BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The objective of this study was to confirm whether hemoglobin (Hb) levels during chemoradiotherapy are associated with survival in patients with locally advanced cervical carcinoma and to assess impact of the Hb level on survival according to lymph node (LN) metastasis. A retrospective review of 85 cervical carcinoma patients treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy was conducted. The stage of disease ranged between FIGO stage IB and stage IVA. Disease-free and overall survivals were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses. After median follow-up of 35.7 months, 24 patients developed recurrence of disease and 14 patients died from their disease. Stage, LN metastasis, and squamous cell carcinoma antigen and Hb levels during chemoradiation were correlated significantly with survival (P < 0.05). Maintenance of Hb above 10.0 g/dL was associated with better survival (P < 0.05). However, no such benefits were observed in patients with LN metastasis by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Multivariate Cox regression hazard model showed that Hb levels during chemoradiation were an independent prognostic factor in patients without LN metastasis by MRI. Maintenance of Hb during chemoradiation is of benefit in cervical carcinoma patients without LN metastasis but not with LN metastasis by MRI.

背景与目标： : 本研究的目的是确认放化疗期间血红蛋白 (Hb) 水平是否与局部晚期宫颈癌患者的生存相关，并根据淋巴结 (LN) 转移评估Hb水平对生存的影响。回顾性分析了85例同期放化疗治疗的宫颈癌患者。疾病的阶段介于FIGO IB期和IVA期之间。通过单变量和多变量分析评估无病生存率和总体生存率。中位随访35.7个月后，24例患者出现疾病复发，14例患者死于疾病。分期、LN转移、放化疗期间鳞状细胞癌抗原和Hb水平与生存率显著相关 (P <0.05)。Hb维持在10.0g/dL以上与较好的生存率相关 (P <0.05)。然而，通过磁共振成像 (MRI) 在LN转移患者中未观察到这种益处。多因素Cox回归风险模型显示，放化疗期间的Hb水平是MRI无LN转移患者的独立预后因素。化疗期间维持血红蛋白对无LN转移但无LN转移的宫颈癌患者有好处。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Neural activity is thought to play a significant role during the development of the cerebral cortex. In this study, we examined the effects of global activity block or enhancement and the effects of patterned firing on the ability of cultured rat neocortical neurons to survive during the second week in vitro, beyond the beginning of synaptogenesis. Blockade of neuronal activity by adding tetrodotoxin (TTX) and increasing magnesium concentration in the medium strongly reduced the survival of cortical cells. Increasing neuronal activity by raising the external potassium concentration significantly improved the survival of cortical neurons. We postulated that in a developing neuronal network the survival of nerve cells is regulated by synaptically mediated events that involve changes in the intracellular calcium concentration. To examine this question further, we monitored the activity of the developing network by optically recording the intracellular calcium signals of many neurons simultaneously. These recordings show that in low magnesium neocortical neurons express synchronized oscillation of their intracellular calcium concentration. The ability of a network to synchronize the changes in intracellular calcium of multiple cells appeared gradually during the second week in culture, paralleled by both an increase in the synaptic density and a decline in the number of surviving neurons. By examining the fate of identified cells several days after a recording session, we found that those nerve cells that were co-activated with other neurons had a significantly higher chance to survive than cells that did not participate in synchronized events. These experiments demonstrate that during early cortical network development cortical neurons show synchronized firing activity and that the survival of neurons is at least partially dependent on this pattern of neuronal activity.

背景与目标： 神经活动被认为在大脑皮层发育过程中起着重要作用。在这项研究中，我们研究了整体活动阻滞或增强的影响以及图案化放电对培养的大鼠新皮层神经元在体外第二周 (突触开始后) 存活的能力的影响。通过添加河豚毒素 (TTX) 和增加培养基中的镁浓度来阻断神经元活性，从而大大降低了皮质细胞的存活。通过提高外部钾浓度来增加神经元活性，显着改善了皮质神经元的存活。我们推测，在发育中的神经元网络中，神经细胞的存活受到突触介导的事件的调节，这些事件涉及细胞内钙浓度的变化。为了进一步研究这个问题，我们通过同时光学记录许多神经元的细胞内钙信号来监测发育网络的活动。这些记录表明，在低镁的新皮层神经元中，其细胞内钙浓度表达同步振荡。在培养的第二周，网络使多个细胞的细胞内钙的变化同步的能力逐渐出现，同时突触密度增加和存活神经元数量减少。通过在记录过程几天后检查已识别细胞的命运，我们发现与其他神经元共同激活的神经细胞比不参与同步事件的细胞存活的机会要高得多。这些实验表明，在早期皮质网络发育过程中，皮质神经元显示出同步的放电活动，并且神经元的存活至少部分取决于这种神经元活动模式。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A survey of pediatric otolaryngologists about voice disorders in children suggests that approximately 1% of children examined were noted to have voice problems, and in only one fifth of these children (0.2%) were the voice problems related to professional use of the voice, such as singing. Direct flexible laryngoscopy was the sole method of examination for 80% of the children examined by these pediatric specialists. Voice therapy for 6 months was generally recommended (88%). The survey represents an estimated clinical experience of > 160,000 children per year, and it achieved a response rate of 40% of pediatric otolaryngologists (48/120). Results suggest that the use of video and stroboscopy for examination of the pediatric voice would enhance understanding and assure correct diagnosis and treatment.

背景与目标： : 对儿童耳鼻喉科医生进行的一项关于儿童语音障碍的调查表明，大约1% 的被检查儿童有语音问题，其中只有5分之1儿童 (0.2%) 的语音问题与专业使用语音有关，例如唱歌。直接柔性喉镜检查是由这些儿科专家检查的80% 儿童的唯一检查方法。通常建议语音治疗6个月 (88%)。该调查代表了每年> 160,000名儿童的估计临床经验，并且达到了小儿耳鼻喉科医生的40% (48/120)。结果表明，使用视频和频闪镜检查小儿语音将增强理解并确保正确的诊断和治疗。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Apicomplexan parasites are the cause of numerous important human diseases including malaria and AIDS-associated opportunistic infections. Drug treatment for these diseases is not satisfactory and is threatened by resistance. The discovery of the apicoplast, a chloroplast-like organelle, presents drug targets unique to these parasites. The apicoplast-localized fatty acid synthesis (FAS II) pathway, a metabolic process fundamentally divergent from the analogous FAS I pathway in humans, represents one such target. However, the specific biological roles of apicoplast FAS II remain elusive. Furthermore, the parasite genome encodes additional and potentially redundant pathways for the synthesis of fatty acids. We have constructed a conditional null mutant of acyl carrier protein, a central component of the FAS II pathway in Toxoplasma gondii. Loss of FAS II severely compromises parasite growth in culture. We show FAS II to be required for the activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase, an important source of the metabolic precursor acetyl-CoA. Interestingly, acyl carrier protein knockout also leads to defects in apicoplast biogenesis and a consequent loss of the organelle. Most importantly, in vivo knockdown of apicoplast FAS II in a mouse model results in cure from a lethal challenge infection. In conclusion, our study demonstrates a direct link between apicoplast FAS II functions and parasite survival and pathogenesis. Our genetic model also offers a platform to dissect the integration of the apicoplast into parasite metabolism, especially its postulated interaction with the mitochondrion.

背景与目标： : Apicomplexan寄生虫是许多重要人类疾病的病因，包括疟疾和与艾滋病相关的机会性感染。这些疾病的药物治疗并不令人满意，并受到耐药性的威胁。叶绿体样细胞器apicoplast的发现提出了这些寄生虫特有的药物靶标。apicoplast定位脂肪酸合成 (FAS II) 途径是一种与人类类似FAS I途径根本不同的代谢过程，它代表了一个这样的目标。然而，apicoplast FAS II的特定生物学作用仍然难以捉摸。此外，寄生虫基因组还编码用于合成脂肪酸的其他且潜在的冗余途径。我们已经构建了酰基载体蛋白的条件无效突变体，这是弓形虫中FAS II途径的核心组成部分。FAS II的丢失严重损害了寄生虫在培养中的生长。我们显示FAS II是激活丙酮酸脱氢酶所必需的，丙酮酸脱氢酶是代谢前体乙酰辅酶a的重要来源。有趣的是，酰基载体蛋白敲除还导致apicoplast生物发生缺陷，并导致细胞器丢失。最重要的是，在小鼠模型中体内敲除apicoplast FAS II可从致命的攻击感染中治愈。总之，我们的研究证明了apicoplast FAS II功能与寄生虫存活和发病机理之间的直接联系。我们的遗传模型还提供了一个平台，可以将apicoplast整合到寄生虫代谢中，尤其是其与线粒体的假定相互作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The relationship between preferred objects associated with stereotypy, stereotypic behavior, and accuracy of responding during a counting task by a child with autism was analyzed. Object preference was determined by presenting the child with different sets of objects and asking him to choose one. His choices were then rank ordered into three groupslow, medium, and high preference objects. Counting performance within each of the three object groups was then analyzed in a multi-element design, alternating preference groups. Teaching with high-preference objects occasioned more stereotypic behavior and less accurate counting than teaching with medium- and low-preference objects. Thus, there exists the possibility that teaching may be less successful with certain teaching materials, especially if those materials evoke high rates of incompatible behaviors.

背景与目标： 分析了与自闭症儿童在计数任务中与刻板印象相关的首选对象，刻板行为和响应准确性之间的关系。对象偏好是通过向孩子展示不同的对象集并要求他选择一个来确定的。然后将他的选择排序为三个慢，中和高偏好对象。然后，在多元素设计 (交替的偏好组) 中分析了三个对象组中每个对象组的计数性能。与中低偏好对象的教学相比，高偏好对象的教学产生了更多的刻板行为和更不准确的计数。因此，存在使用某些教材进行教学可能不太成功的可能性，尤其是如果这些教材引起高度的不相容行为。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:This study aimed at analyzing different treatments of breast cancer (BC) prevalent in the region, their effect on patients' survival, and discusses the most suitable method within available resources. METHODS:The study was set up at a tertiary care hospital in north India. We retrospectively reviewed data of 473 female BC patients who attended the departments of Surgical Oncology and Radiotherapy from January 1997 to December 1999. Patients with cTNM stage IV and inoperable stage III were included; those who defaulted or were lost to follow-up were excluded. Out of 473 patients, 372 were selected. The selected patients were divided into groups on the basis of place and type of local treatment they received: (1) local excision only, (2) standard breast conservation therapy (BCT), (3) total mastectomy (TM) + axillary lymph node dissection + radiotherapy (RT), and (4) modified radical mastectomy (MRM) + RT. Data regarding recurrence and survival were analyzed in December 2005. Minimum follow-up was 6 years. RESULTS:Overall recurrence rates were significantly higher in patients operated elsewhere (P <0.0001). Of 194 operated at our Breast Unit, 25 (14.6%) of 171 MRM patients and none of 23 BCT had recurrence. Of 178 patients operated elsewhere, 44 (100%), 6 (42.9%), 41 (41%), and 8 (40%) developed recurrence in groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively. Overall survival was significantly better in patients with MRM at our unit versus TM outside (93.6% vs. 80%). CONCLUSIONS:Several types of treatment from improper local excision alone, BCT, TM, to a carefully done MRM are prevalent here. Properly done, MRM yields significant local control with survival benefit and appears to remain the gold standard in management of our BC patients.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Immediate placement refers to the placement of an implant into a tooth socket at the time of extraction; early placement refers to the placement of an implant after substantial gingival healing, but before any clinically significant bone fill occurs within the socket. This study evaluated the success and survival rates of implants following immediate and early placement. 50 implants were placed in 36 patients. 26 immediate (group I) and 24 early placements (group II) were performed. Pain or tenderness with function, mobility, radiographic bone loss from initial surgery and exudate history were evaluated. Mean vertical bone loss in the immediate placement group was 0.55 mm and 0.80 mm in the early placement group. The survival rate for the immediate placement group was 96.16% with 51.6 months follow-up and in the early placement group was 100% with 61.9 months follow-up. The results of this study suggest that although the success and survival rates of early placed implants were a little higher and the follow up period was longer than immediately placed implants, the difference was not remarkable. In conclusion, both implant insertion techniques are safe and reliable procedures with considerably high survival rates.

背景与目标： : 立即放置是指在拔牙时将植入物放置在牙槽中; 早期放置是指在牙龈实质性愈合后但在牙槽内发生任何临床上重要的骨填充之前放置植入物。这项研究评估了立即和早期放置后植入物的成功率和存活率。在36例患者中放置了50个植入物。进行了26次即时放置 (I组) 和24次早期放置 (II组)。评估了疼痛或压痛的功能，活动度，初始手术引起的影像学骨丢失和渗出史。立即放置组的平均垂直骨丢失是0.55毫米的，而早期放置组的平均垂直骨丢失是0.80毫米的。立即放置组的生存率96.16% 为51.6个月的随访，而早期放置组的生存率100% 为61.9个月的随访。这项研究的结果表明，尽管早期放置的植入物的成功率和存活率比立即放置的植入物高一些，并且随访时间更长，但差异并不显着。总之，两种植入物插入技术都是安全可靠的程序，存活率很高。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The Nutrition Embedded Evaluation Programme Impact Evaluation (NEEP-IE) study is a cluster randomised controlled trial designed to evaluate the impact of a childcare centre-based integrated nutritional and agricultural intervention on the diets, nutrition and development of young children in Malawi. The intervention includes activities to improve nutritious food production and training/behaviour-change communication to improve food intake, care and hygiene practices. This paper presents the rationale and study design for this randomised control trial. METHODS:Sixty community-based childcare centres (CBCCs) in rural communities around Zomba district, Malawi, were randomised to either (1) a control group where children were attending CBCCs supported by Save the Children's Early Childhood Health and Development (ECD) programme, or (2) an intervention group where nutritional and agricultural support activities were provided alongside the routine provision of the Save the Children's ECD programme. Primary outcomes at child level include dietary intake (measured through 24-h recall), whilst secondary outcomes include child development (Malawi Development Assessment Tool (MDAT)) and nutritional status (anthropometric measurements). At household level, primary outcomes include smallholder farmer production output and crop-mix (recall of last production season). Intermediate outcomes along theorised agricultural and nutritional pathways were measured. During this trial, we will follow a mixed-methods approach and undertake child-, household-, CBCC- and market-level surveys and assessments as well as in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with project stakeholders. DISCUSSION:Assessing the simultaneous impact of preschool meals on diets, nutrition, child development and agriculture is a complex undertaking. This study is the first to explicitly examine, from a food systems perspective, the impact of a preschool meals programme on dietary choices, alongside outcomes in the nutritional, child development and agricultural domains. The findings of this evaluation will provide evidence to support policymakers in the scale-up of national programmes. TRIAL REGISTRATION:ISRCTN registry, ID: ISRCTN96497560 . Registered on 21 September 2016.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Leiomyosarcoma of the innominate vein is a rare but usually lethal disease. We report the case of a 50-year-old woman, undergoing a curative resection of the tumor. She is alive and free of disease at 88-month follow-up. Surgical excision remains the current optimal treatment able to provide a chance of cure. KEY WORDS: Late survival, Venous leiomyosarcoma.

背景与目标： : 无名静脉平滑肌肉瘤是一种罕见但通常致命的疾病。我们报告了一名50岁的女性，正在接受肿瘤的根治性切除。在88个月的随访中，她还活着并且没有疾病。手术切除仍然是目前能够提供治愈机会的最佳治疗方法。关键词: 晚期生存，静脉平滑肌肉瘤。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:This retrospective study investigated overall survival (OS) and factors influencing OS in Swedish patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) during the pre- (2002-2005), early (2006-2008), and late (2009-2012) targeted therapy (TT) era. METHODS:Three national Swedish registries identified patients with mRCC. Median OS was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate analysis was performed using Cox proportional hazards regression. Subgroup analysis was conducted for patients with synchronous metastases (M1) and the elderly (aged≥75y). RESULTS:A total of 4,217 patients with mRCC were identified, including 1,533 patients with M1 and 1,275 elderly patients. For patients with mRCC diagnosed in 2002 to 2005, 2006 to 2008, and 2009 to 2012, median OS was 10.0, 13.0, and 18.0 months. Similarly, median OS improved in the M1 and elderly populations. Elderly patients were less likely to be prescribed TT (≥75 vs.<75y): 18.3 vs. 63.5% (in 2006-2008) and 28.6% vs. 55.9% (in 2009-2012). Diagnosis of mRCC in 2009 to 2012, nephrectomy and TT prescription were associated with improved OS in the total mRCC, M1, and elderly populations. CONCLUSION:This real-world study showed continued significant improvement in mRCC OS during the late TT era, including in M1 and elderly populations. TT should be considered for all patients with mRCC based on tolerability, regardless of age.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Upregulation of lipogenesis is a hallmark of cancer and blocking the lipogenic pathway is known to cause tumor cell death by apoptosis. However, the exact role of lipogenesis in tumor initiation is as yet poorly understood. We examined the expression profile of key lipogenic genes in clinical samples of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of breast cancer and found that these genes were significantly upregulated in DCIS. We also isolated cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) from DCIS.com cell line using cell surface markers (CS24(-)CD44(+)ESA(+)) and found that this cell population has significantly higher tumor-initiating ability to generate DCIS compared with the non-stem-like population. Furthermore, the CSCs showed significantly higher level of expression of all lipogenic genes than the counterpart population from non-tumorigenic breast cancer cell line, MCF10A. Importantly, ectopic expression of SREBP1, the master regulator of lipogenic genes, in MCF10A significantly enhanced lipogenesis in stem-like cells and promoted cell growth as well as mammosphere formation. Moreover, SREBP1 expression significantly increased the ability of cell survival of CSCs from MCF10AT, another cell line that is capable of generating DCIS, in mouse and in cell culture. These results indicate that upregulation of lipogenesis is a pre-requisite for DCIS formation by endowing the ability of cell survival. We have also shown that resveratrol was capable of blocking the lipogenic gene expression in CSCs and significantly suppressed their ability to generate DCIS in animals, which provides us with a strong rationale to use this agent for chemoprevention against DCIS.

背景与目标： : 脂肪生成的上调是癌症的标志，已知阻断脂肪生成途径会通过凋亡导致肿瘤细胞死亡。然而，脂肪生成在肿瘤起始中的确切作用尚不清楚。我们检查了乳腺癌导管原位癌 (DCIS) 临床样本中关键脂原基因的表达谱，发现这些基因在DCIS中显着上调。我们还使用细胞表面标记 (CS24(-)CD44(+)ESA(+)) 从DCIS.com细胞系中分离出癌症干细胞样细胞 (CSCs)，发现该细胞群与非干细胞样群体相比，产生DCIS的肿瘤起始能力明显更高。此外，与来自非致瘤性乳腺癌细胞系MCF10A的对应群体相比，CSCs显示出所有脂质基因的表达水平显着更高。重要的是，MCF10A中脂肪生成基因的主要调节剂SREBP1的异位表达显着增强了干细胞样细胞的脂肪生成，并促进了细胞生长和mammohere形成。此外，SREBP1的表达显着提高了MCF10AT (另一种能够产生DCIS的细胞系) 在小鼠和细胞培养中的CSCs的细胞存活能力。这些结果表明，通过赋予细胞存活能力，脂肪生成的上调是DCIS形成的先决条件。我们还表明，白藜芦醇能够阻断CSCs中的脂肪基因表达，并显着抑制其在动物中产生DCIS的能力，这为我们提供了使用该药物对DCIS进行化学预防的有力依据。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Most studies investigate the association between the baseline Romano-Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) and survival on hemodialysis (HD). Few consider the effect of progression in the CCI score (CCIp) on patient survival before HD initiation. That is CCIp = CCI-1 - CCI-3, where CCI(-1) is the CCI score in the first year before HD initiation, and CCI-3 is the CCI score in the third year before HD initiation. The present study investigated whether CCIp affects the survival of incident HD patients. METHODS:Using the National Health Insurance (NHI) Research Database of Taiwan, we recruited 7391 adult incident HD patients in the year 2006 for this historical cohort study. We followed the cohort until the end of 2007. Using the Romano-Charlson method, each comorbidity was assigned a score of 1, 2, 3 or 6. The scores were then summed to produce a total score (CCI), which predicts mortality. The log-rank test and a Cox regression model were used to analyze the association between CCIp and survival, and the risk markers of survival. RESULTS:Diabetes, ulcers, congestive heart failure, chronic pulmonary disease and cerebrovascular disease were the most common comorbid conditions. The median CCI-3 was 2 (interquartile range 0-3). The overall survival rate in 1 year was 82.8%. In incident patients with a CCI-3 score of <3, the rate was 85.1%, and in patients with a CCI-3 score of ≥ 3, the rate was 76.8%. Each increase of one point in the CCI-3 score (HR = 1.69, 95% CI 1.42-2.01) and the CCIp (HR = 1.22, 95% CI 1.17-1.27) affected survival in HD patients. CONCLUSIONS:The CCI-3 and CCIp before HD initiation are valuable predictors of survival in incident patients.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Pulmonary artery sling is an incomplete vascular ring, the result of the left pulmonary artery arising from the right pulmonary artery and effectively constricting the airway, and it usually presents within the first weeks to months of life. We report a surgical correction of tracheal stenosis for a two-year-old patient associated with pulmonary artery sling and tracheal broncus.

背景与目标： 肺动脉吊带是一种不完整的血管环，是左肺动脉从右肺动脉产生并有效收缩气道的结果，通常在生命的最初几周到几个月内出现。我们报告了一名两岁的肺动脉吊带和气管支气管相关患者的气管狭窄手术矫正。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Recent evidence suggests that between-individual variation in posture and posture transitions may have important health consequences in adults. The early life development of between-individual variation in posture and posture transitions has not been studied, and the physiological consequences of such variations in childhood are unknown, largely because of the absence of objective methods for measuring posture and posture transitions in young children. This study aimed to examine the objective measurement of posture transitions in pre-school children with the activPAL™ monitor (PAL Technologies, Glasgow). Single-unit activity monitors such as the activPAL™ have a limited output, with data categorized as 'sit/lie', 'stand' or 'walk' and the consequences of this for measurement of posture transitions in young children are unknown. Thirty children (mean age 4.1 years) were videoed for 1 h in nursery while wearing an activPAL™. Video was analysed on a second-by-second basis, with all postures categorized. From direct observation, time spent was sit/lie 46%; stand 35%; walk/run 16%; 3% was spent in heterogeneous non-sit/lie/upright postures (crawl, crouch, and kneel up). Despite these 'non-standard' postures being responsible for a low proportion of time, posture transitions involving them contributed to 34% of total transitions. There was a significant rank-order correlation (r = 0.79, p < 0.0001) between the number of posture transitions measured by activPAL™ and by direct observation. 'Non-standard' postures in young children are probably not a problem if the aim is to measure total time sedentary or active, and the activPAL™ may measure between-individual variation in transitions adequately in young children. However, non-standard postures may present problems for the detailed characterization of posture transitions in early childhood.

背景与目标： : 最近的证据表明，姿势和姿势转换的个体间差异可能对成年人的健康产生重要影响。尚未研究姿势和姿势转换的个体间变化的早期生活发展，并且这种变化在儿童时期的生理后果尚不清楚，这主要是因为缺乏客观的方法来测量幼儿的姿势和姿势转换。这项研究旨在检查activPAL学龄前儿童姿势转变的客观测量™监视器 (格拉斯哥PAL Technologies)。单单元活动监视器，如activPAL™输出有限，数据分类为 “坐/坐”，“站立” 或 “步行”，其对测量幼儿姿势转变的后果尚不清楚。30名儿童 (平均年龄4.1岁) 在托儿所观看了1小时的视频，同时穿着activPAL™。对视频进行了逐秒分析，并对所有姿势进行了分类。从直接观察来看，花费的时间是坐/躺46%; 站立35%; 步行/跑步16%; 3% 是在异质的非坐/躺/直立姿势 (爬行，蹲下和跪下) 中度过的。尽管这些 “非标准” 姿势负责低比例的时间，但涉及它们的姿势转变有助于34% 总转变。activPAL测量的姿势转换次数之间存在显着的顺序相关性 (r = 0.79，p <0.0001)™通过直接观察。如果目的是测量久坐或活动的总时间，那么幼儿的 “非标准” 姿势可能不是问题，而activPAL™可以充分衡量幼儿过渡中的个体间差异。但是，非标准姿势可能会为儿童早期姿势转变的详细表征带来问题。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To explore the prognostic value of the postsurgical half-life (HL) of serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). BACKGROUND:There is still a paucity of early surrogate indicators of clinical endpoints after liver resection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS:The analysis was based on cohorts of 225 (exploration set) and 117 (validation set) treatment-naïve HCC patients undergoing curative liver resection. We defined 3 categories of AFP HL: early complete resolution of AFP, normal HL, and prolonged HL if the HL exceeded 7 days. Overall, probabilities of recurrence and survival were estimated and compared across the AFP HL categories. RESULTS:In the exploration cohort, 48 patients (21.3%) achieved early AFP complete resolution, 116 (51.6%) had normal HL, and 61 (27.1%) had prolonged HL. Long AFP HL was significantly associated with early postoperative recurrence (P < 0.001), as was microvascular invasion. Early recurrence within 2 years of resection was observed in 59% of the patients with prolonged AFP HL compared with only 29.3% of those with normal AFP HL (P < 0.001). A log-rank test followed by multivariate Cox analysis identified an independent function of prolonged AFP HL in predicting shorter recurrence-free survival and overall survival time after HCC resection (hazard ratios, 2.81 and 3.58; P < 0.001). When AFP HL analysis was applied to the validation cohort, the association between prolonged AFP HL and survival endpoints (hazard ratio, 11.63 and 16.39; P < 0.001) was confirmed.

背景与目标：