feng H,Huang B,Zou Y,Li N,Wang M,Yin J,Cong Y,Shen D
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In order to ascertain the effects of different carbon sources (methanol, glucose, starch and NaHCO(3)) on denitrification in BESs, the experiment was conducted in a constant current, 3.5 of chemical oxygen demand to nitrate ratio in a greenhouse. Among the four carbon sources investigated in BESs, NaHCO(3) showed the highest nitrite accumulation and the ratio of soluble microbial products to soluble chemical oxygen demand (SMP/SCOD) with a value of 3.68 ± 0.68 mg/L and 94%, respectively. And the addition of organic substrates could reduce SMP production and enhance the denitrification process. In the constant voltage experiment, it was observed that the organics could be used by microbes to generate electrons at the anode. And a maximal current value of 11.0 mA in the BESs fed with starch indicated that the complex carbon source was easier to be used by microorganisms to generate electricity than the simple carbon source.
    背景与目标: : 为了确定不同碳源 (甲醇,葡萄糖,淀粉和NaHCO(3)) 对BESs反硝化的影响,该实验在恒定电流下进行,3.5温室中的化学需氧量与硝酸盐的比率。在BESs调查的四种碳源中,NaHCO(3) 显示出最高的亚硝酸盐积累和可溶性微生物产物与可溶性化学需氧量 (SMP/SCOD) 的比率,分别为3.68 ± 0.68 mg/L和94%。有机底物的添加可以减少SMP的产生并增强反硝化过程。在恒压实验中,观察到有机物可以被微生物用来在阳极产生电子。用淀粉喂养的贝斯中11.0 mA的最大电流值表明,复杂的碳源比简单的碳源更容易被微生物用来发电。
  • 【富钠白铁矿去除水中铵离子的性能和机理。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.jes.2016.11.015 复制DOI
    作者列表:Cheng Y,Huang T,Shi X,Wen G,Sun Y
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Na-rich birnessite (NRB) was synthesized by a simple synthesis method and used as a high-efficiency adsorbent for the removal of ammonium ion (NH4+) from aqueous solution. In order to demonstrate the adsorption performance of the synthesized material, the effects of contact time, pH, initial ammonium ion concentration, and temperature were investigated. Adsorption kinetics showed that the adsorption behavior followed the pseudo second-order kinetic model. The equilibrium adsorption data were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models and the model parameters were evaluated. The monolayer adsorption capacity of the adsorbent, as obtained from the Langmuir isotherm, was 22.61mg NH4+-N/g at 283K. Thermodynamic analyses showed that the adsorption was spontaneous and that it was also a physisorption process. Our data revealed that the higher NH4+ adsorption capacity could be primarily attributed to the water absorption process and electrostatic interaction. Particularly, the high surface hydroxyl-content of NRB enables strong interactions with ammonium ion. The results obtained in this study illustrate that the NRB is expected to be an effective and economically viable adsorbent for ammonium ion removal from aqueous system.
    背景与目标: : 通过简单的合成方法合成了富含Na的白铁矿 (NRB),并用作从水溶液中去除铵离子 (NH4) 的高效吸附剂。为了证明合成材料的吸附性能,研究了接触时间,pH,初始铵离子浓度和温度的影响。吸附动力学表明,吸附行为遵循伪二阶动力学模型。将平衡吸附数据拟合到Langmuir和Freundlich吸附模型,并评估模型参数。从Langmuir等温线获得的吸附剂的单层吸附容量在283K下为22.61mg NH4 +-N/g。热力学分析表明,吸附是自发的,也是物理吸附过程。我们的数据显示,较高的NH4吸附能力可能主要归因于吸水过程和静电相互作用。特别是,NRB的高表面羟基含量可与铵离子强相互作用。在这项研究中获得的结果表明,NRB有望成为从水性体系中去除铵离子的有效且经济可行的吸附剂。
  • 【社交焦虑症的认知疗法: “自我关注的注意和安全行为实验” 对治疗过程的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1017/S1352465813000672 复制DOI
    作者列表:Schreiber F,Heimlich C,Schweitzer C,Stangier U
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND AND AIMS:Several studies have shown that cognitive therapy is an effective treatment for social anxiety disorder (SAD). However, it remains unclear which of the complex interventions are associated with an anxiety reduction during the course of treatment. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of the intervention referred to as the "self-focused attention and safety behaviours experiment" on treatment outcome. METHOD:This study was part of a randomized controlled trial including 16 sessions of either individual cognitive therapy (CT) or interpersonal therapy (IPT) for SAD. Of particular importance, a concomitant time-series analysis was used to investigate the impact of the self-focused attention and safety behaviours experiment on subsequent social anxiety (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after the intervention) in 32 patients with SAD, who are receiving cognitive treatment. RESULTS:The results revealed a significant reduction of social anxiety after the self-focused attention and safety behaviours experiment during the subsequent month of treatment. CONCLUSION:The findings of the current study confirm current cognitive theories of SAD and demonstrate the importance of interventions that target self-focused attention and safety behaviour in cognitive therapy for SAD.
    背景与目标:

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