• 【茴拉西坦认知增强药对酪氨酸和l-色氨酸的荧光猝灭的荧光荧光研究: 使用Stern-Volmer和双对数图的猝灭机理。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1002/bio.3778 复制DOI
    作者列表:Hassan SAE,Ahmed SAE,Helmy AH,Youssef NF
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A novel approach on fluorescence quenching of tyrosine and l-tryptophan is presented for spectrofluorimetric determination of aniracetam in drug substances and products. The quenching mechanism was investigated using Stern-Volmer plots and ultraviolet spectra figures of quencher-fluorophore mixtures. Binding constant and stoichiometry were calculated using double-log plots. The spectrofluorimetric method was optimized for the experimental conditions affecting fluorescence quenching including fluorophore concentration, diluent, and reaction time. Moreover, the pH-rate profile of aniracetam was studied using simple kinetics and found to be stable within the pH range 5-8. Fluorescence quenching of tyrosine and l-tryptophan were observed on addition of aniracetam in aqueous medium at pH 5.5-6.5. Aniracetam quenched the fluorescence of tyrosine and l-tryptophan in the concentration range 1-20 μg/ml and 0.3-20 μg/ml, respectively, with binomial relationships between quenching values (ΔF) and aniracetam concentration. Limits of detection were found to be 0.10 μg/ml for tyrosine-aniracetam and 0.14 μg/ml for l-tryptophan-aniracetam. Method validation was performed as per ICH guidelines and demonstrated that the developed spectrofluorimetric method was accurate, precise, specific, and suitable for analysis of aniracetam in routine quality control laboratories. All experimental materials and solvents used are eco-friendly, indicating that the cited spectrofluorimetric procedure is an excellent green method.
    背景与目标: : 提出了一种用于酪氨酸和l-色氨酸荧光猝灭的新方法,用于分光光度法测定药物和产品中的阿尼西坦。使用Stern-Volmer图和猝灭剂-荧光团混合物的紫外光谱图研究了猝灭机理。使用双对数图计算结合常数和化学计量。针对影响荧光猝灭的实验条件 (包括荧光团浓度,稀释剂和反应时间) 进行了优化。此外,使用简单的动力学研究了阿尼西坦的pH速率分布,发现在5-8的pH范围内稳定。在pH 5.5-6.5的水介质中加入茴拉西坦后,观察到酪氨酸和l-色氨酸的荧光猝灭。茴拉西坦分别在1-20μg/ml和0.3-20 μ g/ml的浓度范围内猝灭酪氨酸和l-色氨酸的荧光,猝灭值 (Δ f) 与茴拉西坦浓度之间具有二项式关系。发现酪氨酸-茴拉西坦的检出限为0.10 μ g/ml,l-色氨酸-茴拉西坦的检出限为0.14 μ g/ml。方法验证根据ICH指南进行,并证明所开发的荧光光谱法是准确,精确,特异性的,并且适用于常规质量控制实验室中的阿尼西坦分析。使用的所有实验材料和溶剂都是环保的,这表明所引用的荧光光谱法是一种出色的绿色方法。
  • 2 The native language of social cognition. 复制标题 收藏 收藏

    【社会认知的母语。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1073/pnas.0705345104 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kinzler KD,Dupoux E,Spelke ES
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :What leads humans to divide the social world into groups, preferring their own group and disfavoring others? Experiments with infants and young children suggest these tendencies are based on predispositions that emerge early in life and depend, in part, on natural language. Young infants prefer to look at a person who previously spoke their native language. Older infants preferentially accept toys from native-language speakers, and preschool children preferentially select native-language speakers as friends. Variations in accent are sufficient to evoke these social preferences, which are observed in infants before they produce or comprehend speech and are exhibited by children even when they comprehend the foreign-accented speech. Early-developing preferences for native-language speakers may serve as a foundation for later-developing preferences and conflicts among social groups.
    背景与目标: : 是什么导致人类将社会世界划分为群体,偏爱自己的群体而不利于他人?对婴儿和幼儿的实验表明,这些趋势是基于生命早期出现的倾向,部分依赖于自然语言。年幼的婴儿更喜欢看以前说母语的人。年龄较大的婴儿优先接受母语人士的玩具,学龄前儿童优先选择母语人士作为朋友。口音的变化足以唤起这些社会偏好,这些偏好是在婴儿产生或理解语音之前观察到的,即使他们理解了外来口音的语音,儿童也会表现出这种偏好。早期发展对母语人士的偏好可能是后来发展的偏好和社会群体之间冲突的基础。
  • 【成人认知的生物学相关性: 美国的中年 (MIDUS)。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.07.028 复制DOI
    作者列表:Karlamangla AS,Miller-Martinez D,Lachman ME,Tun PA,Koretz BK,Seeman TE
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Multiple biological processes are related to cognitive impairment in older adults, but their combined impact on cognition in midlife is not known. Using an array of measurements across key regulatory physiological systems and a state-of-the-art cognition battery that is sensitive to early changes, in a large, national sample of middle-aged and older adults, we examined the associations of individual biological systems and a combined, multi-system index, allostatic load, with cognitive performance. Allostatic load was strongly inversely associated with performance in both episodic memory and executive function. Of 7 biological systems, only the cardiovascular system was associated inversely with both; inflammation was associated inversely with episodic memory only, and glucose metabolism with executive function only. The associations of allostatic load with cognition were not different by age, suggesting that the implications of high allostatic load on cognitive functioning are not restricted to older adults. Findings suggest that a multi-system score, like allostatic load, may assist in the early identification of adults at increased risk for cognitive impairment.
    背景与目标: : 多种生物学过程与老年人的认知障碍有关,但尚不清楚它们对中年认知的综合影响。使用一系列关键调节生理系统的测量和对早期变化敏感的最先进的认知电池,在一个大型的,中老年人的国家样本中,我们检查了个体生物系统和组合的多系统指数的关联,静态负荷,具有认知性能。静态负荷与情景记忆和执行功能的性能呈负相关。在7个生物系统中,只有心血管系统与两者成反比; 炎症仅与情节记忆成反比,而葡萄糖代谢仅与执行功能成反比。异种负荷与认知的关联在年龄上没有差异,这表明高异种负荷对认知功能的影响不仅限于老年人。研究结果表明,多系统评分 (如同种异体负荷) 可能有助于早期识别认知障碍风险增加的成年人。
  • 【前额叶神经元向顶叶神经元传递信号,反映认知的执行控制。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1038/nn.3509 复制DOI
    作者列表:Crowe DA,Goodwin SJ,Blackman RK,Sakellaridi S,Sponheim SR,MacDonald AW 3rd,Chafee MV
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Prefrontal cortex influences behavior largely through its connections with other association cortices; however, the nature of the information conveyed by prefrontal output signals and what effect these signals have on computations performed by target structures is largely unknown. To address these questions, we simultaneously recorded the activity of neurons in prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices of monkeys performing a rule-based spatial categorization task. Parietal cortex receives direct prefrontal input, and parietal neurons, like their prefrontal counterparts, exhibit signals that reflect rule-based cognitive processing in this task. By analyzing rapid fluctuations in the cognitive information encoded by activity in the two areas, we obtained evidence that signals reflecting rule-dependent categories were selectively transmitted in a top-down direction from prefrontal to parietal neurons, suggesting that prefrontal output is important for the executive control of distributed cognitive processing.
    背景与目标: : 前额叶皮层主要通过与其他关联皮层的连接来影响行为; 但是,前额叶输出信号传达的信息的性质以及这些信号对目标结构执行的计算有何影响在很大程度上是未知的。为了解决这些问题,我们同时记录了执行基于规则的空间分类任务的猴子的前额叶和后顶叶皮层中神经元的活动。顶叶皮层接收直接的前额叶输入,并且顶叶神经元像前额叶神经元一样,在此任务中表现出反映基于规则的认知处理的信号。通过分析这两个区域活动编码的认知信息的快速波动,我们获得了反映规则依赖类别的信号从前额叶神经元到顶叶神经元有选择地沿自上而下的方向传输的证据,这表明前额叶输出对于分布式认知处理的执行控制很重要。
  • 【来自间充质干细胞的外泌体2 ',3'-CNP促进海马CA1神经发生/神经发生,并有助于挽救受损大脑的认知/学习缺陷。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1002/sctm.19-0174 复制DOI
    作者列表:Chen SY,Lin MC,Tsai JS,He PL,Luo WT,Chiu IM,Herschman HR,Li HJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used in clinical studies to treat neurological diseases and damage. However, implanted MSCs do not achieve their regenerative effects by differentiating into and replacing neural cells. Instead, MSC secretome components mediate the regenerative effects of MSCs. MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs)/exosomes carry cargo responsible for rescuing brain damage. We previously showed that EP4 antagonist-induced MSC EVs/exosomes have enhanced regenerative potential to rescue hippocampal damage, compared with EVs/exosomes from untreated MSCs. Here we show that EP4 antagonist-induced MSC EVs/exosomes promote neurosphere formation in vitro and increase neurogenesis and neuritogenesis in damaged hippocampi; basal MSC EVs/exosomes do not contribute to these regenerative effects. 2',3'-Cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNP) levels in EP4 antagonist-induced MSC EVs/exosomes are 20-fold higher than CNP levels in basal MSC EVs/exosomes. Decreasing elevated exosomal CNP levels in EP4 antagonist-induced MSC EVs/exosomes reduced the efficacy of these EVs/exosomes in promoting β3-tubulin polymerization and in converting toxic 2',3'-cAMP into neuroprotective adenosine. CNP-depleted EP4 antagonist-induced MSC EVs/exosomes lost the ability to promote neurogenesis and neuritogenesis in damaged hippocampi. Systemic administration of EV/exosomes from EP4 -antagonist derived MSC EVs/exosomes repaired cognition, learning, and memory deficiencies in mice caused by hippocampal damage. In contrast, CNP-depleted EP4 antagonist-induced MSC EVs/exosomes failed to repair this damage. Exosomal CNP contributes to the ability of EP4 antagonist-elicited MSC EVs/exosomes to promote neurogenesis and neuritogenesis in damaged hippocampi and recovery of cognition, memory, and learning. This experimental approach should be generally applicable to identifying the role of EV/exosomal components in eliciting a variety of biological responses.
    背景与目标: : 间充质干细胞 (MSCs) 已被用于治疗神经系统疾病和损伤的临床研究。然而,植入的MSCs不能通过分化和替代神经细胞来实现其再生效果。相反,MSC分泌组成分介导了MSC的再生效应。MSC衍生的细胞外囊泡 (EVs)/外泌体携带负责抢救脑损伤的货物。我们先前表明,与未经治疗的MSCs/exosomes相比,EP4拮抗剂诱导的MSC EVs/exosomes具有增强的再生潜力来挽救海马损伤。在这里,我们显示EP4拮抗剂诱导的MSC EVs/外泌体在体外促进神经球形成,并增加受损海马的神经发生和神经发生; 基础MSC EVs/外泌体对这些再生作用没有贡献。EP4拮抗剂诱导的MSC EVs/外泌体中的2 ',3'-环核苷酸3 '-磷酸二酯酶 (CNP) 水平比基础MSC EVs/外泌体中的CNP水平高20倍。降低EP4拮抗剂诱导的MSC EVs/exosome中的exosome CNP水平升高会降低这些EVs/exosome在促进 β3-微管蛋白聚合和将有毒的2 ',3'-cAMP转化为神经保护性腺苷方面的功效。CNP耗尽的EP4拮抗剂诱导的MSC EVs/外泌体失去了促进受损海马神经发生和神经发生的能力。从EP4拮抗剂衍生的MSC EVs/exosomes全身施用EV/exosomes可修复由海马损伤引起的小鼠的认知,学习和记忆缺陷。相反,CNP耗尽的EP4拮抗剂诱导的MSC EVs/外泌体无法修复这种损伤。外泌体CNP有助于EP4拮抗剂引发的MSC EVs/外泌体促进受损海马神经发生和神经发生以及认知,记忆和学习恢复的能力。这种实验方法通常应适用于确定EV/外源体成分在引起各种生物学反应中的作用。
  • 【下丘脑-垂体肿瘤患者的社会认知。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.3389/fonc.2020.01014 复制DOI
    作者列表:Özyurt J,Mehren A,Boekhoff S,Müller HL,Thiel CM
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Objectives: The current study aimed to investigate whether childhood-onset craniopharyngioma patients are impaired in social-cognitive skills, and whether individual differences in task performance are modulated by the neurohormone oxytocin. Study design: We tested 31 adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma patients with and without hypothalamic lesions and 35 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. To test for between-group differences in social-cognitive skills, we experimentally assessed participants' abilities to interpret social signs or dispositions and to understand others' thoughts, feelings, and intentions. Associations between fasting oxytocin saliva concentrations and task performance were analyzed across the whole group of participants. Results: Compared to controls, patients with hypothalamic lesions were significantly less able to identify the correct emotional content of vocal expressions and to understand others' mental states. Judgements of trustworthiness were not different between patients and controls. There were no correlations between the primary measures of task performance and fasting oxytocin saliva concentrations. Conclusions: This is the first study to show that craniopharyngioma patients with hypothalamic lesions are impaired in some aspects of social cognition, which are of high relevance for everyday social interactions. These deficits suggest a disruption of the normal functionality of hypothalamic-fronto-limbic networks and/or additional areas of the social brain, which are at particular risk by hypothalamic location of the tumor and its treatment.
    背景与目标: : 目的: 本研究旨在调查儿童发病的颅咽管瘤患者的社交认知能力是否受损,以及神经激素催产素是否调节了任务表现的个体差异。研究设计: 我们测试了31例有和没有下丘脑病变的金刚烷瘤性颅咽管瘤患者以及35例年龄和性别相匹配的健康对照。为了测试社交认知技能的组间差异,我们通过实验评估了参与者解释社交标志或性格以及理解他人的想法,感受和意图的能力。在整个参与者组中分析了空腹催产素唾液浓度与任务表现之间的关联。结果: 与对照组相比,下丘脑病变患者识别声音表达的正确情绪内容和理解他人心理状态的能力明显降低。患者和对照组之间对可信度的判断没有差异。任务表现的主要指标与空腹催产素唾液浓度之间没有相关性。结论: 这是第一项表明患有下丘脑病变的颅咽管瘤患者在社交认知的某些方面受到损害的研究,这与日常社交互动具有很高的相关性。这些缺陷表明下丘脑-额边缘网络的正常功能和/或社交大脑的其他区域受到破坏,这些区域因下丘脑肿瘤的位置及其治疗而特别危险。
  • 【护士健康研究中的轮班工作和认知。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1093/aje/kwt214 复制DOI
    作者列表:Devore EE,Grodstein F,Schernhammer ES
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Rotating night-shift work, which can disrupt circadian rhythm, may adversely affect long-term health. Experimental studies indicate that circadian rhythm disruption might specifically accelerate brain aging; thus, we prospectively examined shift-work history at midlife as associated with cognitive function among older women in the Nurses' Health Study. Women reported their history of rotating night-shift work in 1988 and participated in telephone-based cognitive interviews between 1995 and 2001; interviews included 6 cognitive tests that were subsequently repeated 3 times, at 2-year intervals. We focused on shift work through midlife (here, ages 58-68 years) because cognitive decline is thought to begin during this period. Using multivariable-adjusted linear regression, we evaluated mean differences in both "average cognitive status" at older age (averaging cognitive scores from all 4 interviews) and rates of cognitive decline over time across categories of shift-work duration at midlife (none, 1-9, 10-19, or ≥20 years). There was little association between shift work and average cognition in later life or between shift work and cognitive decline. Overall, this study does not clearly support the hypothesis that shift-work history in midlife has long-term effects on cognition in older adults.
    背景与目标: : 夜班工作会破坏昼夜节律,可能会对长期健康产生不利影响。实验研究表明,昼夜节律破坏可能会特别加速大脑衰老; 因此,我们在护士健康研究中前瞻性地研究了中年时的轮班工作史与老年妇女的认知功能有关。妇女报告了其夜班1988年的历史,并1995年和2001年参加了基于电话的认知访谈; 访谈包括6项认知测试,随后每隔2年重复3次。我们专注于中年 (这里是58-68岁) 的轮班工作,因为认知能力下降被认为是在此期间开始的。使用多变量调整线性回归,我们评估了老年人 “平均认知状态” (所有4次访谈的平均认知得分) 和中年轮班工作时间类别随时间推移认知下降的平均差异 (无,1-9,10-19,或 ≥ 20年)。轮班工作与以后生活中的平均认知之间或轮班工作与认知下降之间几乎没有关联。总的来说,这项研究没有明确支持这样的假设,即中年的轮班工作史对老年人的认知有长期影响。
  • 【大脑和认知的终生可塑性: 从问题到证据再到背部。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.10.003 复制DOI
    作者列表:Raz N,Lindenberger U
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Experience-related changes induced by modification of environment, physical exercise, or cognitive training affect brain structure and function. Research on brain plasticity and its relationship to experiential changes gathers momentum and attracts significant public interest. This collection of papers is based on presentation at the First International Conference on Life-Span Plasticity of Brain and Behavior: A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective that took place in Detroit, MI, on October 12-14, 2011. The conference honored Margret M. and Paul B. Baltes, the pioneers of life-span developmental psychology who initiated some of the first studies on experience- and training-related changes in cognition across the life span.
    背景与目标: : 环境改变,体育锻炼或认知训练引起的与经验相关的变化会影响大脑的结构和功能。大脑可塑性及其与经验变化的关系的研究聚集了动力,并引起了公众的极大兴趣。这些论文集基于在密歇根州底特律举行的第一届关于大脑和行为的寿命可塑性国际会议上的演讲: 认知神经科学的观点2011年10月12至14日。会议表彰了终身发展心理学的先驱Margret M.和Paul B. Baltes,他们发起了一些有关终生与经验和培训相关的认知变化的首批研究。
  • 【小脑对认知的贡献机制。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1080/14734220701373530 复制DOI
    作者列表:Thach WT
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The cerebellum is highly stereotyped in its cellular circuitry. Output neurons in the nuclei with one exception excite their downstream targets in other parts of the nervous system. Yet the much more voluminous cerebellar cortex inhibits these output neurons. This has suggested that the desired output activity pattern is achieved by removing all unwanted activity patterns ('sculpting'). Lesions of the lateral cerebellum impair cognitive functions including speech. These lateral portions are active during imagined as well as overt movements. Imagined movements could be used to time task performances in the absence of an external clock. The intrinsic circuitry suggests that the cerebellar cortex links together and combines nuclear output activities. A linkage mechanism is consistent with the motor deficits in coordination after midline vermal section in humans and Purkinje cell recording in trained animals. The lateral cerebellum, which projects to frontal and parietal 'association' cortex, may link together cerebral 'cognitive units' as a substrate for coordinated thought.
    背景与目标: : 小脑在其细胞回路中高度定型。细胞核中的输出神经元会激发神经系统其他部位的下游目标。然而,体积更大的小脑皮层抑制了这些输出神经元。这表明,通过删除所有不需要的活动模式 (“雕刻”) 来实现所需的输出活动模式。小脑外侧病变损害包括言语在内的认知功能。这些横向部分在想象以及明显的运动过程中都是活跃的。在没有外部时钟的情况下,可以使用想象的动作来计时任务的表演。内在回路表明小脑皮层连接在一起并结合了核输出活动。连接机制与人类中线vermal切片和训练动物中purkenje细胞记录后的协调运动缺陷一致。投射到额叶和顶叶 “关联” 皮层的小脑外侧,可以将大脑的 “认知单元” 联系在一起,作为协调思维的基础。
  • 【行为灵活性是认知复杂性的证据吗?进化如何为比较认知提供信息。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1098/rsfs.2016.0121 复制DOI
    作者列表:Mikhalevich I,Powell R,Logan C
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Behavioural flexibility is often treated as the gold standard of evidence for more sophisticated or complex forms of animal cognition, such as planning, metacognition and mindreading. However, the evidential link between behavioural flexibility and complex cognition has not been explicitly or systematically defended. Such a defence is particularly pressing because observed flexible behaviours can frequently be explained by putatively simpler cognitive mechanisms. This leaves complex cognition hypotheses open to 'deflationary' challenges that are accorded greater evidential weight precisely because they offer putatively simpler explanations of equal explanatory power. This paper challenges the blanket preference for simpler explanations, and shows that once this preference is dispensed with, and the full spectrum of evidence-including evolutionary, ecological and phylogenetic data-is accorded its proper weight, an argument in support of the prevailing assumption that behavioural flexibility can serve as evidence for complex cognitive mechanisms may begin to take shape. An adaptive model of cognitive-behavioural evolution is proposed, according to which the existence of convergent trait-environment clusters in phylogenetically disparate lineages may serve as evidence for the same trait-environment clusters in other lineages. This, in turn, could permit inferences of cognitive complexity in cases of experimental underdetermination, thereby placing the common view that behavioural flexibility can serve as evidence for complex cognition on firmer grounds.
    背景与目标: : 行为灵活性通常被视为更复杂或复杂的动物认知形式 (例如计划,元认知和思维阅读) 的黄金证据标准。但是,行为灵活性与复杂认知之间的证据联系尚未得到明确或系统的辩护。这种防御特别紧迫,因为观察到的灵活行为通常可以用简单的认知机制来解释。这使复杂的认知假设对 “通缩” 挑战开放,而这些挑战恰恰是因为它们提供了对同等解释力的简单解释,因此被赋予了更大的证据权重。本文对笼统的偏好提出了更简单的解释,并表明,一旦取消了这种偏好,并且包括进化,生态和系统发育数据在内的所有证据都被赋予了适当的权重,支持行为灵活性可以作为复杂认知机制证据的普遍假设的论点可能开始形成。提出了一种认知行为进化的适应性模型,根据该模型,在系统发育上不同的谱系中存在收敛的性状环境簇可以作为其他谱系中相同性状环境簇的证据。反过来,这可以允许在实验确定不足的情况下推断认知的复杂性,从而提出了一种普遍的观点,即行为灵活性可以在更坚定的基础上作为复杂认知的证据。
  • 【脑损伤后执行功能和社会认知障碍的康复。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/WCO.0b013e3283594872 复制DOI
    作者列表:Manly T,Murphy FC
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Brain injury is a major cause of long-term disability. Executive and social cognition sequelae are associated with poor outcome. This review examines recent evidence on the efficacy of rehabilitation in these areas. RECENT FINDINGS:Accumulating evidence shows that interventions that work with patients on developing insight and strategies to offset executive impairments can produce significant benefits. Training of specific capacities, such as working memory, holds some promise, but more needs to be known about effect generalization. Evidence on social cognition rehabilitation following brain injury is sparse. Although there are some encouraging early results, more information on the clinical significance of change for everyday function is required. SUMMARY:Rehabilitation in these areas is inherently difficult but vital if outcomes are to improve. Significant gains have been reported, and further work applying appropriate methods is urgently required.
    背景与目标:
  • 【胰岛素抵抗与HIV-1-infected患者的认知相关: 夏威夷HIV老龄化队列。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/01.qai.0000243119.67529.f5 复制DOI
    作者列表:Valcour VG,Sacktor NC,Paul RH,Watters MR,Selnes OA,Shiramizu BT,Williams AE,Shikuma CM
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To determine if insulin resistance (IR) is associated with lower cognitive performance among HIV-1-infected adults and to determine if advanced age magnifies risk. DESIGN:Cross-sectional analysis within the Hawaii Aging With HIV Cohort. METHODS:We calculated the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) among 145 cohort participants. Values were compared to concurrent neuropsychological test performance and cognitive diagnoses. RESULTS:Hypertension, body mass index (BMI), and non-Caucasian self-identity were directly related to insulin resistance (IR); however, age, CD4 lymphocyte count, and rates of treatment with HAART were not. In logistic regression analyses and stratifying cognition status on a 3-tiered scale (normal, minor cognitive motor disorder (MCMD), and HIV-associated dementia (HAD)), we identified an increased risk of meeting a higher diagnostic category as HOMA-IR increased (OR, 1.12; 95% CI: 1.003 to 1.242 per unit of HOMA-IR, P = 0.044). In linear regression models and among nondiabetic participants, an increasing degree of IR was associated with lower performance on neuropsychological summary scores. CONCLUSIONS:IR is associated with cognitive dysfunction in this contemporary HIV-1 cohort enriched with older individuals. Metabolic dysfunction may contribute to the multifactorial pathogenesis of cognitive impairment in the era of HAART.
    背景与目标:
  • 【老年tau基因敲除小鼠的适龄认知和微妙的多巴胺非依赖性运动缺陷。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.12.003 复制DOI
    作者列表:Morris M,Hamto P,Adame A,Devidze N,Masliah E,Mucke L
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The microtubule-associated protein tau is expressed throughout the nervous system, most highly in neurons but also in glial cells. Its functions in adult and aging mammals remain to be defined. Previous studies in mouse models found either protective or detrimental effects of genetic tau ablation. Though tau ablation prevented synaptic, network, and cognitive dysfunctions in several models of Alzheimer's disease and made mice more resistant to epileptic seizures, a recent study described a parkinsonian phenotype in aging Tau knockout mice. Here we tested cognition and motor functions in Tau(+/+), Tau(+/-), and Tau(-/-) mice at approximately 1 and 2 years of age. Tau ablation did not impair cognition and caused only minor motor deficits that were much more subtle than those associated with the aging process. Tau ablation caused a mild increase in body weight, which correlated with and might have contributed to some of the motor deficits. However, tau ablation did not cause significant dopaminergic impairments, and dopamine treatment did not improve the motor deficits, suggesting that they do not reflect extrapyramidal dysfunction.
    背景与目标: : 微管相关蛋白tau在整个神经系统中表达,在神经元中表达最高,在神经胶质细胞中也表达最高。它在成年和衰老哺乳动物中的功能尚待确定。先前在小鼠模型中的研究发现了遗传tau消融的保护或有害作用。尽管tau消融在几种阿尔茨海默氏病模型中预防了突触,网络和认知功能障碍,并使小鼠对癫痫发作更具抵抗力,但最近的一项研究描述了衰老的Tau基因敲除小鼠的帕金森病表型。在这里,我们测试了大约1岁和2岁的Tau (/),Tau (/-) 和Tau(-/-) 小鼠的认知和运动功能。Tau消融不会损害认知能力,仅引起较小的运动缺陷,比与衰老过程相关的运动缺陷要微妙得多。Tau消融导致体重轻度增加,这与某些运动缺陷相关,并可能导致某些运动缺陷。然而,tau消融并未引起明显的多巴胺能损伤,并且多巴胺治疗并未改善运动缺陷,这表明它们不能反映锥体外系功能障碍。
  • 【错误反馈对情感、认知、行为和事后处理的影响: 自我聚焦注意力的中介作用。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.beth.2012.07.005 复制DOI
    作者列表:Makkar SR,Grisham JR
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Current social phobia models (e.g., Clark & Wells, 1995; Leary & Kowalski, 1995) postulate that socially anxious individuals negatively appraise their anxiety sensations (e.g., sweating, heart racing, blushing) as evidence of poor social performance, and thus fear these anxiety symptoms will be noticed and judged negatively by others. Consequently, they become self-focused and hypervigilant of these sensations and use them to judge how they appear to others. To test this model, high (N=41) and low (N=38) socially anxious participants were shown false physiological feedback regarding an increase or decrease in heart rate prior to and during an impromptu speech task. Relative to participants who observed a false heart rate decrease, those in the increase condition reported higher levels of negative affect, more negative performance appraisals, and more frequent negative ruminative thoughts, and these effects were mediated by an increase in self-focused attention. The unhelpful effects of the physiological feedback were not specific to high socially anxious participants. The results have implications for current cognitive models as well as the treatment of social phobia.
    背景与目标: : 当前的社交恐惧症模型 (例如,Clark & Wells,1995; Leary & Kowalski,1995) 假设社交焦虑的个体对他们的焦虑感 (例如,出汗,心跳加速,脸红) 进行负面评价,作为社交表现不佳的证据,因此,担心这些焦虑症状会被他人注意到并做出负面判断。因此,他们变得对这些感觉的自我关注和高度警惕,并使用它们来判断它们在他人面前的样子。为了测试该模型,在即兴演讲任务之前和期间,高 (N = 41) 和低 (N = 38) 社交焦虑的参与者被显示出关于心率增加或减少的错误生理反馈。相对于观察到虚假心率降低的参与者,处于增加状态的参与者报告了更高水平的负面影响,更多的负面绩效评估和更频繁的负面反刍思想,这些影响是由自我关注的注意力增加所介导的。生理反馈的无益影响并非针对高社交焦虑的参与者。这些结果对当前的认知模型以及社交恐惧症的治疗都有影响。
  • 【精神分裂症的自我效能和功能状态: 与洞察力,认知和阴性症状的关系。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.schres.2012.12.030 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kurtz MM,Olfson RH,Rose J
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Self-efficacy, defined as the confidence one has in the ability to perform a behavior or specific task, has been introduced as a crucial motivational factor for successfully carrying out social and everyday living skills (Bandura, 1977, 1997). Few studies have assessed its role in functioning in schizophrenia. The current study was designed to investigate whether degree of illness insight determined whether self-efficacy was a mediator of the relationship between two key illness features, negative symptoms and cognition, and functional skills. Sixty-nine individuals with schizophrenia were administered measures of self-efficacy, cognition, symptoms, insight and performance-based measure of everyday living and social skill. Results revealed that self-efficacy was only linked to measures of functional skills when illness insight was intact. There was evidence of moderation of confounding effects such that when self-efficacy was controlled, the relationship between negative symptoms and measures of everyday life skills became non-significant, but only when illness insight was intact. These findings emphasize the importance of including illness insight in models of the role of self-efficacy in functioning in schizophrenia.
    背景与目标: : 自我效能感,定义为一个人对执行行为或特定任务的能力的信心,已被引入为成功执行社交和日常生活技能的关键激励因素 (Bandura,1977,1997)。很少有研究评估其在精神分裂症中的作用。当前的研究旨在调查疾病洞察力的程度是否决定了自我效能是否是两个关键疾病特征,阴性症状和认知以及功能技能之间关系的中介。对69名精神分裂症患者进行了自我效能,认知,症状,洞察力以及日常生活和社交技能的基于绩效的测量。结果显示,自我效能感仅与疾病洞察力完整时的功能技能指标相关。有证据表明混杂效应会有所缓解,因此,当自我效能感得到控制时,负面症状与日常生活技能指标之间的关系变得不重要,但只有在疾病洞察力完整无缺的情况下。这些发现强调了将疾病洞察力纳入精神分裂症自我效能感在功能中的作用模型的重要性。

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