• 【智利伊基克以西班牙裔混血儿为主的缺血性中风亚型的发病率,病死率和预后 (PISCIS项目): 一项基于社区的发病率研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70684-6 复制DOI
    作者列表:Lavados PM,Sacks C,Prina L,Escobar A,Tossi C,Araya F,Feuerhake W,Gálvez M,Salinas R,Alvarez G
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Incidence of ischaemic stroke subtypes, classified by cause, seems to vary between communities. We aimed to prospectively ascertain the incidence of first-ever ischaemic stroke in a predominantly Hispanic-Mestizo population in the northern desertic region of Chile. METHODS:Between July, 2000, and June, 2002, all patients with possible stroke or transient ischaemic attacks were identified from multiple overlapping sources and were rapidly assessed by two field neurologists. All identified patients were diagnosed by at least two stroke neurologists according to Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) definitions and were followed up at 6 months. Annual incidence rates were age adjusted to WHO, European, and US populations by the direct method to allow comparisons. FINDINGS:A total of 239 ischaemic strokes were identified, of which 185 (77%) were first-ever cases. 151 (82%) patients were hospitalised, of whom only 70 (38%) were assessed within 6 h of symptom onset. The mean age of patients was 66.4 years (SD 14.9) and 56% were men. The crude annual incidence rates (per 100 000) according to stroke subtype were: cardioembolic, 9.3; large-artery disease, 2.0; small-vessel disease, 15.8; other determined cause, 0.2; and undetermined cause, 17.4. Hypertension was the most common cardiovascular risk factor in all subtypes and atrial fibrillation was the most common cause of cardioembolic stroke. Case fatality at 30 days was highest in cardioembolic strokes (28%) and lowest in small-vessel disease (0%). Dependency or death at 6 months was also highest in cardioembolic strokes (62%) and lowest in small-vessel disease (21%). INTERPRETATION:Incidence and prognosis of small vessel and cardioembolic infarction was similar to that in other populations and incidence of large-artery atherothrombotic infarction was lower than in most previous reports. Hypertension and atrial fibrillation were the most common risk factor and cause, respectively, of ischemic stroke in this population. These findings should help the national stroke programme in the prevention of cardioembolic stroke, increase access to specialists and acute brain imaging and vascular studies, and improve stroke care.
    背景与目标:
  • 【智利牙科学生使用互联网和信息技术。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0579.2006.00412.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Uribe S,Mariño RJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :As part of a larger cross-country survey of dental students, students from the School of Dentistry, The University of Valparaiso, were invited to participate in a study to describe their use of information and communication technology (ICT). Information was derived from a 124-item questionnaire which included 14 socio-demographic items and 29 items asking about ICT use. ICT items were derived from a University of Birmingham, UK, battery. Data was collected in July and August 2004. A total of 162 of the 249 dental students participated in the study. The average age of students was 21.0 years (SD 2.4 years). The majority of participants (62.1%) were female. All participants had access to a computer, and 96.4% used the Internet. Most students had home Internet connections (73.4%). The most commonly used Internet sites on at least a weekly basis were: email (92.2%); and search engines (88.3%). However, a very few (21.1%) used the Internet to search for dental information for their studies on at least a weekly basis. Furthermore, although the majority (70.4%) found Internet use easy/very easy, 56.2% indicated that any search for information was easy/very easy. The majority (72.2%) indicated that the use of virtual education would not affect their class attendance. The final multivariate model explained 26% of the variance in ICT use, significant predictors for ICT use were gender, year of study, level of difficulty in using Internet, and place of Internet use. However, Internet use was mostly for non-dental purposes.
    背景与目标: : 作为对牙科学生进行的一项较大的跨国调查的一部分,瓦尔帕莱索大学牙科学院的学生应邀参加了一项研究,以描述他们对信息和通信技术 (ICT) 的使用。信息来自124项目调查表,其中包括14个社会人口统计项目和29个询问信通技术使用情况的项目。ICT项目来自英国伯明翰大学的电池。数据是在7月和2004年8月中收集的。共有162的249名牙科学生参加了这项研究。学生的平均年龄为21.0岁 (SD 2.4岁)。大多数参与者 (62.1%) 是女性。所有参与者都可以使用计算机,96.4% 使用互联网。大多数学生都有家庭互联网连接 (73.4%)。至少每周一次最常用的互联网站点是: 电子邮件 (92.2%); 和搜索引擎 (88.3%)。但是,很少 (21.1%) 至少每周使用互联网搜索牙科信息以进行研究。此外,尽管大多数 (70.4%) 发现互联网使用容易/非常容易,但56.2% 表明对信息的任何搜索都容易/非常容易。大多数 (72.2%) 表示,使用虚拟教育不会影响他们的上课。最终的多变量模型解释了ICT使用的26% 差异,ICT使用的重要预测因素是性别,学习年份,使用互联网的难度以及互联网使用的地点。但是,互联网的使用主要用于非牙科目的。
  • 【在智利鉴定一种新的HIV 1型BF亚型循环重组形式 (CRF44_BF)。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1089/aid.2010.0006 复制DOI
    作者列表:Delgado E,Ríos M,Fernández J,Pérez-Alvarez L,Nájera R,Thomson MM
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :HIV-1 BF intersubtype recombinants are frequent in Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil, where among a high diversity of BF unique recombinant forms (URFs), eight circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) have been characterized. Here, we describe a new one, designated CRF44_BF, identified in HIV-1 samples from Chile. In a previous report, where partial pol sequences of 136 HIV-1 infections of Chilean subjects were analyzed, a phylogenetic cluster of HIV-1 recombinant BF viruses from 10 individuals, with coincident intersubtype recombination points, was detected. One virus of this cluster had been characterized along its near full-length genome. A second one, from an epidemiologically unlinked HIV-1-infected subject, is described here. Both genomes share identical mosaic structures, consisting of a predominantly subtype F1 genome with three fragments of subtype B. Coincident breakpoints and phylogenetic clustering of the newly identified CRF44_BF with CRF12_BF, CRF17_BF, and CRF38_BF support a common origin of different CRF_BFs identified in Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile.
    背景与目标: : HIV-1 BF亚型间重组体在阿根廷,乌拉圭和巴西很常见,在BF独特重组形式 (urf) 的高度多样性中,已经表征了八种循环重组形式 (crf)。在这里,我们描述了一个新的,命名为CRF44_BF,在智利的HIV-1样品中鉴定。在先前的报告中,分析了智利受试者的136个HIV-1感染的部分pol序列,检测到来自10个个体的HIV-1重组BF病毒的系统发育簇,并具有相同的亚型间重组点。该簇的一种病毒已沿其近全长基因组进行了表征。这里描述了来自流行病学上未关联的HIV-1-infected受试者的第二个。两个基因组共享相同的镶嵌结构,由主要的亚型F1基因组和三个亚型B片段组成。新鉴定的CRF44_BF与CRF12_BF,CRF17_BF和CRF38_BF的重合断点和系统发育聚类支持在阿根廷,乌拉圭和智利鉴定的不同crf_bf的共同起源。
  • 【[幽门螺杆菌: 智利的cagA分析和vacA基因分型。s2/m1菌株的检测]。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Martínez A,González C,Kawaguchi F,Montoya R,Corvalán A,Madariaga J,Roa J,García A,Salgado F,Solar H,Palma M
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The genes cagA and vacA encode H pylori virulence factors.

    AIM:To genotype these genes in H pylori strains isolated from patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms.

    MATERIAL AND METHODS:We studied 50 patients who underwent an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, with positive culture for H pylori. Detection of cagA and vacA genotyping was done using polymerase chain reactions.

    RESULTS:The gene cagA was detected in 19 samples (38%). Signal sequences s1 and s2 of vacA gene were detected in 16 samples each (32%). There was simultaneous amplification of s1 and s2 in 6 samples and they were not detected in 9 samples. The middle region of vacA was m1 in 9 samples, m2 in 29 samples and there was simultaneous amplification of m1 and m2 in 12 samples. In 16 samples (32%), more than one type of signal sequence or medial region was detected. Of those patients in whom vacA was the only genotype detected, 15 were s2/m2, 7 were s1/m1, 4 were s1/m2 and 1 was s2/m1.

    CONCLUSIONS:In these patients, the infection with cagA- H pylori strains, predominates, the prevalence of infection with s1 or s2 strains is similar and the predominant medial region is m2.

    背景与目标: 背景 : 基因cagA和vacA编码幽门螺杆菌毒力因子。
    目标 : 为了在从上消化道症状患者中分离出的幽门螺杆菌菌株中对这些基因进行基因型。
    材料和方法 : 我们研究了50例接受上消化道内窥镜检查且培养阳性的患者幽门螺杆菌。使用聚合酶链反应检测cagA和vacA基因分型。
    结果 : 在19个样品中检测到cagA基因 (38%)。分别在16个样品中检测到vacA基因的信号序列s1和s2 (32%)。在6个样品中同时扩增s1和s2,在9个样品中未检测到。9个样品中vacA的中间区域为m1,29个样品中m2,12个样品中m1和m2同时扩增。在16个样品 (32%) 中,检测到多于一种类型的信号序列或中间区域。在仅检测到vacA基因型的患者中,有15例为s2/m2,7例为s1/m1,4例为s1/m2,1例为s2/m1。
    结论 : 在这些患者中,以cagA- H pylori菌株感染为主,s1或s2菌株的感染率相似,主要的内侧区域为m2。
  • 【来自挪威和智利的野生和养殖鲑鱼的嗜冷黄杆菌分离株之间的遗传变异。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/jam.12121 复制DOI
    作者列表:Apablaza P,Løland AD,Brevik ØJ,Ilardi P,Battaglia J,Nylund A
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIMS:To aim of the study was to describe the genetic relationship between isolates of Flavobacterium psychrophilum with a main emphasis of samples from Chile and Norway. The isolates have been obtained from farmed salmonids in Norway and Chile, and from wild salmonids in Norway, but isolates from North America and European countries are also included in the analysis. METHODS AND RESULTS:The study is based on phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA and seven housekeeping genes (HG), gyrB, atpA, dnaK, trpB, fumC, murG and tuf, and the use of a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) system, based on nucleotide polymorphism in the HG, as an alternative to the phylogenies. The variation within the selected genes was limited, and the phylogenetic analysis gave little resolution between the isolates. The MLST gave a much better resolution resulting in 53 sequence types where the same sequences types could be found in Chile, North America and European countries, and in different host species. CONCLUSIONS:Multilocus sequence typing give a relatively good separation of different isolates of Fl. psychrophilum and show that there are no distinct geographical or host-specific isolates in the studied material from Chile, North America and Europe. Nor was it possible to separate between isolates from ulcers and systemic infections vs isolates from the surface of healthy salmonids. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY:This study shows a wide geographical distribution of Fl. psychrophilum, indicating that the bacterium has a large potential for transmission over long distances, and between different salmonid hosts species. This knowledge will be important for future management of salmonids diseases connected to Fl. psychrophilum.
    背景与目标:
  • 【智利HIV-1的抗逆转录病毒耐药性和系统发育多样性。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1002/jmv.20881 复制DOI
    作者列表:Ríos M,Delgado E,Pérez-Alvarez L,Fernández J,Gálvez P,de Parga EV,Yung V,Thomson MM,Nájera R
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study reports the analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease (PR) and reverse transcriptase (RT) coding sequences from 136 HIV-1-infected subjects from Chile, 66 (49%) of them under antiretroviral (ARV) treatment. The prevalence of mutations conferring high or intermediate resistance levels to ARVs was 77% among treated patients and 2.5% among drug-naïve subjects. The distribution of resistance prevalence in treated patients by drug class was 61% to nucleoside RT inhibitors, 84% to nonnucleoside RT inhibitors, and 46% to PR inhibitors. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 115 (85%) subjects were infected with subtype B viruses, 1 with a subtype F1 virus, and 20 (15%) carried BF intersubtype recombinants. Most BF recombinants grouped into two clusters, one related to CRF12_BF, while the other could represent a new circulating recombinant form (CRF). In conclusion, this is the first report analysing the prevalence of ARV resistance which includes patients under HAART from Chile. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis of the PR-RT coding sequences reveals the presence of BF intersubtype recombinants.
    背景与目标: : 这项研究报告了来自智利的136名HIV-1-infected受试者的人类免疫缺陷病毒1型 (HIV-1) 蛋白酶 (PR) 和逆转录酶 (RT) 编码序列的分析,其中66 (49%) 在抗逆转录病毒 (ARV) 治疗下。在接受治疗的患者中,赋予对ARVs的高或中等耐药水平的突变的患病率77%,而在未接受药物治疗的受试者中2.5%。按药物类别对治疗患者的耐药性患病率的分布与核苷RT抑制剂61%,84% 与非核苷RT抑制剂46% PR抑制剂。系统发育分析显示,115名 (85% 名) 受试者感染了b型亚型病毒es,1名感染了F1亚型病毒,20名 (15% 名) 携带了BF亚型间重组体。大多数BF重组体分为两个簇,一个与CRF12_BF有关,而另一个可能代表一种新的循环重组形式 (CRF)。总之,这是第一份分析ARV耐药性患病率的报告,其中包括来自智利的HAART患者。此外,对pr-rt编码序列的系统发育分析揭示了BF亚型间重组体的存在。
  • 【疯狂的被告和法医罪犯: 在智利新的法医精神病学网络和刑事司法系统改革开始之前和之后。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/YCO.0b013e32833bb31a 复制DOI
    作者列表:Cid RD
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Like other Latin American democratic societies, Chile is supposed to respect legal rights of mentally ill people who are in trouble with the law, and provide them protection, treatment and welfare. Therefore, in this decade, the Chilean Criminal Justice and Mental Health System has undergone significant changes. RECENT FINDINGS:Because this article is related to the recent social features that involve different areas such as justice, mental health assistance and forensic psychiatry systems, and thereby the nonexistence of current literature that reviews this matter from a global perspective and its implications for the mental health population involved in the justice system, its review and analysis seems to be interesting. SUMMARY:The 'New Forensic Psychiatry Network' (NFPN) has been putting in relevant efforts to offer proper treatment and forensic assessment taking into account the civil rights of mentally insane people, and the 'Criminal Justice System Reform' (CJSR) is making possible legal conditions for better justice ensuring a more just resolution of insane defendants' and mentally ill convicts' lawsuits. From the author's viewpoint, all these changes are leading to a deep cultural impact on a Chilean's mind, changing their vision of justice and how society should respect insane defendants' and mentally ill convicts' legal rights.
    背景与目标:
  • 【测试Ferguson模型在智利温带和亚热带山谷中休眠的葡萄芽的抗寒性。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s00484-020-01920-1 复制DOI
    作者列表:Rubio S,Pérez FJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A dynamic thermal time model (DTTM) has been developed to predict cold-hardiness in dormant grapevine buds, which uses daily mean temperatures as the only input variable. However, it has been recently reported that cold-hardiness in grapevine buds depends not only on low temperatures (LTs), but also on the content of the plant phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA). An important parameter in the DTTM is the ecodormancy boundary (EDB), which represents the chilling degree days (DDc) required for the transition of the buds from endo to ecodormancy. In this study, the bud cold-hardiness of grapevines was measured by the low-temperature exotherm (LTE) in the subtropical Elqui and in the temperate Maipo valleys of Chile, and the values fitted to the DTTM. Moreover, the ABA content was determined in dormant buds throughout the dormant season. The results demonstrated that the DTTM worked better in the Maipo than in the Elqui valley, and that the content of ABA in the buds was higher in the vines grown in the Elqui valley. On the other hand, the optimized EDB parameter value varied from year to year when it was estimated as chilling accumulated, but when it was estimated as time, it remained constant in the Maipo valley. Based on the results, we conclude the following: (a) the proper functioning of the DTTM requires that the ABA content profile in the dormant buds should be kept constant from year to year, (b) the highest content of ABA in the buds collected in the Elqui valley is probably due to abiotic stresses, (c) the EDB parameter corresponds to the accumulated cold until before the buds begin their deacclimation process and not until they release from endodormancy, (d) the release of the buds from endodormancy does not depend on the accumulated cold, but on the elapsed time.
    背景与目标: : 已经开发了动态热时间模型 (DTTM) 来预测休眠葡萄芽的抗寒性,该模型使用每日平均温度作为唯一的输入变量。然而,最近有报道说,葡萄芽的抗寒性不仅取决于低温 (LTs),还取决于植物激素脱落酸 (ABA) 的含量。DTTM中的一个重要参数是ecoodormancy边界 (EDB),它表示芽从endo过渡到ecoodormancy所需的冷藏天数 (DDc)。在这项研究中,通过亚热带Elqui和智利温带Maipo山谷的低温放热 (LTE) 测量了葡萄藤的芽抗寒性,其值适合DTTM。此外,在整个休眠季节中确定了休眠芽中的ABA含量。结果表明,DTTM在Maipo中比在Elqui山谷中效果更好,并且在Elqui山谷中生长的葡萄藤中芽中ABA的含量更高。另一方面,优化的EDB参数值在估计为累积的寒流时逐年变化,但在估计为时间时,在Maipo山谷中保持恒定。根据结果,我们得出以下结论 :( a) DTTM的正常功能要求休眠芽中的ABA含量分布每年应保持恒定,(b) 在Elqui山谷收集的芽中ABA的最高含量可能是由于非生物胁迫造成的,(c) EDB参数对应于累积的寒冷,直到芽开始其去适应过程,直到它们从endodormancy释放出来,(d) 芽从endodormancy的释放不取决于累积的寒冷,而是取决于经过的时间。
  • 【来自智利大都市地区城市森林的生物挥发性有机化合物。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2013.04.003 复制DOI
    作者列表:Préndez M,Carvajal V,Corada K,Morales J,Alarcón F,Peralta H
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Tropospheric ozone is a secondary pollutant whose primary sources are volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides. The national standard is exceeded on a third of summer days in some areas of the Chilean Metropolitan Region (MR). This study reports normalized springtime experimental emissions factors (EF) for biogenic volatile organic compounds from tree species corresponding to approximately 31% of urban trees in the MR. A Photochemical Ozone Creation Index (POCI) was calculated using Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential of quantified terpenes. Ten species, natives and exotics, were analysed using static enclosure technique. Terpene quantification was performed using GC-FID, thermal desorption, cryogenic concentration and automatic injection. Observed EF and POCI values for terpenes from exotic species were 78 times greater than native values; within the same family, exotic EF and POCI values were 28 and 26 times greater than natives. These results support reforestation with native species for improved urban pollution management.
    背景与目标: 对流层臭氧是一种二次污染物,其主要来源是挥发性有机化合物和氮氧化物。在智利大都市地区 (MR) 的某些地区,夏季的三分之一超过了国家标准。这项研究报告了标准化的春季实验排放因子 (EF),该因子来自对应于MR中大约31% 的城市树木的树种的生物挥发性有机化合物。使用量化的萜烯的光化学臭氧产生潜力计算光化学臭氧产生指数 (POCI)。使用静态封闭技术分析了十种物种,本地和外来物种。使用gc-fid,热解吸,低温浓缩和自动注射进行萜烯定量。观察到的外来物种萜烯的EF和POCI值是本地值的78倍; 在同一家族中,外来EF和POCI值分别是本地人的28倍和26倍。这些结果支持与本地物种重新造林,以改善城市污染管理。
  • 【[智利传染病出院的时间趋势,2004-2014]。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.4067/s0716-10182018000400358 复制DOI
    作者列表:Jaramillo T,Vidal C,Moya P,Hoffmeister L
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Infectious diseases are important causes of burden of illness and mortality. AIM:To describe the temporal trends of hospital discharges due to infectious in Chile from 2004 to 2014. METHODS:Descriptive study. National Hospital Discharge Registry were used. We included all hospital discharges with main diagnosis of infectious diseases including parasitic diseases. Rates were calculated and standardized. The anual percentage change (APC) was estimated by Poisson regression. RESULTS:During a stated period of time in hospitalization of infectious diseases decreased (APC -4%). Women had fewer hospital discharged compared to men. Patients aged between 0 and 9 years and those who aged 80 years and older showed greater rates than other age groups. CONCLUSIONS:Chile has experimented a reduction in hospital discharges due to infectious diseases.
    背景与目标:
  • 【[估计智利主要人畜共患病的相对死亡风险的空间分布: 恰加人病,包虫病,汉坦病毒心肺综合征和钩端螺旋体病]。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.4067/S0716-10182019000500599 复制DOI
    作者列表:Reyes R,Yohannessen K,Ayala S,Canals M
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Zoonoses are infections caused by all types of etiological transmissible agents from vertebrate animals to humans. During the last decades, the risk to health caused by different zoonoses has been a consequence of the natural distribution of the different etiological agents and by the emergence and reemergence of these diseases. AIM:To study the distribution of the risk of mortality of the four main zoonoses in continental Chile, based on national mortality data, with the objective of visualizing geographically where to focus the control efforts of these diseases. METHODS:Relative risk was estimated by means of Bayesian Statistics. RESULTS:The distribution in Chile of the main zoonoses was obtained. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION:The risk maps obtained show a parasitic disease transmitted by high-risk vectors in the north, Chagas disease; a parasitic disease of biological communities in which man is an accidental host, associated with livestock areas, more prevalent in the south, hydatidosis; a bacterial disease transmitted by vertebrates, especially by rodents, where water is an important vehicle, dominant in the center, leptospirosis; and a viral disease transmitted by rodents, very dominant in the south, the hantavirus infection.
    背景与目标:
  • 【罐式生牛乳中柯氏菌的鉴定: 智利的第一个发现。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1089/vbz.2019.2535 复制DOI
    作者列表:Cornejo J,Araya P,Ibáñez D,Hormazabal JC,Retamal P,Fresno M,Herve LP,Lapierre L
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Coxiella burnetii causes Q fever, an important zoonotic disease, and exposure is mainly associated with inhalation of contaminated aerosols. In South America, no systematic studies have been carried out. In Chile, the only official record of Q fever has been an outbreak of occupational context occurring in 1998 with eight confirmed human cases, all workers in the Agriculture and Livestock Service. Recently, in 2017 a Q fever outbreak was reported from dairy farm workers in two regions in southern Chile. This study determined the presence of C. burnetii in bulk tank milk samples from dairy farms obtained during this outbreak. A duplex real time quantitative PCR assay with primers and probes targeting two different gene sequences, IS1111 and com1, was used for diagnosis. C. burnetii was detected in 2 of 105 samples analyzed (2.1%). These results pose a potential public health risk as the milk from these farms was sold to the local human population. This is the first report on detecting C. burnetii in raw tank milk samples in Chile.
    背景与目标: : 布氏柯氏菌引起Q发热,这是一种重要的人畜共患病,接触主要与吸入受污染的气溶胶有关。在南美洲,没有进行系统的研究。在智利,Q发热的唯一官方记录是职业背景的爆发,1998年有8例确诊的人类病例,所有都是农业和畜牧业部门的工人。最近,智利南部两个地区的奶牛场工人2017年爆发Q发热。这项研究确定了在这次爆发期间从奶牛场获得的散装罐装牛奶样品中是否存在C. burnetii。使用靶向两个不同基因序列IS1111和com1的引物和探针的双链实时定量PCR检测来诊断。在分析的105个样品中的2个中检测到C. burnetii (2.1%)。这些结果构成了潜在的公共健康风险,因为这些农场的牛奶被出售给当地居民。这是智利首次在生罐牛奶样品中检测到burnetii C. burnetii的报告。
  • 【砷生产行业的健康风险管理: 根据英国过去的经验,智利的现代生产。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1093/annhyg/34.5.471 复制DOI
    作者列表:Harper M,Miranda GP
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The hazards presented by arsenic are well known, and the notoriety gained by its use as a poison in previous years has affected attitudes towards the commercial production and employment of a very useful substance. It is not widely realized that Britain was the world's largest producer of arsenic around the turn of the century. Production has now ceased and any reserves that still exist will probably remain unexploited, despite the modern requirement for arsenic by the wood treatment and microelectronics industries. This demand is being satisfied by mines in other countries which use essentially the same refining process as that employed in England a century ago. This paper compares what is known about conditions of work and health in the English arsenic industry then with modern conditions at a Chilean production plant, and shows how the perception and management of the risks involved in a hazardous operation stems from the complex inter-relationship of technological, social, political and economic factors. In particular, the results of this survey explain why, in many previous surveys, a poor correlation was found between airborne and urinary arsenic measurements. Both measures appear to be strongly influenced by the particular type of work undertaken and this can be related to the chemical form of the arsenic present. Within each job category, the most important factor affecting their correlation is the difference in use of respiratory protection equipment.
    背景与目标: : 砷带来的危害是众所周知的,在过去几年中,砷被用作毒药而声名狼藉,这影响了人们对商业生产和使用一种非常有用的物质的态度。人们并未普遍意识到,在本世纪初,英国是世界上最大的砷生产国。尽管木材处理和微电子行业对砷的现代需求,但现在已经停止生产,任何仍然存在的储量都可能尚未开发。其他国家的矿山正在满足这一需求,这些矿山使用的精炼工艺与一个世纪前在英国使用的精炼工艺基本相同。本文将英国砷行业的工作条件和健康状况与智利生产工厂的现代条件进行了比较,并展示了对危险操作中涉及的风险的感知和管理如何源于复杂的相互关系技术,社会,政治和经济因素。特别是,这项调查的结果解释了为什么在以前的许多调查中,空气中的砷测量和尿中的砷测量之间的相关性很差。这两种措施似乎都受到所进行的特定工作类型的强烈影响,这可能与存在的砷的化学形式有关。在每个工作类别中,影响其相关性的最重要因素是呼吸保护设备的使用差异。
  • 【为特定情况选择最佳的儿童评估工具: 一种吸引智利当地专家的方法。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/DBP.0b013e318267d1c1 复制DOI
    作者列表:Arbour M,Murray KA,Atwood SS,Murray M,Angel Cordero Vega M
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Chile is considering expanding its system for early childhood development to include 5- to 7-year olds, but it has no consensus about how to identify at-risk children. This study facilitated a process for incorporating local priorities and best practices to choose a child assessment instrument. METHODS:Using the priority-setting method of the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative (CHNRI), 21 Chilean experts defined and weighted ideal assessment instrument characteristics; 130 instruments were scored according to how closely they matched experts' ideal definitions. Instruments were ranked by score under different inclusion criteria. RESULTS:Experts weighted instrument quality highest (95 on 1-100 scale), followed by administration site (87), domains assessed (82), cost (80), administrator (76), Spanish version (75), time (75), and prior use in Chile (53). Experts agreed that an ideal instrument (1) would reliably assess language, socioemotional well-being, mental health, and parenting abilities, (2) could be administered at schools or home, and (3) could be administered by teachers or parents. No single instrument matched all Chilean priorities. Three instruments met 11 of 13 priorities (age; quality; administration at school, home, or waiting rooms; assess language and socioemotional domains; administered by teachers, parents, or psychologists; time ≤30 minutes). Including mental health or parenting abilities ranked instruments whose composite scores were 35% lower. CONCLUSION:Decisions about how to assess children at developmental risk should be informed by local context. The CHNRI method provided a useful process that made explicit mutually exclusive priorities, quantified trade-offs of different assessment strategies, and identified 3 of the instruments that best met local needs and priorities.
    背景与目标:
  • 【[智利汉坦病毒: 综述和病例分析1975年]。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Baró M,Vergara J,Navarrete M
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Since the identification of the first case of Hantavirus infection in Chile in 1995, a great advance in the knowledge of the disease natural history has occurred. There is evidence to suppose that the infection by Andes virus in suburban areas of Argentina and Chile, whose natural reservoir is Oligoryzomys longicaudatus, has been present but unidentified for a long time. We describe a serologically proven case occurred in 1975. The clinical presentation of the disease slightly differs from that described for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS), caused by Sin Nombre virus in the USA. There is a wider range of presentation forms including, besides HPS, mild and asymptomatic cases, a greater proportion of renal involvement and pediatric cases. Therefore the epidemiological scenario would be an endemic disease with fluctuations that follow changes in rodent population and their interactions with humans.

    背景与目标: 自从1995年在智利发现第一例汉坦病毒感染以来,对该疾病自然史的了解已经取得了很大的进步。有证据表明,阿根廷和智利郊区的安第斯病毒已经存在,但长期以来一直没有发现。我们描述了1975年发生的血清学证实的病例。该疾病的临床表现与美国由Sin Nombre病毒引起的Hanta病毒肺综合征 (HPS) 的描述略有不同。除了HPS之外,还有更广泛的表现形式,包括轻度和无症状的病例,更大比例的肾脏受累和儿科病例。因此,流行病学情景将是一种地方病,其波动随啮齿动物种群的变化及其与人类的相互作用而变化。

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