BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In the literature there is considerable variation in the frequency of allergy to the moulds Alternaria iridis and Cladosporium herbarum. In 1985 a 6-month frequency study was performed in a specialist clinic with a patient population similar to the average specialist and out-patient clinics in Denmark as regards sex, age, and diagnoses. Allergy was confirmed by use of a purified and standardized extract, and SPT, CPT and RAST were performed. Among the 292 first referrals nine had allergy to Alternaria, and two to Cladosporium, corresponding to a frequency of 3.1 (1.0-6.5)% and 0.7 (0.1-3.6)%, respectively, with 99% confidence limits. Most of the patients were multi-allergics suffering from rhinoconjunctivitis as well as asthma.

背景与目标： : 在文献中，对霉菌的过敏频率有很大差异。1985年，在专科诊所进行了为期6个月的频率研究，其患者人群在性别，年龄和诊断方面与丹麦的普通专科和门诊诊所相似。通过使用纯化和标准化的提取物确认过敏，并进行SPT，CPT和RAST。在292的首次转诊中，有9例对链格孢菌过敏，2例对枝孢菌过敏，分别对应于3.1 (1.0-6.5)% 和0.7 (0.1-3.6)% 的频率，具有99% 的置信度。大多数患者是患有鼻结膜炎和哮喘的多种过敏症患者。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The role of different growth media and chemical enhancer on synthesis of secondary metabolites Cladosporium resinae (NRL-6437) was investigated for their in vitro biological activities. Cladosporium resinae (NRL-6437) were grown in various nutrient media (Czapeak-dox Broth (CB), Czapeak Yeast-extract Broth (CYB), Yeast Extract Sucrose (YES), Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) and Czapeak-dox (supplemented with glucose and starch) Broth (CGSB) for the production of metabolites. Two chemical epigenetic modifiers (suberoyl-anilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and 5-azacytidine (5-AZA) were also used for the expression of silent genes for secondary metabolite production. Our results indicated that among different media, Czapeak yeast extract broth produced more secondary metabolites. Application of 15mM of both modifiers was effective for the expressions of silent genes resulting in an increased metabolites production. Secondary metabolites extracted in ethyl acetate and fractionized in n-Hexane were also tested for their biological activity. The secondary metabolites revealed varying degrees of growth inhibitions of the tested organisms. Similarly, these metabolites were also active against brine shrimps and Lemna.

背景与目标： : 研究了不同生长培养基和化学增强剂对次生代谢产物枝孢菌 (NRL-6437) 的体外生物活性的作用。在各种营养培养基 (Czapeak-dox肉汤 (CB)，Czapeak酵母提取物肉汤 (CYB)，酵母提取物蔗糖 (是) 中生长reinae (NRL-6437)，马铃薯葡萄糖肉汤 (PDB) 和Czapeak-dox (补充葡萄糖和淀粉) 肉汤 (CGSB) 用于生产代谢物。两种化学表观遗传修饰剂 (sueroyl-anilide异羟肟酸 (SAHA) 和5-氮杂胞苷 (5-AZA) 也用于表达沉默基因以用于次级代谢产物生产。我们的结果表明，在不同的媒体中，czapeak酵母提取物肉汤产生了更多的次级代谢产物。应用15毫米的两种修饰剂对沉默基因的表达是有效的，从而增加了代谢产物的产生。还测试了在乙酸乙酯中提取并在正己烷中分馏的次级代谢产物的生物活性。次级代谢产物揭示了不同程度的生长抑制作用被测试的生物。同样，这些代谢物对卤虾和Lemna也具有活性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: A monoclonal antibody, OX-CH1, was raised against surface washings of Cladosporium herbarum. This antibody recognizes an epitope that is found in various fungi belonging to the genus Cladosporium, including C. fulvum, the causal agent of tomato leaf mold. The epitope is present at comparable levels in two different races of C. fulvum and in transgenic isolates derived from them. The epitope is heat-and protease-resistant but sensitive to oxidation with periodate and it is constitutively expressed in C. fulvum grown in pure culture and on the plant. C. fulvum can be detected in infected tissues at levels starting from around 1 mg fresh weight of fungus per g fresh weight of leaf tissue. Noninfected tomato leaves do not cross-react with OX-CH1. We have developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for fungal biomass in tomato leaves and compared it with the assay based on measurements of beta-glucuronidase (GUS) activity in tissues infected with a transgenic isolate of C. fulvum race 4 carrying a uidA gene; the two assays give similar results.

背景与目标： 产生了一种抗heradosporium herbarum表面洗涤的单克隆抗体OX-CH1。该抗体识别在属于枝孢菌属的各种真菌中发现的表位，包括番茄叶霉菌的病原体C. fulvum。表位在两个不同的C. fulvum种族和衍生自它们的转基因分离株中以可比的水平存在。表位具有耐热性和蛋白酶抗性，但对高碘酸盐的氧化敏感，并且在纯培养物和植物上生长的C. fulvum中组成型表达。在感染的组织中可以检测到C. fulvum，其水平从每g叶片组织的新鲜重量约1 mg真菌的新鲜重量开始。未感染的番茄叶片不会与OX-CH1发生交叉反应。我们开发了番茄叶片中真菌生物量的酶联免疫吸附测定 (ELISA)，并与基于携带uidA基因的C. fulvum race 4转基因分离株感染组织中 β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶 (GUS) 活性的测定进行了比较; 两种检测结果相似。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Glucose transport in Cladosporium resinae was studies with the aid of the non-metabolizable glucose analogue 3-O-methyl-D-glucose (3-O-MG). 3-O-MG, transported as a free sugar without phosphorylation, was found to inhibit glucose uptake competitively. Conversely, glucose was a competitive inhibitor of 3-O-MG uptake. Moreover, both glucose and 3-O-MG were able to bring about rapid counterflow intracellular 3-O-MG. Thus, glucose and 3-O-MG share the same entry and exit systems. The transport of 3-O-MG is carrier mediated and energy dependent as shown by saturation kinetics, strong temperature dependence, accumulation of unaltered 3-O-MG against a concentration gradient, and inhibition of uptake by NaN3, NaCN, and 2,4-dinitrophenol. The glucose transport system appeared to be constitutive for glucose transport in cells grown on fructose, galactose, mannose, xylose, or glucose. There was no derepressible low-Km glucose transport system in C. resinae. n-Hexane and n-heptane were found to inhibit 3-O-MG uptake rapidly at temperatures above 20 C. Over 50% inhibition of the uptake rate occurred after only 10 min of incubation with n-hexane at 30 C. The percentage of inhibition in the presence of n-hexane, compared to controls in the absence of n-hexane, was found to increase with increasing temperature. Longer-chain n-alkanes (C8 to C18) had no significant effect on uptake. The efflux of intracellular 3-O-MG, which appeared to occur by facilitated diffusion, was not affected by any of the n-alkanes tested including n-hexane.

背景与目标： : 借助不可代谢的葡萄糖类似物3-o-甲基-d-葡萄糖 (3-o-mg) 研究了树脂枝孢菌中的葡萄糖转运。发现3-O-MG以游离糖的形式运输而没有磷酸化，可以竞争性地抑制葡萄糖的摄取。相反，葡萄糖是3-O-MG摄取的竞争性抑制剂。此外，葡萄糖和3-O-MG都能带来细胞内3-O-MG的快速逆流。因此，葡萄糖和3-O-MG共享相同的进入和退出系统。3-O-MG的转运是载体介导的，并且取决于能量，如饱和动力学，强烈的温度依赖性，相对于浓度梯度未改变的3-O-MG的积累以及对NaN3，NaCN和2,4-的吸收的抑制。二硝基苯酚。葡萄糖转运系统似乎是在果糖，半乳糖，甘露糖，木糖或葡萄糖上生长的细胞中葡萄糖转运的组成部分。树脂中没有不可抑制的低Km葡萄糖转运系统。发现正己烷和正庚烷在高于20 °c的温度下会迅速抑制3-O-MG的吸收。在30 °c下与正己烷孵育仅10分钟后，对摄取速率的50% 抑制发生。发现与不存在正己烷的对照相比，在正己烷存在下的抑制百分比随温度升高而增加。长链正构烷烃 (C8至C18) 对吸收没有显着影响。细胞内3-O-MG的流出似乎是通过促进扩散而发生的，不受任何测试的正构烷烃 (包括正己烷) 的影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) systems of 14 species of Cladosporium were determined. The genus was divided into two groups based on the distribution of the major ubiquinones, Q-10 and Q-10(H2). The group containing Q-10 consisted of six species, four of which were human pathogens, whereas the group containing Q-10(H2) consisted of eight plant pathogenic and/or saprophytic species. The results presented here agree with phylogenetic and physiological studies which have shown that the human-pathogenic species of Cladosporium represent a homogeneous, cohesive group.

背景与目标： 确定了14种枝孢菌的泛醌 (辅酶q) 系统。根据主要泛醌的分布，Q-10和Q-10(H2) 将该属分为两组。含有Q-10的组由6种物种组成，其中4种是人类病原体，而含有Q-10(H2) 的组由8种植物致病性和/或腐生物种组成。此处提供的结果与系统发育和生理学研究一致，这些研究表明，人类致病性的枝孢属物种代表了一个均质，内聚的群体。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The antibodies in sera of patients affected by Chromoblastomycosis are detected using the technique of double immunodiffusion and the mycelial somatic antigens and the culture filtrates antigens of Cladosporium carrionii. From the 13 sera tested 8 have given positive results. The fresh serum from a patient under treatment gives 2 bands, while fresh serum from a non-treated patient gives 3 bands. The titre of antibodies was also determined for the two fresh sera, having found 1/4 for the patient under treatment and 1/32 for the non-treated one.

背景与目标： : 使用双重免疫扩散技术以及carridosporium carrionii的菌丝体细胞抗原和培养滤液抗原检测受嗜铬菌病影响的患者血清中的抗体。从检测的13份血清中8份均给出了阳性结果。来自接受治疗的患者的新鲜血清产生2条条带，而来自未接受治疗的患者的新鲜血清产生3条条带。还确定了两种新鲜血清的抗体滴度，这两种新鲜血清已发现正在治疗的患者1/4，未治疗的患者1/32。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Five different hydrophobin-encoding cDNA clones from Cladosporium fulvum were isolated from cDNA libraries, made from nutrient-depleted mycelium. One cDNA clone was identical to the previously isolated hydrophobin HCf-1. The other clones were named HCf-2, -3, -4 and -5. HCf-1, -2, -3 and -4 show a high degree of identity, and are predicted to encode class I hydrophobins. HCf-5 encodes a class II hydrophobin. The expression patterns of these hydrophobins at various stages of development, and in liquid media lacking either carbon or nitrogen, or both, showed clear differences. All hydrophobins were more strongly expressed during sporulation than before, with HCf-4 and -5 showing the highest increase. Expression of HCf genes in infected plants was also higher at 16 days than at 10 days after infection. The expression of HCf-5 in sporulating mycelium was much lower in planta than in vitro. All HCf genes were upregulated under conditions of nutrient deprivation. HCf-1, -2, -3 and -4 showed highest levels of transcription in medium lacking both carbon and nitrogen. Expression of HCf-5 was highest in medium lacking nitrogen but containing carbon. HCf-1 was generally the most abundant hydrophobin. The introduction of multiple copies of HCf-1, which caused co-suppression of the endogenous HCf-1 gene, was shown to affect the expression of HCf-2, -3 and -4 also. Expression of HCf-4 was suppressed, but expression of HCf-2 and -3 was upregulated. Expression of HCf-5 was not changed.

背景与目标： : 从营养耗尽的菌丝体制成的cDNA文库中分离出五个不同的疏水蛋白编码cDNA克隆。一个cDNA克隆与先前分离的疏水蛋白HCf-1相同。其他克隆被命名为HCf-2、-3、-4和-5。HCf-1、-2、-3和-4显示出高度的同一性，并且预测编码I类疏水蛋白。HCf-5编码II类疏水蛋白。这些疏水蛋白在发育的各个阶段以及在缺乏碳或氮或两者的液体培养基中的表达模式显示出明显的差异。所有疏水蛋白在孢子形成过程中比以前更强烈地表达，其中HCf-4和-5显示出最高的增加。感染后16天，感染植物中HCf基因的表达也高于感染后10天。植物中HCf-5在孢子菌丝体中的表达远低于体外。在营养剥夺条件下，所有HCf基因均上调。HCf-1，-2，-3和-4在缺乏碳和氮的培养基中显示出最高水平的转录。在缺乏氮但含碳的培养基中，HCf-5的表达最高。HCf-1通常是最丰富的疏水蛋白。引入多个拷贝的HCf-1引起内源HCf-1基因的共抑制，也会影响HCf-2，-3和-4的表达。HCf-4的表达被抑制，但HCf-2和-3的表达被上调。HCf-5的表达没有改变。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Freeze-fracturing of outer wall layers of Cladosporium conidia revealed two types of ultrastructure, coinciding with taxonomic characteristics. The outer conidial layers were essentially smooth in the human pathogenic species, C. bantianum, C. carrionii, and C. trichoides. In contrast, mosaic arrays of rodlets on conidia were observed with freeze-fracturing in the saprobic species, C. cladosporioides, C. coralloides, C. herbarum, C. sphaerospermum, and C. variabile. Conidia of C. elatum were an exception among the saprobic species as they had smooth surfaces. The present study supports the suggestion that the human pathogenic Cladosporium species should be transferred to another genus.

背景与目标： 分生孢子的外壁层的冷冻破裂揭示了两种类型的超微结构，与分类学特征相吻合。在人类致病物种C. bantianum，C. carrionii和C. trichoides中，外部分生孢子层基本上是光滑的。相反，在腐生菌，C. cladosporioides，C. coralloides，C. herbarum，C. sphaerospermum和C. variabile中通过冷冻压裂观察到分生孢子上的棒状镶嵌阵列。C. elatum的分生孢子是腐生物种中的一个例外，因为它们具有光滑的表面。本研究支持将人类致病性枝孢属物种转移到另一个属的建议。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Nonhost resistance as a durable and broad-spectrum defence strategy is of great potential for agricultural applications. We have previously isolated a cDNA showing homology with genes encoding bZIP transcription factors from tomato leaf mould pathogen Cladosporium fulvum. Upon expression, the cDNA results in necrosis in C. fulvum host tomato and nonhost tobacco plants and is thus named CfHNNI1 (for C . f ulvum host and nonhost plant necrosis inducer 1). In the present study we report the induction of necrosis in a variety of nonhost plant species belonging to three families by the transient in planta expression of CfHNNI1 using virus-based vectors. Additionally, transient expression of CfHNNI1 also induced expression of the HR marker gene LeHSR203 and greatly reduced the accumulation of recombinant Potato virus X. Stable CfHNNI1 transgenic tobacco plants were generated in which the expression of CfHNNI1 is under the control of the pathogen-inducible hsr203J promoter. When infected with the oomycetes pathogen Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae, these transgenic plants manifested enhanced expression of CfHNNI1 and subsequent accumulation of CfHNNI1 protein, resulting in high expression of the HSR203J and PR genes, and strong resistance to the pathogen. The CfHNNI1 transgenic plants also exhibited induced resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci and Tobacco mosaic virus. Furthermore, CfHNNI1 was highly expressed and the protein was translocated into plant cells during the incompatible interactions between C. fulvum and host and nonhost plants. Our results demonstrate that CfHNNI1 is a potential general elicitor of hypersensitive response and nonhost resistance.

背景与目标： : 非宿主抗性作为一种持久的广谱防御策略，在农业应用中具有巨大的潜力。我们以前已经分离出了一个cDNA，该cDNA显示出与番茄叶片霉菌病原体fulvum的bZIP转录因子编码基因的同源性。表达后，该cDNA在黄连寄主番茄和非寄主烟草植物中导致坏死，因此被命名为CfHNNI1 (对于黄连寄主和非寄主植物坏死诱导剂1)。在本研究中，我们报告了使用基于病毒的载体通过CfHNNI1在植物中的瞬时表达诱导了属于三个科的多种非宿主植物物种的坏死。此外，CfHNNI1的瞬时表达还诱导了HR标记基因LeHSR203的表达，并大大减少了重组马铃薯X病毒的积累。产生了稳定的CfHNNI1转基因烟草植物，其中CfHNNI1的表达在病原体诱导的hsr203J启动子的控制下。当感染卵菌病原体疫霉菌时。烟草，这些转基因植物表现出增强的CfHNNI1表达和随后的CfHNNI1蛋白积累，导致HSR203J和PR基因的高表达，以及对病原体的强抗性。CfHNNI1转基因植物还表现出对丁香假单胞菌pv的诱导抗性。烟粉虱和烟草花叶病毒。此外，在C. fulvum与宿主和非宿主植物之间的不相容相互作用期间，CfHNNI1高度表达，并且蛋白质被转运到植物细胞中。我们的结果表明，CfHNNI1是超敏反应和非宿主抗性的潜在一般诱发因素。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:Tinospora cordifolia (Willd. Hook. f. & Thomson; family: Menispermaceae), has a long history of use in various traditional medicinal systems including "Ayurveda". It is reported to possess anticancer, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antispasmodic, and antiinflammatory activities. T. cordifolia has also been well documented for production of various bioactive metabolites and their antioxidant activity, but the microorganisms associated with it have been least explored for the same properties. AIM OF THE STUDY:Aim of the present study was to evaluate antioxidant and in vivo genoprotective potential of phenolic compounds produced by an endophytic fungus Cladosporium velox TN-9S isolated from T. cordifolia. MATERIALS AND METHODS:The isolate of C. velox TN-9S was cultivated in malt extract medium and extracted with ethyl acetate. Total phenol content was determined by Folin Ciocalteu reagent. The antioxidant activity was measured in terms of DPPH and FRAP assay. The in vivo genoprotective activity was assessed using fish Channa punctatus as model. Identification of phenolic compounds was carried out using RP-HPLC. The fungal extract was evaluated for biosafety using Salmonella typhimurium His- strain and CHO cell lines for mutagenicity and cytotoxicity, respectively. RESULTS:The total phenolic content in the ethyl acetate extract of the fungus was determined to be 730μg gallic acid equivalent/mL. The extract evinced significant antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 22.5µg/mL in DPPH scavenging assay. The phenolic extract showed good in vivo genoprotective activity against the genetic damage induced in fish C. punctatus after treatment with a non-ionic surfactant 4-nonylphenol. RP-HPLC analysis revealed the presence of peaks corresponding to various phenolic compounds in the extract. Mutagenicity and cytotoxicity results revealed the extract to be nonmutagenic and non cytotoxic in nature. CONCLUSION:The results indicate the potential of an endophytic C. velox isolated from T. cordifolia as a producer of phenolic compounds with antioxidant and genoprotective activities which could be exploited in pharmaceutical industry. The ability of endophytes to produce similar compounds as the host, is also revealed in the present study.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A 26-year-old woman currently treated for systemic lupus erythematosus with steroid therapy presented with sudden onset of right hemiplegia. Computed tomography of the brain showed a large frontoparietal ring-enhanced lesion with perifocal edema. Stereotactic aspiration of the lesion revealed Cladosporium bantianum. The size of the abscess did not reduce in spite of optimum antifungal treatment. The abscess was subsequently excised through a frontoparietal craniotomy. At follow up after 24 months, there was no recurrence of the abscess. Cerebral Cladosporium bantianum infection is usually refractory to antifungal agents and the prognosis is very poor. This patient had the longest survival period in a case of Cladosporium brain abscess so far reported.

背景与目标： : 一名26岁的妇女目前接受类固醇治疗的系统性红斑狼疮，表现为右偏瘫突然发作。大脑的计算机断层扫描显示大额顶环形增强病变并伴有病灶周围水肿。病变的立体定向抽吸显示为bantianum枝孢菌。尽管进行了最佳的抗真菌治疗，但脓肿的大小并未减少。随后通过额顶开颅手术切除脓肿。24个月后随访，无脓肿复发。bantianum脑枝孢菌感染通常对抗真菌药物难治，预后很差。该患者在迄今为止报道的枝孢菌性脑脓肿病例中生存期最长。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Effectors are microbial-derived secreted proteins with an essential function in modulating host immunity during infections. CfAvr4, an effector protein from the tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum and the founding member of a fungal effector family, promotes parasitism through binding fungal chitin and protecting it from chitinases. Binding of Avr4 to chitin is mediated by a carbohydrate-binding module of family 14 (CBM14), an abundant CBM across all domains of life. To date, the structural basis of chitin-binding by Avr4 effector proteins and of recognition by the cognate Cf-4 plant immune receptor are still poorly understood. Using X-ray crystallography, we solved the crystal structure of CfAvr4 in complex with chitohexaose [(GlcNAc)6] at 1.95Å resolution. This is the first co-crystal structure of a CBM14 protein together with its ligand that further reveals the molecular mechanism of (GlcNAc)6 binding by Avr4 effector proteins and CBM14 family members in general. The structure showed that two molecules of CfAvr4 interact through the ligand and form a three-dimensional molecular sandwich that encapsulates two (GlcNAc)6 molecules within the dimeric assembly. Contrary to previous assumptions made with other CBM14 members, the chitohexaose-binding domain (ChBD) extends to the entire length of CfAvr4 with the reducing end of (GlcNAc)6 positioned near the N-terminus and the non-reducing end at the C-terminus. Site-directed mutagenesis of residues interacting with (GlcNAc)6 enabled the elucidation of the precise topography and amino acid composition of Avr4's ChBD and further showed that these residues do not individually mediate the recognition of CfAvr4 by the Cf-4 immune receptor. Instead, the studies highlighted the dependency of Cf-4-mediated recognition on CfAvr4's stability and resistance against proteolysis in the leaf apoplast, and provided the evidence for structurally separating intrinsic function from immune receptor recognition in this effector family.

背景与目标： : 效应物是微生物来源的分泌蛋白，在感染过程中具有调节宿主免疫力的重要功能。CfAvr4是番茄病原体fulvum Cladosporium的效应蛋白，也是真菌效应家族的创始成员，通过结合真菌几丁质并保护其免受几丁质酶的侵害来促进寄生。Avr4与几丁质的结合是由家族14 (CBM14) 的碳水化合物结合模块介导的，该模块是生命所有领域的丰富CBM。迄今为止，对Avr4效应蛋白结合几丁质和同源Cf-4植物免疫受体识别的结构基础仍知之甚少。使用x射线晶体学，我们以1.95的分辨率解决了CfAvr4与壳聚糖六糖 [(GlcNAc)6] 配合物的晶体结构。这是CBM14蛋白及其配体的第一个共晶体结构，进一步揭示了Avr4效应蛋白和CBM14家族成员结合 (GlcNAc)6的分子机制。结构表明，两个CfAvr4分子通过配体相互作用并形成三维分子三明治，该三维分子三明治将两个 (GlcNAc)6分子封装在二聚组件中。与先前对其他CBM14成员所做的假设相反，壳聚糖六糖结合结构域 (ChBD) 延伸到CfAvr4的整个长度，(GlcNAc)6的还原端位于N端附近，而非还原端位于C端。与 (GlcNAc)6相互作用的残基的定点诱变能够阐明Avr4的ChBD的精确形貌和氨基酸组成，并进一步表明这些残基不能单独介导Cf-4免疫受体对CfAvr4的识别。相反，研究强调了Cf-4-mediated识别对CfAvr4的稳定性和对叶片质外体中蛋白水解的抵抗力的依赖性，并提供了在该效应子家族中将内在功能与免疫受体识别在结构上分离的证据。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Hydrophobins are amphipathic molecules which form part of fungal cell walls and extracellular matrices and perform a variety of roles in fungal growth and development. The tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum has six hydrophobin genes, HCf-1 to -6. We have devised an epitope tagging approach for establishing hydrophobin localization during growth in culture and in plants. In this paper we localize HCf-2, -3, -4 and -5 and compare the data to our previous observations for HCf-1 and -6. In culture, HCf-1, -2, -3 and 4 localize to conidia and also appear on aerial hyphae. HCf-4 is unique in that it appears on submerged hyphae. HCf-5 expression is tightly regulated and appears on aerial hyphae early on during growth. Only HCf-1, -3 and -6 were observed during infection; HCf-3 appears on both conidia and emerging germ tubes. We also show that HCf-6 is secreted and coats surfaces under and around growing hyphae and demonstrate the effect of deleting HCf-6 on the adhesion of germinating C. fulvum conidia to glass slides.

背景与目标： 疏水蛋白是两亲性分子，形成真菌细胞壁和细胞外基质的一部分，并在真菌的生长和发育中起多种作用。番茄病原菌叶枝孢菌有6个疏水蛋白基因，HCf-1为-6。我们设计了一种表位标记方法，用于在培养物和植物的生长过程中建立疏水蛋白定位。在本文中，我们定位了HCf-2，-3，-4和-5，并将数据与我们先前对HCf-1和-6的观察结果进行了比较。在培养物中，HCf-1，-2，-3和4定位于分生孢子，也出现在空中菌丝上。HCf-4的独特之处在于它出现在淹没的菌丝上。HCf-5表达受到严格调节，并在生长早期出现在气生菌丝上。在感染期间仅观察到HCf-1，-3和-6; HCf-3出现在分生孢子和新出现的芽管上。我们还表明，HCf-6是分泌的，并在生长的菌丝下面和周围覆盖表面，并证明了删除HCf-6对发芽的C. fulvum分生孢子与载玻片的粘附性的影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is an important vegetable crop grown in Liaoning Province, China. In May 2012, dark brown, angular lesions were observed on lower, older leaves of 5-month-old tomato plants of cv. Bi Jiao in commercial greenhouses in Dawa County, which is administered by Panjin City in Liaoning Province. The irregularly shaped lesions varied in size from 1 to 7 mm in diameter. The necrotic lesions were usually surrounded by a yellow halo. Sporulation was rarely seen on the leaf surfaces. This contrasts with tomato leaf mold caused by Passalora fulva, in which the conidia develop as a velvety brown patch in lesions. By July 2012, the same disease was found in research greenhouses of Shenyang Agriculture University and Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The incidence of symptoms was 30 to 40%. To identify the pathogen, leaf pieces (3 to 5 mm) with both infected and healthy portions were taken at the edge of lesions and surface-disinfected by placing them in 75% ethanol for 5 s, then transferred to a 0.1% aqueous mercuric chloride solution for 30 s and rinsed with sterilized water three times. The sections were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25°C in the dark. Ten pure fungal cultures were obtained from single spores. For studies of microscopic morphology, isolates were grown on synthetic nutrient agar (SNA) in slide cultures. Conidia ranged in shape from subglobose or ovoid (2 to 4 × 2 to 3 μm) to subcylindrical (4.5 to 17.8 × 2.4 to 4.5 μm). Conidiophores were straight to slightly flexuous with typical nodes. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region from isolate PJ12-36 was amplified using primers ITS1 and ITS4 and sequenced (GenBank Accession No. KC137278). The 560-bp amplicons had 99% identity to C. oxysporum (JQ775499). On the basis of morphological characteristics (1) and nucleotide homology, the isolate was identified as C. oxysporum. Koch's postulates were fulfilled in the laboratory on fully expanded leaves of 5-week-old tomato plants 'Moneymaker' inoculated with C. oxysporum conidial suspensions (107 conidia ml-1). Eight seedlings were incubated in an illuminated incubator at 25°C for 8 to 10 days with 85% relative humidity. Characteristic lesions that developed on inoculated leaves were similar in appearance to those observed on diseased tomato plants in the greenhouse. C. oxysporum was reisolated from lesions and its identity was confirmed by morphological characteristics. C. oxysporum was previously reported as the causal agent of a leaf spot disease of pepper (2) and greenhouse tomato (4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. oxysporum causing disease on tomato foliage in China. It is noteworthy that C. oxysporum has led to a decline in pepper yield in northern regions of China (3). In addition, pathogenicity tests showed that the isolate W10-02 from pepper and the isolate PJ12-36 from tomato could each cause damage to the opposite host, producing symptoms similar to those observed on the host of origin. Studies are needed on strategies to manage C. oxysporum in crops, because its prevalence may cause yield loss both on tomato and pepper in northern regions of China. References: (1) K. Bensch et al. Stud. Mycol. 67:1, 2010. (2) A. M. Hammouda. Plant Dis. 76:536, 1992. (3) X. Y. Huang et al. Plant Dis. 96:1072, 2012. (4) J. S. Lamboy and H. R. Dillard. Plant Dis. 81:228, 1997.

背景与目标： : 番茄 (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill。) 是中国辽宁省种植的重要蔬菜作物。在2012年5月中，在5个月大的cv番茄植株的下部，较老的叶子上观察到深棕色的角状病变。辽宁省盘锦市管辖的大洼县商业大棚中的毕娇。不规则形状的病变的直径从1到7毫米不等。坏死性病变通常被黄色光环包围。在叶片表面很少见到孢子形成。这与Passalora fulva引起的番茄叶霉菌形成对比，其中分生孢子在病变中发展为天鹅绒般的棕色斑块。经2012年7月，在沈阳农业大学和辽宁省农业科学院的研究温室中发现了相同的疾病。症状发生率为30 ~ 40%。为了鉴定病原体，将具有感染和健康部分的叶块 (3至5毫米) 在病变边缘处取出，并通过将其置于75% 乙醇中5 s进行表面消毒，然后转移到0.1% 的氯化汞水溶液中30 s，并用无菌水冲洗三次。将切片在黑暗中于25 °C放置在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂 (PDA) 上。从单个孢子中获得十种纯真菌培养物。为了研究微观形态，在玻片培养物中的合成营养琼脂 (SNA) 上生长了分离株。分生孢子的形状范围从近球形或卵形 (2至4 × 2至3μm) 到近圆柱形 (4.5至17.8 × 2.4至4.5 μ m)。分生孢子笔直至略带弯曲，具有典型的节。使用引物ITS1和ITS4扩增来自分离PJ12-36的内部转录间隔区 (ITS) 区域并测序 (GenBank登录号KC137278)。560 bp扩增子与尖孢菌 (JQ775499) 具有99% 的同一性。根据形态学特征 (1) 和核苷酸同源性，分离株被鉴定为尖孢杆菌。Koch的假设是在实验室中对5周龄番茄植物 “moneymaker” 的完全膨胀的叶子进行的，该叶子接种了C. oxysporum分生孢子悬浮液 (107 conidi 1毫升-1)。将八个幼苗在25 °C的照明培养箱中于85% 相对湿度下孵育8至10天。在接种的叶子上形成的特征性病变在外观上与在温室中患病的番茄植物上观察到的相似。从病变中重新分离出C. oxysporum，并通过形态学特征确认其身份。C. oxysporum以前被报道为辣椒 (2) 和温室番茄 (4) 的叶斑病的病原体。据我们所知，这是中国首次报道的C. oxysporum引起番茄叶片疾病。值得注意的是，尖孢菌导致中国北方地区辣椒产量下降 (3)。此外，致病性测试表明，从胡椒中W10-02的分离物和从番茄中PJ12-36的分离物都可能对相反的宿主造成损害，产生与在来源宿主上观察到的症状相似的症状。需要对农作物中处理C. oxysporum的策略进行研究，因为它的流行可能会导致中国北部地区番茄和辣椒的单产损失。参考文献 :( 1) K。Bensch等人。Mycol。67:1，2010。(2) A.M。哈姆穆达。植物Dis。76:536，1992。(3) X。Y。黄等人。植物Dis。96:1072，2012。(4) J。S。Lamboy和h.r.迪拉德。植物Dis。81:228，1997。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) to estimate zinc and copper ions biosorption from the environment by pigmented soil fungi Cladosporium cladosporioides. The existence of a low amount of pheomelanin, besides eumelanin, in C. cladosporioides samples was proved by the analysis of shape of their EPR spectra. Concentration of o-semiquinone free radicals in crude mycelium was 2.4x10(17) spin/g. Changes in free radicals system of C. cladosporioides cultured in the presence of Zn2+ and Cu2+ were analysed. Both magnetic and chemical interactions of zinc and copper ions with free radicals in C. cladosporioides melanin were found. Magnetically interacting diamagnetic Zn2+ ions increased the concentration of o-semiquinone free radicals in melanin existing in C. cladosporioides mycelium, whereas paramagnetic Cu2+ ions decreased this concentration. Chemical interactions of Zn2+ and Cu2+ ions decreased the free radical concentrations in C. cladosporioides melanin. Homogeneously distributed free radicals in C. cladosporioides melanin rise its activity in biosorption processes.

背景与目标： : 这项研究的目的是检查电子顺磁共振波谱 (EPR) 估算有色土壤真菌Cladosporium cladosporioides对环境中锌和铜离子生物吸附的有用性。通过分析其EPR光谱的形状，证明了除真黑色素外，在枝孢菌素样品中还存在少量的pheomelanin。粗菌丝体中o-半醌自由基的浓度为2.4x10(17) spin/g。分析了在Zn2和Cu2存在下培养的枝孢杆菌自由基系统的变化。发现了枝孢杆菌黑色素中锌和铜离子与自由基的磁性和化学相互作用。磁性相互作用的抗磁性Zn2离子增加了C. cladosporioides菌丝体中存在的黑色素中o-半醌自由基的浓度，而顺磁性Cu2离子则降低了该浓度。Zn2和Cu2离子的化学相互作用降低了C. cladosporioides黑色素中的自由基浓度。黑色素C. cladosporioides中均匀分布的自由基增加了其在生物吸附过程中的活性。