• 【火地岛 (智利) 出生的非季节性。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1080/030144600419341 复制DOI
    作者列表:Pascual J,García-Moro C,Hernández M
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Tierra del Fuego is situated at the southern tip of the American continent, which conditions its environmental and climatic characteristics. The colonizing population arrived, at the end of the 19th century, from other Chilean regions (particularly from Chiloé) and diverse European countries, especially Britain and Croatia, but also Germany, Spain and Italy. In the present study, the existence of a seasonal pattern in 5430 births registered in the Chilean population of Tierra del Fuego from 1890 to 1995 was analysed. The analysis showed no seasonal distribution of births in the periods 1890-1920 and from 1946 to the present day, a phenomenon rarely reported in the literature. The absence of seasonality in birth distribution could be related to the great diversity in the origins of the population's families, the constant renovation of this and the declining importance of the administrative capital of the province of Tierra del Fuego, Porvenir, in favour of Punta Arenas, capital of the Magellanic region. In the period of maximum development of the capital of the province, a seasonal pattern was detected with a peak in April and a trough in October, which corresponds with a maximum of conceptions in July and, in general, during the early southern winter and a decline in births from late spring to mid-summer, with a trough in January. This birth distribution is interpreted as a subordination of activity and social life to the annual sheep cycle. In addition to temporal trends, the influence on the observed patterns of environmental parameters, father's occupation, seasonality of marriage and the origin of the parents were analysed.
    背景与目标: : Tierra del Fuego位于美洲大陆的南端,具有其环境和气候特征。19世纪底,殖民地人口来自其他智利地区 (尤其是奇洛埃) 和欧洲不同国家,特别是英国和克罗地亚,以及德国,西班牙和意大利。在本研究中,分析了在智利火地岛1890年1995年的智利人口中登记的5430例婴儿的季节性模式。分析显示,在1890-1920和1946年的时期内,出生没有季节性分布,这一现象在文献中很少报道。出生分布缺乏季节性可能与人口家庭起源的巨大多样性,不断的翻新以及Porvenir火地岛 (Tierra del Fuego) 省行政首都的重要性下降有关,而蓬塔阿雷纳斯 (Punta Arenas) 是麦哲伦地区的首都。在省会最大发展时期,发现了一种季节性模式,4月达到高峰,10月达到低谷,这与7月的最大概念相对应,在南方初冬期间,从春末到仲夏的出生人数下降,1月出现低谷。这种出生分布被解释为活动和社会生活对年度绵羊周期的从属关系。除了时间趋势外,还分析了对观察到的环境参数模式,父亲的职业,婚姻的季节性和父母的起源的影响。
  • 【智利北部野生生态群落Mepraia gajardoi中的克氏锥虫基因型。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0227 复制DOI
    作者列表:Toledo A,Vergara F,Campos R,Botto-Mahan C,Ortiz S,Coronado X,Solari A
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We evaluated Trypanosoma cruzi infection in 397 wild Mepraia gajardoi specimens from five coastal localities in northern Chile by detection of minicircle DNA by polymerase chain reaction. The wild capture sites were classified into two ecotopes: a fully wild ecotope (ecotope 1) and a wild ecotope near human dwellings (ecotope 2). Infection rates varied between 11% and 27%. Minicircle hybridization assays showed that T. cruzi lineages Tc II and Tc VI were commonly detected in ecotope 1 and ecotope 2, respectively. These results are discussed in the context of insect proximity to human dwellings, the alimentary profile of Mepraia sp., T. cruzi lineages detected in the past in the same disease-endemic area circulating in humans, and Triatoma infestans.
    背景与目标: : 我们通过聚合酶链反应检测小圆DNA,评估了智利北部五个沿海地区的397个野生Mepraia gajardoi标本中的克氏锥虫感染。野生捕获地点分为两个生态群落: 一个完全野生的生态群落 (ecotope 1) 和一个靠近人类住所的野生生态群落 (ecotope 2)。感染率在11% 和27% 之间变化。小圆杂交试验表明,克氏T。克氏谱系Tc II和Tc VI分别在生态环境1和生态环境2中被普遍检测到。这些结果是在昆虫靠近人类住所,过去在人类中传播的同一疾病流行地区检测到的Mepraia sp。,T. cruzi谱系的饮食特征以及Triatoma infestans的背景下进行讨论的。
  • 【基于明胶,壳聚糖和/或酪蛋白酸钠的薄膜在堆肥条件下的崩解性含有辣椒的小叶提取物。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.051 复制DOI
    作者列表:Bonilla J,Sobral PJA
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Biodegradable films based on pure gelatin (GEL100), chitosan (CH100) and sodium caseinate (SCas100), and gelatin-chitosan (GEL50:CH50) and gelatin‑sodium caseinate (GEL50:SCas50) blends, without or with boldo-of-Chile leafs extract (BoC) were studied. The solubility in water (%) of all the pure films was analyzed. Moreover, the disintegration process was evaluated throughout the mass loss (%), structural (FTIR) changes and visual analyses of films up to 5 days of composting conditions. The Boltzmann function allowed obtaining the half-maximal disintegration time (t50) of all the films. Only Scas100 films exhibited complete solubility in water, compared to the other films (P < 0.05). At day 1, SCas100 + B film exhibited total mass loss, meanwhile for the other film samples this parameter varied between 47.9 ± 3.0% (CH100 + B) and 6.8 ± 1.3% (GEL100 + B) (P < 0.05). FTIR analysis showed some changes in the intensity of the typical bands of the pure or blended films. Photographs registered exhibited the complete disintegration of all films into 5 days. Finally, Boltzmann equation displayed that pure SCas100 film disintegrated in the shortest time (0.500 days), and GEL50:CH50 blended film in the longest time (1.766 days). In conclusion, the results of this work show an appropriate and complete disintegration of all studied films in composting conditions.
    背景与目标: : 基于纯明胶 (GEL100),壳聚糖 (CH100) 和酪蛋白酸钠 (SCas100) 以及明胶-壳聚糖 (GEL50:CH50) 和明胶-酪蛋白酸钠 (GEL50:SCas50) 共混物的可生物降解薄膜,不使用或不使用辣椒提取物 (BoC)。分析了所有纯膜在水中的溶解度 (%)。此外,在长达5天的堆肥条件下,对膜的质量损失 (%),结构 (FTIR) 变化和视觉分析过程进行了评估。玻尔兹曼函数允许获得所有薄膜的最大崩解时间 (t50)。与其它膜相比,只有Scas100膜在水中表现出完全的溶解性 (P <0.05)。在第1天,SCas100 + B膜表现出总质量损失,同时对于其他膜样品,该参数在47.9 ± 3.0% (CH100 + B) 和6.8 ± 1.3% (GEL100 + B) 之间变化 (P <0.05)。FTIR分析显示,纯膜或混合膜的典型带的强度发生了一些变化。登记的照片显示所有电影在5天内完全解体。最后,Boltzmann方程显示纯SCas100膜在最短时间 (0.500天) 内分解,GEL50:CH50混合膜在最长时间 (1.766天) 内分解。总之,这项工作的结果表明,在堆肥条件下,所有研究的薄膜都适当而完全地分解。
  • 【智利北部木乃伊的膝盖剥脱骨软骨炎。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    影响因子 :
    发表时间:2009-03-01
    来源期刊:Knee
    DOI:10.1016/j.knee.2008.10.006 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kothari A,Ponce P,Arriaza B,O'connor-Read L
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We report a case of osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) in a 4000 year old mummy from ancient Chile. This middle-age female specimen had characteristic bilateral medial femoral condyle erosions consistent with modern day presentations of OCD. The knee joints also demonstrated associated loose bodies of fairly similar dimensions and shape. OCD belongs to a group of disorders, the so-called osteochondroses, affecting the joints of the skeleton producing fragmentation, collapse, sclerosis as well as re-ossification and reconstitution of the articular surface. This case represents an interesting example of the natural history of untreated OCD and is also the earliest example of this thus far found in South America.
    背景与目标: : 我们报告了一个来自古代智利的4000岁木乃伊的剥脱性骨软骨炎 (OCD) 病例。该中年女性标本具有特征性的双侧股骨内侧髁糜烂,与现代OCD表现一致。膝关节还显示出尺寸和形状相当相似的相关松散体。强迫症属于一组疾病,即所谓的骨软骨病,影响骨骼的关节产生碎片,塌陷,硬化以及关节表面的骨化和重建。这种情况代表了未经治疗的强迫症自然历史的一个有趣的例子,也是迄今为止在南美发现的最早的例子。
  • 【智利伊基克以西班牙裔混血儿为主的缺血性中风亚型的发病率,病死率和预后 (PISCIS项目): 一项基于社区的发病率研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70684-6 复制DOI
    作者列表:Lavados PM,Sacks C,Prina L,Escobar A,Tossi C,Araya F,Feuerhake W,Gálvez M,Salinas R,Alvarez G
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Incidence of ischaemic stroke subtypes, classified by cause, seems to vary between communities. We aimed to prospectively ascertain the incidence of first-ever ischaemic stroke in a predominantly Hispanic-Mestizo population in the northern desertic region of Chile. METHODS:Between July, 2000, and June, 2002, all patients with possible stroke or transient ischaemic attacks were identified from multiple overlapping sources and were rapidly assessed by two field neurologists. All identified patients were diagnosed by at least two stroke neurologists according to Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) definitions and were followed up at 6 months. Annual incidence rates were age adjusted to WHO, European, and US populations by the direct method to allow comparisons. FINDINGS:A total of 239 ischaemic strokes were identified, of which 185 (77%) were first-ever cases. 151 (82%) patients were hospitalised, of whom only 70 (38%) were assessed within 6 h of symptom onset. The mean age of patients was 66.4 years (SD 14.9) and 56% were men. The crude annual incidence rates (per 100 000) according to stroke subtype were: cardioembolic, 9.3; large-artery disease, 2.0; small-vessel disease, 15.8; other determined cause, 0.2; and undetermined cause, 17.4. Hypertension was the most common cardiovascular risk factor in all subtypes and atrial fibrillation was the most common cause of cardioembolic stroke. Case fatality at 30 days was highest in cardioembolic strokes (28%) and lowest in small-vessel disease (0%). Dependency or death at 6 months was also highest in cardioembolic strokes (62%) and lowest in small-vessel disease (21%). INTERPRETATION:Incidence and prognosis of small vessel and cardioembolic infarction was similar to that in other populations and incidence of large-artery atherothrombotic infarction was lower than in most previous reports. Hypertension and atrial fibrillation were the most common risk factor and cause, respectively, of ischemic stroke in this population. These findings should help the national stroke programme in the prevention of cardioembolic stroke, increase access to specialists and acute brain imaging and vascular studies, and improve stroke care.
    背景与目标:
  • 【智利牙科学生使用互联网和信息技术。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0579.2006.00412.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Uribe S,Mariño RJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :As part of a larger cross-country survey of dental students, students from the School of Dentistry, The University of Valparaiso, were invited to participate in a study to describe their use of information and communication technology (ICT). Information was derived from a 124-item questionnaire which included 14 socio-demographic items and 29 items asking about ICT use. ICT items were derived from a University of Birmingham, UK, battery. Data was collected in July and August 2004. A total of 162 of the 249 dental students participated in the study. The average age of students was 21.0 years (SD 2.4 years). The majority of participants (62.1%) were female. All participants had access to a computer, and 96.4% used the Internet. Most students had home Internet connections (73.4%). The most commonly used Internet sites on at least a weekly basis were: email (92.2%); and search engines (88.3%). However, a very few (21.1%) used the Internet to search for dental information for their studies on at least a weekly basis. Furthermore, although the majority (70.4%) found Internet use easy/very easy, 56.2% indicated that any search for information was easy/very easy. The majority (72.2%) indicated that the use of virtual education would not affect their class attendance. The final multivariate model explained 26% of the variance in ICT use, significant predictors for ICT use were gender, year of study, level of difficulty in using Internet, and place of Internet use. However, Internet use was mostly for non-dental purposes.
    背景与目标: : 作为对牙科学生进行的一项较大的跨国调查的一部分,瓦尔帕莱索大学牙科学院的学生应邀参加了一项研究,以描述他们对信息和通信技术 (ICT) 的使用。信息来自124项目调查表,其中包括14个社会人口统计项目和29个询问信通技术使用情况的项目。ICT项目来自英国伯明翰大学的电池。数据是在7月和2004年8月中收集的。共有162的249名牙科学生参加了这项研究。学生的平均年龄为21.0岁 (SD 2.4岁)。大多数参与者 (62.1%) 是女性。所有参与者都可以使用计算机,96.4% 使用互联网。大多数学生都有家庭互联网连接 (73.4%)。至少每周一次最常用的互联网站点是: 电子邮件 (92.2%); 和搜索引擎 (88.3%)。但是,很少 (21.1%) 至少每周使用互联网搜索牙科信息以进行研究。此外,尽管大多数 (70.4%) 发现互联网使用容易/非常容易,但56.2% 表明对信息的任何搜索都容易/非常容易。大多数 (72.2%) 表示,使用虚拟教育不会影响他们的上课。最终的多变量模型解释了ICT使用的26% 差异,ICT使用的重要预测因素是性别,学习年份,使用互联网的难度以及互联网使用的地点。但是,互联网的使用主要用于非牙科目的。
  • 【在智利鉴定一种新的HIV 1型BF亚型循环重组形式 (CRF44_BF)。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1089/aid.2010.0006 复制DOI
    作者列表:Delgado E,Ríos M,Fernández J,Pérez-Alvarez L,Nájera R,Thomson MM
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :HIV-1 BF intersubtype recombinants are frequent in Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil, where among a high diversity of BF unique recombinant forms (URFs), eight circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) have been characterized. Here, we describe a new one, designated CRF44_BF, identified in HIV-1 samples from Chile. In a previous report, where partial pol sequences of 136 HIV-1 infections of Chilean subjects were analyzed, a phylogenetic cluster of HIV-1 recombinant BF viruses from 10 individuals, with coincident intersubtype recombination points, was detected. One virus of this cluster had been characterized along its near full-length genome. A second one, from an epidemiologically unlinked HIV-1-infected subject, is described here. Both genomes share identical mosaic structures, consisting of a predominantly subtype F1 genome with three fragments of subtype B. Coincident breakpoints and phylogenetic clustering of the newly identified CRF44_BF with CRF12_BF, CRF17_BF, and CRF38_BF support a common origin of different CRF_BFs identified in Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile.
    背景与目标: : HIV-1 BF亚型间重组体在阿根廷,乌拉圭和巴西很常见,在BF独特重组形式 (urf) 的高度多样性中,已经表征了八种循环重组形式 (crf)。在这里,我们描述了一个新的,命名为CRF44_BF,在智利的HIV-1样品中鉴定。在先前的报告中,分析了智利受试者的136个HIV-1感染的部分pol序列,检测到来自10个个体的HIV-1重组BF病毒的系统发育簇,并具有相同的亚型间重组点。该簇的一种病毒已沿其近全长基因组进行了表征。这里描述了来自流行病学上未关联的HIV-1-infected受试者的第二个。两个基因组共享相同的镶嵌结构,由主要的亚型F1基因组和三个亚型B片段组成。新鉴定的CRF44_BF与CRF12_BF,CRF17_BF和CRF38_BF的重合断点和系统发育聚类支持在阿根廷,乌拉圭和智利鉴定的不同crf_bf的共同起源。
  • 【[幽门螺杆菌: 智利的cagA分析和vacA基因分型。s2/m1菌株的检测]。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Martínez A,González C,Kawaguchi F,Montoya R,Corvalán A,Madariaga J,Roa J,García A,Salgado F,Solar H,Palma M
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The genes cagA and vacA encode H pylori virulence factors.

    AIM:To genotype these genes in H pylori strains isolated from patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms.

    MATERIAL AND METHODS:We studied 50 patients who underwent an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, with positive culture for H pylori. Detection of cagA and vacA genotyping was done using polymerase chain reactions.

    RESULTS:The gene cagA was detected in 19 samples (38%). Signal sequences s1 and s2 of vacA gene were detected in 16 samples each (32%). There was simultaneous amplification of s1 and s2 in 6 samples and they were not detected in 9 samples. The middle region of vacA was m1 in 9 samples, m2 in 29 samples and there was simultaneous amplification of m1 and m2 in 12 samples. In 16 samples (32%), more than one type of signal sequence or medial region was detected. Of those patients in whom vacA was the only genotype detected, 15 were s2/m2, 7 were s1/m1, 4 were s1/m2 and 1 was s2/m1.

    CONCLUSIONS:In these patients, the infection with cagA- H pylori strains, predominates, the prevalence of infection with s1 or s2 strains is similar and the predominant medial region is m2.

    背景与目标: 背景 : 基因cagA和vacA编码幽门螺杆菌毒力因子。
    目标 : 为了在从上消化道症状患者中分离出的幽门螺杆菌菌株中对这些基因进行基因型。
    材料和方法 : 我们研究了50例接受上消化道内窥镜检查且培养阳性的患者幽门螺杆菌。使用聚合酶链反应检测cagA和vacA基因分型。
    结果 : 在19个样品中检测到cagA基因 (38%)。分别在16个样品中检测到vacA基因的信号序列s1和s2 (32%)。在6个样品中同时扩增s1和s2,在9个样品中未检测到。9个样品中vacA的中间区域为m1,29个样品中m2,12个样品中m1和m2同时扩增。在16个样品 (32%) 中,检测到多于一种类型的信号序列或中间区域。在仅检测到vacA基因型的患者中,有15例为s2/m2,7例为s1/m1,4例为s1/m2,1例为s2/m1。
    结论 : 在这些患者中,以cagA- H pylori菌株感染为主,s1或s2菌株的感染率相似,主要的内侧区域为m2。
  • 【来自挪威和智利的野生和养殖鲑鱼的嗜冷黄杆菌分离株之间的遗传变异。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/jam.12121 复制DOI
    作者列表:Apablaza P,Løland AD,Brevik ØJ,Ilardi P,Battaglia J,Nylund A
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIMS:To aim of the study was to describe the genetic relationship between isolates of Flavobacterium psychrophilum with a main emphasis of samples from Chile and Norway. The isolates have been obtained from farmed salmonids in Norway and Chile, and from wild salmonids in Norway, but isolates from North America and European countries are also included in the analysis. METHODS AND RESULTS:The study is based on phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA and seven housekeeping genes (HG), gyrB, atpA, dnaK, trpB, fumC, murG and tuf, and the use of a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) system, based on nucleotide polymorphism in the HG, as an alternative to the phylogenies. The variation within the selected genes was limited, and the phylogenetic analysis gave little resolution between the isolates. The MLST gave a much better resolution resulting in 53 sequence types where the same sequences types could be found in Chile, North America and European countries, and in different host species. CONCLUSIONS:Multilocus sequence typing give a relatively good separation of different isolates of Fl. psychrophilum and show that there are no distinct geographical or host-specific isolates in the studied material from Chile, North America and Europe. Nor was it possible to separate between isolates from ulcers and systemic infections vs isolates from the surface of healthy salmonids. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY:This study shows a wide geographical distribution of Fl. psychrophilum, indicating that the bacterium has a large potential for transmission over long distances, and between different salmonid hosts species. This knowledge will be important for future management of salmonids diseases connected to Fl. psychrophilum.
    背景与目标:
  • 【智利HIV-1的抗逆转录病毒耐药性和系统发育多样性。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1002/jmv.20881 复制DOI
    作者列表:Ríos M,Delgado E,Pérez-Alvarez L,Fernández J,Gálvez P,de Parga EV,Yung V,Thomson MM,Nájera R
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study reports the analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease (PR) and reverse transcriptase (RT) coding sequences from 136 HIV-1-infected subjects from Chile, 66 (49%) of them under antiretroviral (ARV) treatment. The prevalence of mutations conferring high or intermediate resistance levels to ARVs was 77% among treated patients and 2.5% among drug-naïve subjects. The distribution of resistance prevalence in treated patients by drug class was 61% to nucleoside RT inhibitors, 84% to nonnucleoside RT inhibitors, and 46% to PR inhibitors. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 115 (85%) subjects were infected with subtype B viruses, 1 with a subtype F1 virus, and 20 (15%) carried BF intersubtype recombinants. Most BF recombinants grouped into two clusters, one related to CRF12_BF, while the other could represent a new circulating recombinant form (CRF). In conclusion, this is the first report analysing the prevalence of ARV resistance which includes patients under HAART from Chile. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis of the PR-RT coding sequences reveals the presence of BF intersubtype recombinants.
    背景与目标: : 这项研究报告了来自智利的136名HIV-1-infected受试者的人类免疫缺陷病毒1型 (HIV-1) 蛋白酶 (PR) 和逆转录酶 (RT) 编码序列的分析,其中66 (49%) 在抗逆转录病毒 (ARV) 治疗下。在接受治疗的患者中,赋予对ARVs的高或中等耐药水平的突变的患病率77%,而在未接受药物治疗的受试者中2.5%。按药物类别对治疗患者的耐药性患病率的分布与核苷RT抑制剂61%,84% 与非核苷RT抑制剂46% PR抑制剂。系统发育分析显示,115名 (85% 名) 受试者感染了b型亚型病毒es,1名感染了F1亚型病毒,20名 (15% 名) 携带了BF亚型间重组体。大多数BF重组体分为两个簇,一个与CRF12_BF有关,而另一个可能代表一种新的循环重组形式 (CRF)。总之,这是第一份分析ARV耐药性患病率的报告,其中包括来自智利的HAART患者。此外,对pr-rt编码序列的系统发育分析揭示了BF亚型间重组体的存在。
  • 【疯狂的被告和法医罪犯: 在智利新的法医精神病学网络和刑事司法系统改革开始之前和之后。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/YCO.0b013e32833bb31a 复制DOI
    作者列表:Cid RD
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Like other Latin American democratic societies, Chile is supposed to respect legal rights of mentally ill people who are in trouble with the law, and provide them protection, treatment and welfare. Therefore, in this decade, the Chilean Criminal Justice and Mental Health System has undergone significant changes. RECENT FINDINGS:Because this article is related to the recent social features that involve different areas such as justice, mental health assistance and forensic psychiatry systems, and thereby the nonexistence of current literature that reviews this matter from a global perspective and its implications for the mental health population involved in the justice system, its review and analysis seems to be interesting. SUMMARY:The 'New Forensic Psychiatry Network' (NFPN) has been putting in relevant efforts to offer proper treatment and forensic assessment taking into account the civil rights of mentally insane people, and the 'Criminal Justice System Reform' (CJSR) is making possible legal conditions for better justice ensuring a more just resolution of insane defendants' and mentally ill convicts' lawsuits. From the author's viewpoint, all these changes are leading to a deep cultural impact on a Chilean's mind, changing their vision of justice and how society should respect insane defendants' and mentally ill convicts' legal rights.
    背景与目标:
  • 【测试Ferguson模型在智利温带和亚热带山谷中休眠的葡萄芽的抗寒性。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s00484-020-01920-1 复制DOI
    作者列表:Rubio S,Pérez FJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A dynamic thermal time model (DTTM) has been developed to predict cold-hardiness in dormant grapevine buds, which uses daily mean temperatures as the only input variable. However, it has been recently reported that cold-hardiness in grapevine buds depends not only on low temperatures (LTs), but also on the content of the plant phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA). An important parameter in the DTTM is the ecodormancy boundary (EDB), which represents the chilling degree days (DDc) required for the transition of the buds from endo to ecodormancy. In this study, the bud cold-hardiness of grapevines was measured by the low-temperature exotherm (LTE) in the subtropical Elqui and in the temperate Maipo valleys of Chile, and the values fitted to the DTTM. Moreover, the ABA content was determined in dormant buds throughout the dormant season. The results demonstrated that the DTTM worked better in the Maipo than in the Elqui valley, and that the content of ABA in the buds was higher in the vines grown in the Elqui valley. On the other hand, the optimized EDB parameter value varied from year to year when it was estimated as chilling accumulated, but when it was estimated as time, it remained constant in the Maipo valley. Based on the results, we conclude the following: (a) the proper functioning of the DTTM requires that the ABA content profile in the dormant buds should be kept constant from year to year, (b) the highest content of ABA in the buds collected in the Elqui valley is probably due to abiotic stresses, (c) the EDB parameter corresponds to the accumulated cold until before the buds begin their deacclimation process and not until they release from endodormancy, (d) the release of the buds from endodormancy does not depend on the accumulated cold, but on the elapsed time.
    背景与目标: : 已经开发了动态热时间模型 (DTTM) 来预测休眠葡萄芽的抗寒性,该模型使用每日平均温度作为唯一的输入变量。然而,最近有报道说,葡萄芽的抗寒性不仅取决于低温 (LTs),还取决于植物激素脱落酸 (ABA) 的含量。DTTM中的一个重要参数是ecoodormancy边界 (EDB),它表示芽从endo过渡到ecoodormancy所需的冷藏天数 (DDc)。在这项研究中,通过亚热带Elqui和智利温带Maipo山谷的低温放热 (LTE) 测量了葡萄藤的芽抗寒性,其值适合DTTM。此外,在整个休眠季节中确定了休眠芽中的ABA含量。结果表明,DTTM在Maipo中比在Elqui山谷中效果更好,并且在Elqui山谷中生长的葡萄藤中芽中ABA的含量更高。另一方面,优化的EDB参数值在估计为累积的寒流时逐年变化,但在估计为时间时,在Maipo山谷中保持恒定。根据结果,我们得出以下结论 :( a) DTTM的正常功能要求休眠芽中的ABA含量分布每年应保持恒定,(b) 在Elqui山谷收集的芽中ABA的最高含量可能是由于非生物胁迫造成的,(c) EDB参数对应于累积的寒冷,直到芽开始其去适应过程,直到它们从endodormancy释放出来,(d) 芽从endodormancy的释放不取决于累积的寒冷,而是取决于经过的时间。
  • 【来自智利大都市地区城市森林的生物挥发性有机化合物。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2013.04.003 复制DOI
    作者列表:Préndez M,Carvajal V,Corada K,Morales J,Alarcón F,Peralta H
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Tropospheric ozone is a secondary pollutant whose primary sources are volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides. The national standard is exceeded on a third of summer days in some areas of the Chilean Metropolitan Region (MR). This study reports normalized springtime experimental emissions factors (EF) for biogenic volatile organic compounds from tree species corresponding to approximately 31% of urban trees in the MR. A Photochemical Ozone Creation Index (POCI) was calculated using Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential of quantified terpenes. Ten species, natives and exotics, were analysed using static enclosure technique. Terpene quantification was performed using GC-FID, thermal desorption, cryogenic concentration and automatic injection. Observed EF and POCI values for terpenes from exotic species were 78 times greater than native values; within the same family, exotic EF and POCI values were 28 and 26 times greater than natives. These results support reforestation with native species for improved urban pollution management.
    背景与目标: 对流层臭氧是一种二次污染物,其主要来源是挥发性有机化合物和氮氧化物。在智利大都市地区 (MR) 的某些地区,夏季的三分之一超过了国家标准。这项研究报告了标准化的春季实验排放因子 (EF),该因子来自对应于MR中大约31% 的城市树木的树种的生物挥发性有机化合物。使用量化的萜烯的光化学臭氧产生潜力计算光化学臭氧产生指数 (POCI)。使用静态封闭技术分析了十种物种,本地和外来物种。使用gc-fid,热解吸,低温浓缩和自动注射进行萜烯定量。观察到的外来物种萜烯的EF和POCI值是本地值的78倍; 在同一家族中,外来EF和POCI值分别是本地人的28倍和26倍。这些结果支持与本地物种重新造林,以改善城市污染管理。
  • 【[智利传染病出院的时间趋势,2004-2014]。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.4067/s0716-10182018000400358 复制DOI
    作者列表:Jaramillo T,Vidal C,Moya P,Hoffmeister L
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Infectious diseases are important causes of burden of illness and mortality. AIM:To describe the temporal trends of hospital discharges due to infectious in Chile from 2004 to 2014. METHODS:Descriptive study. National Hospital Discharge Registry were used. We included all hospital discharges with main diagnosis of infectious diseases including parasitic diseases. Rates were calculated and standardized. The anual percentage change (APC) was estimated by Poisson regression. RESULTS:During a stated period of time in hospitalization of infectious diseases decreased (APC -4%). Women had fewer hospital discharged compared to men. Patients aged between 0 and 9 years and those who aged 80 years and older showed greater rates than other age groups. CONCLUSIONS:Chile has experimented a reduction in hospital discharges due to infectious diseases.
    背景与目标:
  • 【[估计智利主要人畜共患病的相对死亡风险的空间分布: 恰加人病,包虫病,汉坦病毒心肺综合征和钩端螺旋体病]。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.4067/S0716-10182019000500599 复制DOI
    作者列表:Reyes R,Yohannessen K,Ayala S,Canals M
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Zoonoses are infections caused by all types of etiological transmissible agents from vertebrate animals to humans. During the last decades, the risk to health caused by different zoonoses has been a consequence of the natural distribution of the different etiological agents and by the emergence and reemergence of these diseases. AIM:To study the distribution of the risk of mortality of the four main zoonoses in continental Chile, based on national mortality data, with the objective of visualizing geographically where to focus the control efforts of these diseases. METHODS:Relative risk was estimated by means of Bayesian Statistics. RESULTS:The distribution in Chile of the main zoonoses was obtained. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION:The risk maps obtained show a parasitic disease transmitted by high-risk vectors in the north, Chagas disease; a parasitic disease of biological communities in which man is an accidental host, associated with livestock areas, more prevalent in the south, hydatidosis; a bacterial disease transmitted by vertebrates, especially by rodents, where water is an important vehicle, dominant in the center, leptospirosis; and a viral disease transmitted by rodents, very dominant in the south, the hantavirus infection.
    背景与目标:

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