BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We have examined the cytotoxicity and cellular incorporation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in several types of established and primary cultured cells. The inhibition of DNA synthesis by AFB1 at 1 microgram/ml was about 0-30% in the established cell lines, including human hepatic cells. In chicken primary hepatocytes, however, DNA synthesis as well as RNA and protein syntheses were strongly inhibited by much lower concentrations of AFB1, e.g., 0.1 microgram/ml. In contrast, chicken primary fibroblasts showed almost no significant response to the toxin. Microsomal cytochrome P-450 activities in hepatic tissues were 10-20-fold higher than those in fibroblastic tissues. The amount of [3H]AFB1 incorporated into acid-insoluble materials in the primary hepatocytes was also 10-100-fold more than that in the primary fibroblasts. However, a significant amount of AFB1, which was enough to induce cytotoxic effects on the primary hepatocytes, could be incorporated into the primary fibroblasts when the concentrations of AFB1 were increased. Characterization of the AFB1-associated cellular components showed that most of them were DNA, RNA, and proteins in the primary hepatocytes, while in the primary fibroblasts a large portion of the incorporated AFB1 was recovered from lipid fractions. In addition, the selective binding of [3H]AFB1 to several proteins was observed only in the primary hepatocytes. The possible role of the AFB1-binding proteins are also discussed.

背景与目标： : 我们已经检查了黄曲霉毒素B1 (AFB1) 在几种类型的已建立和原代培养细胞中的细胞毒性和细胞掺入。在已建立的细胞系 (包括人肝细胞) 中，AFB1以1微克/毫升抑制DNA合成约为0-30%。然而，在鸡原代肝细胞中，DNA合成以及RNA和蛋白质合成被低得多的AFB1浓度 (例如0.1微克/毫升) 强烈抑制。相反，鸡原代成纤维细胞对毒素几乎没有明显的反应。肝组织中的微粒体细胞色素P-450活性比成纤维细胞组织中的微粒体细胞色素活性高10-20倍。[3H]AFB1掺入到原代肝细胞的酸不溶性物质中的量也比原代成纤维细胞的量高10-100倍。然而，大量的AFB1足以诱导原代肝细胞的细胞毒性作用，当AFB1浓度增加时，可以掺入原代成纤维细胞。AFB1-associated细胞成分的表征表明，它们中的大多数是原代肝细胞中的DNA、RNA和蛋白质，而在原代成纤维细胞中，掺入的AFB1的很大一部分是从脂质组分中回收的。此外，[3H]AFB1与几种蛋白质的选择性结合仅在原代肝细胞中观察到。还讨论了AFB1-binding蛋白质的可能作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:To investigate the possible role of endogenous prostaglandins in the development of form deprivation myopia, as well as the effects of exogenous prostaglandins using atropine as a positive control. METHODS:Monocular form deprivation was accomplished by mounting a translucent occluder on one eye of 2-3 day old chicks for 1-4 weeks. Ocular occlusion for 1-2 weeks was used for pharmacological blocking experiments. The axial length of the eye was measured by ultrasonography. RESULTS:Indomethacin, administered intramuscularly, subconjunctivally or intravitreally had no significant effect on myopia development. Exogenous PGE2, PGF2alpha and latanoprost acid administered subconjunctivally, or topically as isopropyl ester eyedrops had no statistically significant effect on the myopia development. However, PGF2alpha significantly (p<0.01) attenuated the development of myopia after intravitreal injection. The other two prostaglandins had no statistically significant effect. CONCLUSIONS:Endogenous prostaglandins are unlikely to play a significant role in the development of form deprivation myopia in the chick. However, PGF2alpha suprisingly seems to retard the development of form deprivation myopia, but only when administered intravitreally. Whether the mechanism of the myopia retardation is direct or indirect remains unknown.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: We describe the isolation of a novel chicken gene that we have termed crescent, based on the most distinctive stage of its highly dynamic expression pattern during early embryogenesis. Crescent encodes a protein that in its N-terminal half shows the characteristic invariant 9 cysteine residues of the cysteine-rich domain (CRD) found in the Frizzled family of proteins, in Smoothened and in Collagen XVIII. The CRD of several Frizzled proteins have recently been shown to bind to Wg. Unlike Frizzled proteins, crescent does not contain a transmembrane domain and thus can not function as a receptor. Crescent expression is first found at stage XII (E-G&K) in the center of the area pellucida. On primitive streak formation, expression is detected in the entire anterior half of the area pellucida in the hypoblast layer. At maximal streak extension, crescent transcripts are localized primarily to the germinal crescent, where the primordial germ cells reside. During head process and head fold stages, crescent labels the anteriormost endodermal cells which will give rise to prospective foregut. With the commencement of somitogenesis, crescent expression rapidly wanes.

背景与目标： 我们基于早期胚胎发生过程中高度动态表达模式的最独特阶段，描述了我们称为新月的新型鸡基因的分离。Crescent编码一种蛋白质，该蛋白质的N端一半显示了在卷曲的蛋白质家族，光滑和胶原蛋白XVIII中发现的富含半胱氨酸结构域 (CRD) 的特征不变的9个半胱氨酸残基。最近显示出几种卷曲蛋白的CRD与Wg结合。与卷曲的蛋白质不同，新月体不包含跨膜结构域，因此不能用作受体。新月表达首先在透明区域中心的第十二阶段 (E-G & K) 发现。在原始条纹形成时，在成底层中透明层的整个前半部检测到表达。在最大条纹延伸时，新月转录本主要位于原始生殖细胞所在的生发新月。在头部过程和头部折叠阶段，新月形标记最前面的内胚层细胞，这将产生预期的前肠。随着躯体发生的开始，新月表达迅速减弱。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Osmolarity of Dulbecco's medium at which the volume of two-cell mouse embryo remained similar to that of intact embryo was determined. The method is based on comparison of kinetic curves describing the volume of embryonic cell in solutions of different osmolarity. The blastomere volume was measured by quantitative laser microtomography after fixed osmotic stress intervals. It was found that Dulbecco's saline with 125 mM NaCl solution is an isotonic solution for two-cell mouse embryo. This concentration corresponds to 290 mOsm, which is lower than osmolarity (~310 mOsm) of media routinely used for culturing of differentiated cells or biological fluids, e.g. blood plasma.

背景与目标： : 确定了Dulbecco培养基的渗透压，在该培养基中，两细胞小鼠胚胎的体积保持与完整胚胎相似。该方法基于描述不同渗透压浓度溶液中胚胎细胞体积的动力学曲线的比较。固定渗透应力间隔后，通过定量激光显微断层扫描测量卵裂球体积。发现含有125 mM NaCl溶液的Dulbecco盐水是用于两细胞小鼠胚胎的等渗溶液。该浓度对应于290 mOsm，其低于常规用于培养分化细胞或生物流体 (例如血浆) 的培养基的渗透压 (~ 310 mOsm)。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The cannabinoid receptor one (CB1) is prevalent in the brains of many species. Receptor binding, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical surveys have described the distribution of this receptor in a limited number of species. The current study used in situ hybridization to examine the expression of CB1 mRNA in the chick brain, a non-mammalian vertebrate. The results were compared to the observed patterns of expression for CB1 mRNA, protein, and agonist binding that have been reported for other avian species and mammals. Importantly, since CB1 receptors are typically located on neuronal terminals, comparison of the somatic mRNA expression with previously reported descriptions of the location of functional receptors, allows speculation about the circuits that make use of these receptors. The expression pattern for CB1 mRNA appears to be highly conserved across species in key areas such as the cerebellum and portions of the forebrain. For example, high levels of expression were observed in the avian amygdala and hippocampus, areas which express high levels of CB1 in mammals. The avian substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area, however, showed specific labeling. This finding is in stark contrast to the high levels of receptor binding or CB1 protein, but not CB1 mRNA in these areas of the mammalian brain. Moderate labeling was also seen throughout the hyperpallium and mesopallium. Throughout the brain, a number of regions that are known to be involved in visual processing displayed high levels of expression. For example, the tectum also had strong mRNA expression within layers 9-11 of the stratum griseum et fibrosum superficale and stratum album centrale.

背景与目标： : 大麻素受体一 (CB1) 在许多物种的大脑中普遍存在。受体结合，原位杂交和免疫组织化学调查已描述了该受体在有限数量的物种中的分布。当前的研究使用原位杂交来检查非哺乳动物脊椎动物小鸡大脑中CB1 mRNA的表达。将结果与观察到的其他禽类和哺乳动物CB1 mRNA，蛋白质和激动剂结合的表达模式进行了比较。重要的是，由于CB1受体通常位于神经元末端，因此将体细胞mRNA表达与先前报道的功能受体位置描述进行比较，可以推测利用这些受体的回路。CB1 mRNA的表达模式似乎在关键区域 (例如小脑和前脑部分) 的各个物种之间高度保守。例如，在鸟类杏仁核和海马中观察到高水平的表达，这些区域在哺乳动物中表达高水平的CB1。但是，鸟类黑质和腹侧被盖区显示出特定的标记。这一发现与哺乳动物大脑这些区域中高水平的受体结合或CB1蛋白形成鲜明对比，但与CB1 mRNA形成鲜明对比。在整个高pallium和中pallium中还可以看到中等标记。在整个大脑中，许多已知参与视觉处理的区域显示出高水平的表达。例如，顶盖在griseum et fibrosum superficale和stratum album central的9-11层中也具有较强的mRNA表达。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :An intact embryo-maternal communication is critical for the establishment of a successful pregnancy. To date, a huge number of studies have been performed describing the complex process of embryo-maternal signaling within the uterus. However, recent studies indicate that the early embryo communicates with the oviductal cells shortly after fertilizationand that this is important for the successful establishment of pregnancy. Only if the early embryo is capable to signal the mother within a precise timeframe and to garner a response, will the embryo be able to survive and reach the uterus. This review will give an overview of all the experimental designs which have investigated embryo-maternal interaction in the oviduct. In addition to that, it will provide a comprehensive analysis of the findings to date elucidating the morphological and molecular changes in the oviduct which are induced by the presence of the early embryo highlighting how the tubal responses affect embryo development and survival.

背景与目标： : 完整的胚胎-母体交流对于成功怀孕至关重要。迄今为止，已经进行了大量研究，描述了子宫内胚胎-母体信号传导的复杂过程。然而，最近的研究表明，受精后不久，早期胚胎与输卵管细胞相通，这对于成功建立妊娠很重要。只有早期胚胎能够在精确的时间范围内向母亲发出信号并获得反应，胚胎才能存活并到达子宫。这篇综述将概述所有研究输卵管中胚胎-母体相互作用的实验设计。除此之外，它还将对迄今为止的发现进行全面分析，阐明由早期胚胎的存在引起的输卵管的形态和分子变化，突出了输卵管反应如何影响胚胎发育和存活。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Colistin is increasingly used as the last-line therapy for infections caused by Gram-negative 'superbugs'. Although colistin neurotoxicity was reported in the literature, there has no data on its mechanism. In the present study, we examined the effect of colistin on primary chick neuron cells, which were treated with 0.83, 4.15 and 8.3μg/mL colistin for 6, 12 and 24h. Cell viability was evaluated with 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays after exposure to colistin. Formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nuclear morphology, caspase-3 activity and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation were examined. The results showed that, compared with the control, no significant change was observed in cell viability, ROS formation and caspase-3 activity in cells treated for 6, 12 and 24h with 0.83μg/mL colistin. However, in the 4.15 and 8.3μg/mL colistin-treated groups, the viability of chick primary neurons significantly decreased at 12 and 24h, respectively; caspase-3 activities were significantly increased to 5.1 and 7.4 fold at 6h, more earlier than the changes of ROS, which was significant increased to 124.5% and 143.5% (P<0.01) of control at 12h, respectively. The apoptosis of neuron cells was revealed by both nuclear morphological observations and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in the 4.15 and 8.3μg/mL colistin-treated groups at 6, 12 and 24h. Our data demonstrated that colistin can induce apoptosis in primary chick cortex neurons through caspase-3 activation, which may be contributed with ROS-dependent and independent mechanism.

背景与目标： : 粘菌素越来越多地被用作革兰氏阴性 “超级细菌” 引起的感染的最后一种治疗方法。尽管文献中报道了粘菌素的神经毒性，但尚无有关其机制的数据。在本研究中，我们检查了粘菌素对原代雏鸡神经元细胞的作用，将其用0.83，4.15和8.3 μ g/mL粘菌素处理6、12和24小时。暴露于粘菌素后，用3-[4,5-二甲基噻唑-2-基]-2,5-二苯基溴化四唑鎓 (MTT) 测定法评估细胞活力。检查了活性氧 (ROS) 的形成，核形态，caspase-3活性和核小体间DNA片段化。结果表明，与对照相比，用0.83 μ g/mL粘菌素处理6、12和24h的细胞活力，ROS形成和caspase-3活性均未观察到显着变化。然而，在4.15和8.3 μ g/mL粘菌素处理组中，雏鸡原代神经元的活力分别在12和24h显着降低; caspase-3活性在6h显着增加到5.1和7.4倍，比ROS的变化更早。在12h分别显着增加到对照的124.5% 和143.5% (P<0.01)。在6、12和24小时，4.15和8.3 μ g/mL粘菌素处理的组中，通过核形态学观察和核小体间DNA片段化揭示了神经元细胞的凋亡。我们的数据表明，粘菌素可以通过caspase-3激活诱导初级雏鸡皮质神经元凋亡，这可能与ROS依赖性和独立机制有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In this prospective cohort study, the effects of a time-lapse monitoring system on embryo quality and clinical pregnancy outcomes were assessed. A total of 608 patients undergoing in vitro fertilization between April 2013 and June 2014 at our institution were recruited for this study and group-matched into a time-lapse monitoring (TLM) (N = 304) or a standard incubator (SI) (N = 304). The patients' characteristics in the TLM and SI groups were not significantly different. The TLM group showed a significantly higher transferable embryo ratio at Day 3 (61.65% vs. 52.87%; p < 0.0010, RR =1.10 [1.02, 1.19]), a higher number of transferable embryos (4.71 ± 2.38 vs. 4.09 ± 2.35; p = 0.0053, SMD =0.26 [0.06, 0.46]) and number of good-quality embryos cryopreserved at Day 3 (2.72 ± 2.35 vs. 2.11 ± 2.33; p = 0.0056, SMD =0.26 [0.06, 0.46]). In addition, the implantation and clinical pregnancy rates were not statistically significant between the TLM and SI groups. However, the TLM group had a higher ongoing pregnancy rate (67.32% vs. 57.22%; p = 0.0410) and live birth rate (65.37% vs. 55%; p = 0.0380) compared with the SI group. The observed beneficial effects could be the result of a more stable environment provided by the TLM system.

背景与目标： : 在这项前瞻性队列研究中，评估了延时监测系统对胚胎质量和临床妊娠结局的影响。本研究共招募了608名在2013年4月和2014年6月之间进行体外受精的患者，并将其分组匹配为延时监测 (TLM) (n   =   304) 或标准培养箱 (SI) (n   =   304)。TLM组和SI组的患者特征无显着差异。TLM组在第3天显示出明显更高的可转移胚胎比率 (61.65% vs. 52.87%; P  <  0.0010，RR = 1.10 [1.02，1.19])，更高数量的可转移胚胎 (4.71   ±   2.38 vs. 4.09   ±   2.35; P   =   0.0053，SMD = 0.26 [0.06，0.46]) 和在第3天冷冻保存的优质胚胎数量 (2.72   ±   2.35对2.11   ±   2.33; P   =   0.0056，SMD = 0.26 [0.06，0.46])。此外，在TLM组和SI组之间，植入率和临床妊娠率无统计学意义。然而，与SI组相比，TLM组的持续妊娠率 (67.32% vs. 57.22%; P   =   0.0410) 和活产率 (65.37% vs. 55%; P   =   0.0380) 更高。观察到的有益效果可能是TLM系统提供的更稳定的环境的结果。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The chick embryo, developing in the egg, is an ideal system in which to investigate the effects of incubation environment on the development of the embryo. We show that raising the temperature of the eggs by just one degree, from 37.5 degrees C to 38.5 degrees C, during embryonic days (ED) 4-7 causes profound changes in development. We demonstrate that embryonic movement is significantly increased in the chicks raised at 38.5 degrees C both during the period in which they are at the higher temperature but also 4 days after their return to the control temperature. Concomitant with this increase in embryonic activity, the embryos raised at higher temperature grow to significantly heavier weights and exhibit significantly longer leg bones (tibia and tarsus) than the controls from ED12 onwards, although mineralization occurs normally. Additionally, the number of leg myonuclei is increased from ED12 in the embryos raised at the higher temperature. This is likely to promote greater leg muscle growth later in development, which may provide postural stability to the chicks posthatch. These changes are similar to those seen when drugs are injected to increase embryonic activity. We therefore believe that the increased embryonic activity provides a mechanism that can explain the increased growth of leg muscle and bone seen when the eggs are incubated for 3 days at higher temperature.

背景与目标： : 在卵中发育的雏鸡胚胎是研究孵化环境对胚胎发育影响的理想系统。我们表明，在胚胎日 (ED) 4-7期间，将卵的温度提高1度，从37.5摄氏度提高到38.5摄氏度，会导致发育发生深刻变化。我们证明，在38.5 ℃ 饲养的雏鸡中，胚胎运动在它们处于较高温度期间以及在它们返回到对照温度后4天显著增加。伴随着胚胎活动的增加，在较高温度下生长的胚胎的重量明显增加，并且腿骨 (胫骨和骨) 明显比从ED12开始的对照组更长，尽管矿化正常发生。此外，在较高温度下饲养的胚胎中，腿肌核的数量从ED12增加。这可能会在发育后期促进更大的腿部肌肉生长，这可能会为雏鸡提供姿势稳定性。这些变化与注射药物以增加胚胎活性时看到的变化相似。因此，我们认为，增加的胚胎活性提供了一种机制，可以解释当卵在较高温度下孵育3天时，腿部肌肉和骨骼的生长增加。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Randomized control trials have shown that single embryo transfer (SET) results in lower live birth rates than double embryo transfer (DET), while observational, retrospective studies find no decrease in overall live birth rate when using a SET policy. The cumulative (fresh transfer followed by frozen - thawed transfers of embryos from the same stimulated cycle) live birth rate after the first and the second stimulated cycle of SET and DET respectively has been analysed. All couples who received their first fresh embryo transfer at Sahlgrenska University Hospital during 2003 and 2004 were included (n = 689). The live birth rates after DET versus SET in the first and second fresh cycles were 29.7 (47/158) versus 23.9% (127/531) and 30.8 (41/133) versus 22.0% (45/205). The cumulative live birth rate per patient after the addition of frozen-thawed embryo transfers were similar: 33.5 (53/158) and 34.8% (185/531) for DET and SET respectively after the first cycle and 32.3 (43/133) versus 32.2% (66/205) after the second cycle. A logistic regression analysis showed no significant correlation for SET or DET with cumulative live birth. Thus, cumulative live birth rates are similar after SET and DET in a routine IVF programme with a majority of SET transfers, although a higher number of frozen-thawed cycles were needed in the SET group.

背景与目标： : 随机对照试验表明，单胚胎移植 (SET) 导致的活产率低于双胚胎移植 (DET)，而观察性回顾性研究发现，使用SET策略时，总体活产率没有降低。分别分析了SET和DET的第一个和第二个刺激周期后的累积 (新鲜转移，然后是同一刺激周期的胚胎冻融转移) 活产率。所有在萨尔格伦斯卡大学医院2003年和2004接受首次新鲜胚胎移植的夫妇都包括在内 (n = 689)。在第一个和第二个新鲜周期中，DET与设定后的活产率是29.7 (47/158) 对23.9% (127/531) 和30.8 (41/133) 对22.0% (45/205)。添加冻融胚胎移植后每位患者的累积活产率相似: DET和SET的33.5 (53/158) 和34.8% (185/531) 分别在第一个周期后和32.3 (43/133) 与第二个周期后的32.2% (66/205)。logistic回归分析显示，SET或DET与累积活产无显着相关性。因此，在常规IVF计划中，SET和DET之后的累积活产率相似，尽管SET组中需要更多的冻融周期。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In vertebrate embryos, most spinal commissural axons cross the ventral midline (VM) and project either alongside or significant distances away from the floor plate (FP). The upregulation of repulsive Robo1/2 receptors on postcrossing commissural axons, in mammals, presumably allows these axons to respond to the midline-associated repellents, Slit1-3, facilitating their expulsion from, and prohibiting their reentry into, the FP. Compelling data suggest that Robo3 represses Robo1/2 function on precrossing axons and that Robo1/2 inhibit attractive guidance receptors on postcrossing axons, thereby ensuring that decussated axons are selectively responsive to midline Slits. However, whether Robo1/2 expel decussated commissural axons from the VM and/or prevent their reentry into the FP has not been explicitly established in vivo. Furthermore, some commissural axons do not require Robo1/2 to elaborate appropriate contralateral projections in the mouse spinal cord. Here, we use unilateral in ovo electroporation together with Atoh1 and Neurog1 enhancer elements to visualize, and assess the consequences of manipulating Robo expression on, dl1 and dl2 chick commissural axons. In response to misexpressing a cytoplasmic truncation of Robo1 and/or Robo2, which should block all Robo-ligand interactions, postcrossing commissural axons extend alongside, but do not project away from or reenter the FP. In contrast, misexpression of full-length Robo2 prevents many commissural axons from crossing the VM. Together, these findings support key and selective in vivo roles for Robo receptors in presumably altering the responsiveness of decussated commissural axons and facilitating their expulsion from the VM within the chick spinal cord.

背景与目标： : 在脊椎动物胚胎中，大多数脊柱连合轴突穿过腹侧中线 (VM)，并沿底板 (FP) 突出或远离底板 (FP)。在哺乳动物中，交叉后连合轴突上排斥的Robo1/2受体的上调可能使这些轴突对中线相关的驱避剂做出反应，Slit1-3，促进其从FP中排出并禁止其重新进入FP。令人信服的数据表明，Robo3抑制了前交叠轴突上的Robo1/2功能，并且Robo1/2抑制了交叉后轴突上的吸引引导受体，从而确保了交叉轴突对中线狭缝有选择性的反应。但是，Robo1/2是否从VM中排出非共合轴突和/或防止其重新进入FP尚未在体内明确确定。此外，某些连合轴突不需要Robo1/2在小鼠脊髓中详细说明适当的对侧投影。在这里，我们使用单侧卵内电穿孔以及Atoh1和Neurog1增强子元件来可视化和评估操纵Robo表达对dl1和dl2小鸡连合轴突的后果。响应于错误表达Robo1和/或Robo2的细胞质截短，这应会阻止所有机器人-配体相互作用，交叉后的连合轴突在旁边延伸，但不要远离FP或重新进入FP。相反，全长Robo2的错误表达阻止了许多连合轴突穿过VM。总之，这些发现支持了机器人受体在体内的关键和选择性作用，据推测改变了经欺骗的连合轴突的反应性，并促进了它们从雏鸡脊髓内的VM中排出。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To elucidate the function of cytosolic malate dehydrogenase (Mor2) in oocyte maturation and embryo development using RNA interference (RNAi). DESIGN:Experimental animal study. SETTING:Research unit of university. ANIMAL(S):Female 4-week-old (C57/BL6) mice. INTERVENTION(S):Isolation of immature germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes or fertilized pronucleus (PN) embryos, microinjection of Mor2 double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), and reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis to investigate Mor2-specific messenger RNA (mRNA) knockdown. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S):Relative changes in mRNA levels after microinjection of Mor2 dsRNA and in rates of oocyte maturation and preimplantation embryo development. RESULT(S):Mor2 mRNA mostly was knocked down in germinal vesicle- and metaphase I (MI)-arrested oocytes, compared with metaphase II (MII)-developed oocytes, after microinjection of Mor2 dsRNA and in vitro culture for 16 hours. In vitro oocyte maturation was significantly decreased (34%), compared with noninjected (73.4%) and buffer-injected (67.5%) control groups. The rate of blastocyst development (48.1%) was lower in the Mor2 dsRNA-injected group than in buffer-injected control (88.2%). CONCLUSION(S):In the present study, the function of Mor2 was analyzed with the aid of RNAi. On the basis of the data obtained, we propose that Mor2 is an essential factor for oocyte maturation and embryo development in mouse.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Four-jointed is a type II transmembrane protein that is thought to be cleaved to give rise to a secreted protein. In Drosophila, four-jointed controls outgrowth, vein patterning, and bristle polarity in the developing limb together with the polarity of the ommatidia in the developing eye. In Drosophila and mice, Fj is regulated by notch signaling. Here, we have determined the expression of the chick four-jointed (fjx) homologue during embryonic development. We show that fjx is expressed in the limb bud; facial primordia; the proliferating zone of the lens, feather buds, the neural tube; and neural crest derivatives such as the dorsal root ganglia. Analysis of the fjx expression in the developing limb bud showed that initially fjx is expressed throughout the limb bud, but as the limb develops, highest levels of fjx transcripts are found distally. However, by stage 27, fjx expression is predominantly found in the central core of the limb bud. Finally, fjx expression becomes confined to the developing tendons, ligaments, articular cartilage, and arteries but not the veins. Comparison with scleraxis (scx), a marker of tendons and ligaments, revealed that they are coexpressed in the majority of tendons but that fjx is expressed after scx, when the tendons have begun to differentiate. These data suggest that fjx has two roles during limb development: the first controlling outgrowth and the second tissue differentiation.

背景与目标： : 四节蛋白是一种II型跨膜蛋白，被认为被切割以产生分泌蛋白。在果蝇中，四关节控制发育中的肢体的生长，静脉模式和刚毛极性，以及发育中的眼眼的极性。在果蝇和小鼠中，Fj受notch信号调节。在这里，我们已经确定了雏鸡四关节 (fjx) 同源物在胚胎发育过程中的表达。我们显示fjx在肢芽中表达; 面部原基; 晶状体，羽毛芽，神经管的增殖区; 和神经嵴衍生物，例如背根神经节。对发育中的肢芽中fjx表达的分析表明，最初fjx在整个肢芽中表达，但是随着肢体的发育，远端发现了最高水平的fjx转录本。然而，到第27阶段，fjx表达主要出现在肢芽的中央核心。最后，fjx的表达仅限于发育中的肌腱，韧带，关节软骨和动脉，而不是静脉。与肌腱和韧带的标记物scleaxis (scx) 的比较显示，它们在大多数肌腱中共同表达，但当肌腱开始分化时，fjx在scx之后表达。这些数据表明，fjx在肢体发育过程中具有两个作用: 第一个控制性生长和第二个组织分化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :PTHrP regulates the rate of chondrocyte differentiation during endochondral bone formation. The expression of PTHrP and its regulation by TGF-beta, BMP-2, and PTHrP was examined in upper sternal chondrocytes following 1, 3, and 5 days of continuous treatment. While TGF-beta stimulated the expression of PTHrP (5-fold), PTHrP caused a slight inhibition, and BMP-2 markedly inhibited PTHrP mRNA expression. The effect of these factors on PTHrP expression was not simply related to the maturational state of the cells, since BMP-2 increased, while both PTHrP and TGF-beta decreased the expression of type X collagen. TGF-beta isoforms 1, 2, and 3 all stimulated PTHrP expression. Signaling events involved in the induction of PTHrP by TGF-beta were further evaluated in a PTHrP-promoter CAT construct. The effect of TGF-beta, BMP-2, and PTHrP on the PTHrP-promoter paralleled their effects on mRNA expression, with TGF-beta significantly increasing CAT activity, BMP-2 decreasing CAT activity, and PTHrP having a minimal effect. Co-transfection of the TGF-beta signaling molecule, Smad 3, mimicked the effect of TGF-beta (induction of PTHrP promoter), while dominant negative Smad 3 inhibited the induction of the PTHrP promoter by TGF-beta. Furthermore, infection with a Smad 3-expressing retrovirus mimicked the effects of exogenously added TGF-beta, and induced PTHrP mRNA expression in the infected chondrocyte culture. In contrast, a dominant negative Smad 3 completely inhibited PTHrP promoter stimulation by TGF-beta, but only partially blocked the effect of TGF-beta on PTHrP mRNA synthesis. These findings demonstrate that PTHrP is expressed in chondrocytes undergoing endochondral ossification, and show regulation, at least in part, by TGF-beta through Smad mediated signaling events.

背景与目标： : PTHrP调节软骨内骨形成过程中软骨细胞分化的速率。连续治疗1、3和5天后，在上胸骨软骨细胞中检查了PTHrP的表达及其对TGF-β，BMP-2和PTHrP的调节。虽然TGF-β 刺激了PTHrP的表达 (5倍)，但PTHrP引起了轻微的抑制，并且BMP-2明显抑制了PTHrP mRNA的表达。这些因素对PTHrP表达的影响不仅与细胞的成熟状态有关，因为BMP-2增加，而PTHrP和TGF-β 均降低了x型胶原的表达。TGF-β 亚型1、2和3均刺激PTHrP表达。在PTHrP启动子CAT构建体中进一步评估了TGF-β 诱导PTHrP所涉及的信号事件。TGF-β，BMP-2和PTHrP对PTHrP启动子的作用与它们对mRNA表达的作用平行，TGF-β 显着增加CAT活性，BMP-2降低CAT活性，而PTHrP的作用最小。TGF-β 信号分子Smad 3的共转染模仿了TGF-β (PTHrP启动子的诱导) 的作用，而显性负Smad 3抑制了TGF-β 对PTHrP启动子的诱导。此外，用表达Smad 3的逆转录病毒感染模仿了外源添加TGF-β 的作用，并在感染的软骨细胞培养物中诱导了PTHrP mRNA的表达。相反，显性阴性Smad 3完全抑制了TGF-β 对PTHrP启动子的刺激，但仅部分阻断了TGF-β 对PTHrP mRNA合成的作用。这些发现表明PTHrP在经历软骨内骨化的软骨细胞中表达，并且至少部分地通过Smad介导的信号事件显示出TGF-β 的调节。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The objective was to compare the endometrial thickness (ET) in a frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycle between transdermal and vaginal estrogen. Our secondary objectives were to compare the patient satisfaction and the pregnancy outcomes. Prospective monocentric cohort study between 01/2017 and 12/2017 at a single institution. Choice of administration was left to the patient. 119 cycles had transdermal estrogen (T-group) and 199 had vaginal estrogen (V-group). The ET at 10 ± 1 days of treatment was significantly higher in the T-group compared to the V-group (9.9 vs 9.3 mm, p = 0.03). In the T-group, the mean duration of treatment was shorter (13.6 vs 15.5 days, p < 0.001). The rate of cycle cancelation was comparable between the two groups (12.6% vs 8.5%, p = 0.24). Serum estradiol levels were significantly lower (268 vs 1332 pg/ml, p < 0.001), and serum LH levels were significantly higher (12.1 ± 16.5 vs 5 ± 7.5 mIU/ml, p < 0.001) in the T-group. Patient satisfaction was higher in the T-group (p = 0.04) and 85.7% (36/42) of women who had received both treatments preferred the transdermal over the vaginal route. Live birth rates were comparable between the two groups (18% vs 19%, p = 0.1). Transdermal estrogen in artificial FET cycles was associated with higher ET, shorter treatment duration and better tolerance.

背景与目标： : 目的是比较经皮和阴道雌激素在冷冻胚胎移植 (FET) 周期中的子宫内膜厚度 (ET)。我们的次要目标是比较患者的满意度和妊娠结局。单一机构01/2017和12/2017之间的前瞻性单中心队列研究。给药的选择留给患者。119周期有透皮雌激素 (T组)，199有阴道雌激素 (V组)。T组治疗10  ±   1天的ET显著高于V组 (9.9 vs 9.3  mm，p   =   0.03)。在T组中，平均治疗时间较短 (13.6天vs 15.5天，p  <  0.001)。两组的周期取消率相当 (12.6% vs 8.5%，p   =   0.24)。T组血清雌二醇水平显著降低 (268 vs 1332  pg/ml，p  <  0.001)，血清LH水平显著升高 (12.1   ±   16.5 vs 5   ±   7.5 mIU/ml，p  <  0.001)。T组患者满意度较高 (p   =   0.04)，接受过两种治疗的女性中有85.7% (36/42) 更喜欢透皮而不是阴道途径。两组的活产率相当 (18% vs 19%，p   =   0.1)。人工FET周期中的经皮雌激素与更高的ET，更短的治疗持续时间和更好的耐受性相关。