BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The prevalence of mRNAs coding for the sea urchin embryo regulatory factors P3A1 and P3A2 was measured by single-strand probe excess solution hybridization. P3A1 and P3A2 are not homologous proteins, though they both bind specifically to a particular cis-regulatory sequence. Interaction at this target site is known to be required for lineage-specific expression of an aboral ectoderm-specific gene and probably for several other genes as well. Genome blot hybridizations show that both factors are encoded by single-copy genes. Maternal mRNAs for both factors are present at less than 10(3) molecules per egg, which places them in the rare mRNA class. During development to the mesenchyme blastula stage, the amount of P3A1 mRNA (per embryo) increases severalfold while that of P3A2 remains approximately constant. Specification of the aboral ectoderm founder cells and of their initial patterns of gene expression must occur during early to mid-cleavage stage. Therefore, the regulatory proteins needed for this process must be produced by this stage. We show that the quantities of the P3A proteins that can be synthesized from the numbers of mRNA molecules present in the large blastomeres of the early embryo are sufficient to be functional, because these proteins will be accumulated in the nuclei. Thus maternal P3A1 or P3A2 proteins asre not required, nor were these detected in earlier studies. Furthermore, differential spatial (as well as temporal) distribution of both of these newly synthesized factor species could result from the unequal cleavage pattern utilized in the sea urchin egg.

背景与目标： : 通过单链探针过量溶液杂交测量编码海胆胚胎调节因子P3A1和P3A2的mrna的患病率。P3A1和P3A2不是同源蛋白，尽管它们都与特定的顺式调节序列特异性结合。已知该靶位点的相互作用对于外胚层特异性基因的谱系特异性表达以及其他几个基因也是必需的。基因组印迹杂交表明，这两个因子均由单拷贝基因编码。两种因子的母体mRNA在每个卵中存在的分子少于10(3) 个，这使它们处于稀有mRNA类别中。在发育到间充质囊胚阶段期间，P3A1 mRNA的量 (每个胚胎) 增加了几倍，而P3A2的量保持大致恒定。必须在早期至中期切割阶段对外胚层创始细胞及其基因表达的初始模式进行规范。因此，此过程所需的调节蛋白必须在此阶段产生。我们表明，可以从早期胚胎大卵裂球中存在的mRNA分子的数量合成的P3A蛋白的数量足以发挥功能，因为这些蛋白将积聚在细胞核中。因此，不需要母体P3A1或P3A2蛋白，在早期研究中也未检测到这些蛋白。此外，这两种新合成的因子物种的空间 (和时间) 分布差异可能是由于海胆卵中使用的不相等的卵裂模式造成的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Pollution of aquatic ecosystems poses a serious threat to aquatic organisms and ultimately the entire ecosystem. Understanding how a toxin affects embryonic development is key to determining the risk a pollutant represents to the environment. Extraembryonic membranes, such as the chorion of fish eggs, provide a protective barrier between the embryo and the environment. Although the fish chorion excludes many chemical pollutants, some noxious agents can still gain access to the aquatic embryo. Therefore a monitoring system that tests the effects directly upon the embryo must be established. Although exposure to a single toxin in the laboratory can determine the concentration at which a pollutant becomes a health or environmental hazard, embryos and adults in nature are not merely affected by a single chemical, but are exposed to mixtures of different pollutants. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) and medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos were employed for the rapid observation of the effects of single chemicals and chemical mixtures on development. Using dechorionation and a perivitelline space microinjection system, the embryos were effective sentinels for low concentrations of aquatic pollutants. The developmental effects of small quantities of toxins were observed. Embryos treated during the late gastrula stage of development with hexachlorobenzene (HCB); 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD); toluene; benzene; or mixtures of these chemicals developed cardiovascular abnormalities. The zebrafish dechorionation exposure technique, Micro Intrachorionic Zebrafish Embryo Live Laboratory test, was especially effective in testing the pollutant mixtures. Combinations of both TCDD and benzene (as well as the toluene and benzene combinations) were tested and the mixtures acted synergistically; the combinations were more toxic than either chemical by itself. Hexachlorobenzene- and TCDD-treated embryos tested positively for expression of cytochrome P450 1A indicating that the cytochrome metabolic pathways were already functional in these early embryos, and suggested that a product of the cytochrome system may be involved in HCB and TCDD pollution associated cardiovascular defects.

背景与目标： 水生生态系统的污染对水生生物乃至整个生态系统都构成严重威胁。了解毒素如何影响胚胎发育是确定污染物对环境造成的风险的关键。胚外膜，例如鱼卵的绒毛膜，在胚胎和环境之间提供了保护性屏障。尽管鱼绒毛膜排除了许多化学污染物，但某些有害物质仍可以进入水生胚胎。因此，必须建立一个监测系统，直接测试对胚胎的影响。尽管在实验室中暴露于单一毒素可以确定污染物成为健康或环境危害的浓度，但自然界中的胚胎和成年人不仅受到单一化学品的影响，而且还暴露于不同污染物的混合物中。斑马鱼 (Danio rerio) 和medaka (Oryzias latipes) 胚胎用于快速观察单一化学品和化学混合物对发育的影响。使用去绒毛膜和卵周空间显微注射系统，胚胎是低浓度水生污染物的有效哨兵。观察到少量毒素的发育影响。在发育后期用六氯苯 (HCB) 处理的胚胎; 2,3，7,8-四氯二苯并-对-二恶英 (TCDD); 甲苯; 苯; 或这些化学物质的混合物发展为心血管异常。斑马鱼去绒毛膜暴露技术，微绒毛膜内斑马鱼胚胎活体实验室测试，在测试污染物混合物方面特别有效。测试了TCDD和苯的组合 (以及甲苯和苯的组合)，并且混合物具有协同作用; 这些组合本身比任何一种化学物质都更具毒性。六氯苯和TCDD处理的胚胎对细胞色素P450 1A的表达进行了阳性测试，表明细胞色素代谢途径在这些早期胚胎中已经起作用，并表明细胞色素系统的产物可能与HCB和TCDD污染相关的心血管缺陷有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :By screening a pigeon genomic DNA library, we isolated a recombinant phage clone containing the alpha(A)-globin gene. The DNA sequence of the approximately 6kbp-long insert fragment of the phage clone was determined. The sequence suggested the existence of pigeon alpha(D)-globin gene located 3.1 kbp upstream from the alpha(A)-globin gene. The expression of the alpha(D)-globin in late embryo was also shown by the N-terminal amino-acid sequence of the intact globin chain. These results show that two adult alpha-globin genes, alpha(A) and alpha(D), exist in the pigeon genome, and the alpha(D)-globin is expressed at the late embryo stage. The stage-specific expression suggests the existence of regulatory elements and factors interacting to inhibit transcription at the adult stage.

背景与目标： : 通过筛选鸽子基因组DNA文库，我们分离出含有 α (a)-珠蛋白基因的重组噬菌体克隆。确定了噬菌体克隆的约6kbp长的插入片段的DNA序列。该序列表明存在位于 α (A)-珠蛋白基因上游3.1 kbp的鸽子 α (D)-珠蛋白基因。完整珠蛋白链的N端氨基酸序列也显示了 α (D)-珠蛋白在晚期胚胎中的表达。这些结果表明，鸽子基因组中存在两个成年的 α-珠蛋白基因 α (A) 和 α (D)，并且 α (D)-珠蛋白在胚胎晚期表达。阶段特异性表达表明存在调节元件和因子相互作用以抑制成年阶段的转录。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :cAMP signaling pathways play crucial roles in photoreceptor cells and other retinal cell types. Previous studies demonstrated a circadian rhythm of cAMP level in chick photoreceptor cell cultures that drives the rhythm of activity of the melatonin synthesizing enzyme arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase and the rhythm of affinity of the cyclic nucleotide-gated channel for cGMP. Here, we report that the photoreceptor circadian clock generates a rhythm in Ca(2+)/calmodulin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity, which accounts for the temporal changes in the cAMP levels in the photoreceptors. The circadian rhythm of cAMP in photoreceptor cell cultures is abolished by treatment with the l-type Ca(2+) channel antagonist nitrendipine, while the Ca(2+) channel agonist, Bay K 8644, increased cAMP levels with continued circadian rhythmicity in constant darkness. These results indicate that the circadian rhythm of cAMP is dependent, in part, on Ca(2+) influx. Photoreceptor cell cultures exhibit a circadian rhythm in Ca(2+)/calmodulin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase enzyme activity with high levels at night and low levels during the day, correlating with the temporal changes of cAMP in these cells. Transcripts encoding two of the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-stimulated adenylyl cyclases, type 1 and type 8 (Adcy1 and Adcy8), displayed significant daily rhythms of mRNA expression under a light-dark cycle, but only the Adcy1 transcript rhythm persisted in constant darkness. Similar rhythms of Adcy1 mRNA level and Ca(2+)/calmodulin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity were observed in retinas of 2-week-old chickens. These results indicate that a circadian clock controls the expression of Adcy1 mRNA and Ca(2+)/calmodulin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity; and calcium influx into these cells gates the circadian rhythm of cAMP, a key component in the regulation of photoreceptor function.

背景与目标： : cAMP信号通路在感光细胞和其他视网膜细胞类型中起着至关重要的作用。先前的研究表明，雏鸡感光细胞培养物中cAMP水平的昼夜节律驱动褪黑激素合成酶芳基烷基胺N-乙酰基转移酶的活性节律和环状核苷酸门控通道对cGMP的亲和力节律。在这里，我们报告了感光体昼夜节律时钟在Ca(2)/钙调蛋白刺激的腺苷酸环化酶活性中产生节律，这说明了感光体中cAMP水平的时间变化。通过用l型Ca(2) 通道拮抗剂尼群地平处理，消除了感光细胞培养物中cAMP的昼夜节律，而Ca(2) 通道激动剂Bay K 8644在持续的黑暗中增加了cAMP水平，并持续了昼夜节律。这些结果表明，cAMP的昼夜节律部分取决于Ca(2) 的流入。感光细胞培养物在Ca(2)/钙调蛋白刺激的腺苷酸环化酶活性中表现出昼夜节律，夜间水平高，白天水平低，与这些细胞中cAMP的时间变化相关。编码两个Ca(2)/钙调蛋白刺激的腺苷酸环化酶 (1型和8型) (Adcy1和Adcy8) 的转录本在明暗循环下显示出明显的每日mRNA表达节律，但只有Adcy1转录本节律持续持续黑暗。在2周龄鸡的视网膜中观察到Adcy1 mRNA水平和Ca(2)/钙调蛋白刺激的腺苷酸环化酶活性的相似节律。这些结果表明，生物钟控制Adcy1 mRNA的表达和Ca(2)/钙调蛋白刺激的腺苷酸环化酶活性; 钙流入这些细胞中，激活了cAMP的昼夜节律，cAMP是调节感光细胞功能的关键组成部分。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: STUDY QUESTION:What is the relationship between the rate of elective single-embryo transfer (eSET) and couples' exposure to different elements of a multifaceted implementation strategy? SUMMARY ANSWER:Additional elements in a multifaceted implementation strategy do not result in an increased eSET rate. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY:A multifaceted eSET implementation strategy with four different elements is effective in increasing the eSET rate by 11%. It is unclear whether every strategy element contributes equally to the strategy's effectiveness. STUDY DESIGN AND SIZE:An observational study was performed among 222 subfertile couples included in a previously performed randomized controlled trial. PARTICIPANTS, SETTINGS AND METHODS:Of the 222 subfertile couples included, 109 couples received the implementation strategy and 113 couples received standard IVF care. A multivariate regression analysis assessed the effectiveness of four different strategy elements on the decision about the number embryos to be transferred. Questionnaires evaluated the experiences of couples with the different elements. MAIN RESULTS AND ROLE OF CHANCE:Of the couples who received the implementation strategy, almost 50% (52/109) were exposed to all the four elements of the strategy. The remaining 57 couples who received two or three elements of the strategy could be divided into two further classes of exposure. Our analysis demonstrated that additional elements do not result in an increased eSET rate. In addition to the physician's advice, couples rated a decision aid and a counselling session as more important for their decision to transfer one or two embryos, compared with a phone call and a reimbursement offer (P < 0.001). LIMITATIONS AND REASONS FOR CAUTION:The differences in eSET rate between exposure groups failed to reach significance, probably because of the small numbers of couples in each exposure group. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS:Adding more elements to an implementation strategy does not always result in an increased effectiveness, which is in concordance with recent literature. This in-depth evaluation of a multifaceted intervention strategy could therefore help to modify strategies, by making them more effective and less expensive.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Serum-free mouse embryo (SFME) cells, derived in medium in which serum is replaced with growth factors and other supplements, display distinctive properties: (i) SFME cells do not lose proliferative potential or show gross chromosomal aberration upon extended culture, (ii) these cells depend on epidermal growth factor for survival; and (iii) SFME cell proliferation is reversibly inhibited by serum. Treatment of SFME cells with serum or transforming growth factor beta led to the appearance of glial fibrillary acidic protein, a specific marker for astrocytes. The appearance of glial fibrillary acidic protein in cultures was reversed upon removal of transforming growth factor beta or serum. Cells with properties similar to SFME cells were also isolated from adult mouse brain. These results suggest a role for transforming growth factor beta in astrocyte differentiation in developing organisms and in response to injury and identify the cell type that has the unusual properties of SFME cells.

背景与目标： : 无血清小鼠胚胎 (SFME) 细胞，在用生长因子和其他补充剂替换血清的培养基中衍生，显示出独特的特性 :( i) SFME细胞在延长培养后不会失去增殖潜力或显示出明显的染色体畸变，(ii) 这些细胞依赖表皮生长因子存活; (iii) 血清可逆地抑制SFME细胞增殖。用血清或转化生长因子 β 处理SFME细胞导致出现神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白，这是星形胶质细胞的特异性标志物。去除转化生长因子 β 或血清后，培养物中神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白的出现被逆转。还从成年小鼠大脑中分离出具有类似于SFME细胞特性的细胞。这些结果表明，转化生长因子 β 在发育中的生物体的星形胶质细胞分化和对损伤的反应中起作用，并鉴定具有SFME细胞异常特性的细胞类型。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We have examined the cytotoxicity and cellular incorporation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in several types of established and primary cultured cells. The inhibition of DNA synthesis by AFB1 at 1 microgram/ml was about 0-30% in the established cell lines, including human hepatic cells. In chicken primary hepatocytes, however, DNA synthesis as well as RNA and protein syntheses were strongly inhibited by much lower concentrations of AFB1, e.g., 0.1 microgram/ml. In contrast, chicken primary fibroblasts showed almost no significant response to the toxin. Microsomal cytochrome P-450 activities in hepatic tissues were 10-20-fold higher than those in fibroblastic tissues. The amount of [3H]AFB1 incorporated into acid-insoluble materials in the primary hepatocytes was also 10-100-fold more than that in the primary fibroblasts. However, a significant amount of AFB1, which was enough to induce cytotoxic effects on the primary hepatocytes, could be incorporated into the primary fibroblasts when the concentrations of AFB1 were increased. Characterization of the AFB1-associated cellular components showed that most of them were DNA, RNA, and proteins in the primary hepatocytes, while in the primary fibroblasts a large portion of the incorporated AFB1 was recovered from lipid fractions. In addition, the selective binding of [3H]AFB1 to several proteins was observed only in the primary hepatocytes. The possible role of the AFB1-binding proteins are also discussed.

背景与目标： : 我们已经检查了黄曲霉毒素B1 (AFB1) 在几种类型的已建立和原代培养细胞中的细胞毒性和细胞掺入。在已建立的细胞系 (包括人肝细胞) 中，AFB1以1微克/毫升抑制DNA合成约为0-30%。然而，在鸡原代肝细胞中，DNA合成以及RNA和蛋白质合成被低得多的AFB1浓度 (例如0.1微克/毫升) 强烈抑制。相反，鸡原代成纤维细胞对毒素几乎没有明显的反应。肝组织中的微粒体细胞色素P-450活性比成纤维细胞组织中的微粒体细胞色素活性高10-20倍。[3H]AFB1掺入到原代肝细胞的酸不溶性物质中的量也比原代成纤维细胞的量高10-100倍。然而，大量的AFB1足以诱导原代肝细胞的细胞毒性作用，当AFB1浓度增加时，可以掺入原代成纤维细胞。AFB1-associated细胞成分的表征表明，它们中的大多数是原代肝细胞中的DNA、RNA和蛋白质，而在原代成纤维细胞中，掺入的AFB1的很大一部分是从脂质组分中回收的。此外，[3H]AFB1与几种蛋白质的选择性结合仅在原代肝细胞中观察到。还讨论了AFB1-binding蛋白质的可能作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:To investigate the possible role of endogenous prostaglandins in the development of form deprivation myopia, as well as the effects of exogenous prostaglandins using atropine as a positive control. METHODS:Monocular form deprivation was accomplished by mounting a translucent occluder on one eye of 2-3 day old chicks for 1-4 weeks. Ocular occlusion for 1-2 weeks was used for pharmacological blocking experiments. The axial length of the eye was measured by ultrasonography. RESULTS:Indomethacin, administered intramuscularly, subconjunctivally or intravitreally had no significant effect on myopia development. Exogenous PGE2, PGF2alpha and latanoprost acid administered subconjunctivally, or topically as isopropyl ester eyedrops had no statistically significant effect on the myopia development. However, PGF2alpha significantly (p<0.01) attenuated the development of myopia after intravitreal injection. The other two prostaglandins had no statistically significant effect. CONCLUSIONS:Endogenous prostaglandins are unlikely to play a significant role in the development of form deprivation myopia in the chick. However, PGF2alpha suprisingly seems to retard the development of form deprivation myopia, but only when administered intravitreally. Whether the mechanism of the myopia retardation is direct or indirect remains unknown.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: We describe the isolation of a novel chicken gene that we have termed crescent, based on the most distinctive stage of its highly dynamic expression pattern during early embryogenesis. Crescent encodes a protein that in its N-terminal half shows the characteristic invariant 9 cysteine residues of the cysteine-rich domain (CRD) found in the Frizzled family of proteins, in Smoothened and in Collagen XVIII. The CRD of several Frizzled proteins have recently been shown to bind to Wg. Unlike Frizzled proteins, crescent does not contain a transmembrane domain and thus can not function as a receptor. Crescent expression is first found at stage XII (E-G&K) in the center of the area pellucida. On primitive streak formation, expression is detected in the entire anterior half of the area pellucida in the hypoblast layer. At maximal streak extension, crescent transcripts are localized primarily to the germinal crescent, where the primordial germ cells reside. During head process and head fold stages, crescent labels the anteriormost endodermal cells which will give rise to prospective foregut. With the commencement of somitogenesis, crescent expression rapidly wanes.

背景与目标： 我们基于早期胚胎发生过程中高度动态表达模式的最独特阶段，描述了我们称为新月的新型鸡基因的分离。Crescent编码一种蛋白质，该蛋白质的N端一半显示了在卷曲的蛋白质家族，光滑和胶原蛋白XVIII中发现的富含半胱氨酸结构域 (CRD) 的特征不变的9个半胱氨酸残基。最近显示出几种卷曲蛋白的CRD与Wg结合。与卷曲的蛋白质不同，新月体不包含跨膜结构域，因此不能用作受体。新月表达首先在透明区域中心的第十二阶段 (E-G & K) 发现。在原始条纹形成时，在成底层中透明层的整个前半部检测到表达。在最大条纹延伸时，新月转录本主要位于原始生殖细胞所在的生发新月。在头部过程和头部折叠阶段，新月形标记最前面的内胚层细胞，这将产生预期的前肠。随着躯体发生的开始，新月表达迅速减弱。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Osmolarity of Dulbecco's medium at which the volume of two-cell mouse embryo remained similar to that of intact embryo was determined. The method is based on comparison of kinetic curves describing the volume of embryonic cell in solutions of different osmolarity. The blastomere volume was measured by quantitative laser microtomography after fixed osmotic stress intervals. It was found that Dulbecco's saline with 125 mM NaCl solution is an isotonic solution for two-cell mouse embryo. This concentration corresponds to 290 mOsm, which is lower than osmolarity (~310 mOsm) of media routinely used for culturing of differentiated cells or biological fluids, e.g. blood plasma.

背景与目标： : 确定了Dulbecco培养基的渗透压，在该培养基中，两细胞小鼠胚胎的体积保持与完整胚胎相似。该方法基于描述不同渗透压浓度溶液中胚胎细胞体积的动力学曲线的比较。固定渗透应力间隔后，通过定量激光显微断层扫描测量卵裂球体积。发现含有125 mM NaCl溶液的Dulbecco盐水是用于两细胞小鼠胚胎的等渗溶液。该浓度对应于290 mOsm，其低于常规用于培养分化细胞或生物流体 (例如血浆) 的培养基的渗透压 (~ 310 mOsm)。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The cannabinoid receptor one (CB1) is prevalent in the brains of many species. Receptor binding, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical surveys have described the distribution of this receptor in a limited number of species. The current study used in situ hybridization to examine the expression of CB1 mRNA in the chick brain, a non-mammalian vertebrate. The results were compared to the observed patterns of expression for CB1 mRNA, protein, and agonist binding that have been reported for other avian species and mammals. Importantly, since CB1 receptors are typically located on neuronal terminals, comparison of the somatic mRNA expression with previously reported descriptions of the location of functional receptors, allows speculation about the circuits that make use of these receptors. The expression pattern for CB1 mRNA appears to be highly conserved across species in key areas such as the cerebellum and portions of the forebrain. For example, high levels of expression were observed in the avian amygdala and hippocampus, areas which express high levels of CB1 in mammals. The avian substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area, however, showed specific labeling. This finding is in stark contrast to the high levels of receptor binding or CB1 protein, but not CB1 mRNA in these areas of the mammalian brain. Moderate labeling was also seen throughout the hyperpallium and mesopallium. Throughout the brain, a number of regions that are known to be involved in visual processing displayed high levels of expression. For example, the tectum also had strong mRNA expression within layers 9-11 of the stratum griseum et fibrosum superficale and stratum album centrale.

背景与目标： : 大麻素受体一 (CB1) 在许多物种的大脑中普遍存在。受体结合，原位杂交和免疫组织化学调查已描述了该受体在有限数量的物种中的分布。当前的研究使用原位杂交来检查非哺乳动物脊椎动物小鸡大脑中CB1 mRNA的表达。将结果与观察到的其他禽类和哺乳动物CB1 mRNA，蛋白质和激动剂结合的表达模式进行了比较。重要的是，由于CB1受体通常位于神经元末端，因此将体细胞mRNA表达与先前报道的功能受体位置描述进行比较，可以推测利用这些受体的回路。CB1 mRNA的表达模式似乎在关键区域 (例如小脑和前脑部分) 的各个物种之间高度保守。例如，在鸟类杏仁核和海马中观察到高水平的表达，这些区域在哺乳动物中表达高水平的CB1。但是，鸟类黑质和腹侧被盖区显示出特定的标记。这一发现与哺乳动物大脑这些区域中高水平的受体结合或CB1蛋白形成鲜明对比，但与CB1 mRNA形成鲜明对比。在整个高pallium和中pallium中还可以看到中等标记。在整个大脑中，许多已知参与视觉处理的区域显示出高水平的表达。例如，顶盖在griseum et fibrosum superficale和stratum album central的9-11层中也具有较强的mRNA表达。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :An intact embryo-maternal communication is critical for the establishment of a successful pregnancy. To date, a huge number of studies have been performed describing the complex process of embryo-maternal signaling within the uterus. However, recent studies indicate that the early embryo communicates with the oviductal cells shortly after fertilizationand that this is important for the successful establishment of pregnancy. Only if the early embryo is capable to signal the mother within a precise timeframe and to garner a response, will the embryo be able to survive and reach the uterus. This review will give an overview of all the experimental designs which have investigated embryo-maternal interaction in the oviduct. In addition to that, it will provide a comprehensive analysis of the findings to date elucidating the morphological and molecular changes in the oviduct which are induced by the presence of the early embryo highlighting how the tubal responses affect embryo development and survival.

背景与目标： : 完整的胚胎-母体交流对于成功怀孕至关重要。迄今为止，已经进行了大量研究，描述了子宫内胚胎-母体信号传导的复杂过程。然而，最近的研究表明，受精后不久，早期胚胎与输卵管细胞相通，这对于成功建立妊娠很重要。只有早期胚胎能够在精确的时间范围内向母亲发出信号并获得反应，胚胎才能存活并到达子宫。这篇综述将概述所有研究输卵管中胚胎-母体相互作用的实验设计。除此之外，它还将对迄今为止的发现进行全面分析，阐明由早期胚胎的存在引起的输卵管的形态和分子变化，突出了输卵管反应如何影响胚胎发育和存活。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Colistin is increasingly used as the last-line therapy for infections caused by Gram-negative 'superbugs'. Although colistin neurotoxicity was reported in the literature, there has no data on its mechanism. In the present study, we examined the effect of colistin on primary chick neuron cells, which were treated with 0.83, 4.15 and 8.3μg/mL colistin for 6, 12 and 24h. Cell viability was evaluated with 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays after exposure to colistin. Formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nuclear morphology, caspase-3 activity and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation were examined. The results showed that, compared with the control, no significant change was observed in cell viability, ROS formation and caspase-3 activity in cells treated for 6, 12 and 24h with 0.83μg/mL colistin. However, in the 4.15 and 8.3μg/mL colistin-treated groups, the viability of chick primary neurons significantly decreased at 12 and 24h, respectively; caspase-3 activities were significantly increased to 5.1 and 7.4 fold at 6h, more earlier than the changes of ROS, which was significant increased to 124.5% and 143.5% (P<0.01) of control at 12h, respectively. The apoptosis of neuron cells was revealed by both nuclear morphological observations and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in the 4.15 and 8.3μg/mL colistin-treated groups at 6, 12 and 24h. Our data demonstrated that colistin can induce apoptosis in primary chick cortex neurons through caspase-3 activation, which may be contributed with ROS-dependent and independent mechanism.

背景与目标： : 粘菌素越来越多地被用作革兰氏阴性 “超级细菌” 引起的感染的最后一种治疗方法。尽管文献中报道了粘菌素的神经毒性，但尚无有关其机制的数据。在本研究中，我们检查了粘菌素对原代雏鸡神经元细胞的作用，将其用0.83，4.15和8.3 μ g/mL粘菌素处理6、12和24小时。暴露于粘菌素后，用3-[4,5-二甲基噻唑-2-基]-2,5-二苯基溴化四唑鎓 (MTT) 测定法评估细胞活力。检查了活性氧 (ROS) 的形成，核形态，caspase-3活性和核小体间DNA片段化。结果表明，与对照相比，用0.83 μ g/mL粘菌素处理6、12和24h的细胞活力，ROS形成和caspase-3活性均未观察到显着变化。然而，在4.15和8.3 μ g/mL粘菌素处理组中，雏鸡原代神经元的活力分别在12和24h显着降低; caspase-3活性在6h显着增加到5.1和7.4倍，比ROS的变化更早。在12h分别显着增加到对照的124.5% 和143.5% (P<0.01)。在6、12和24小时，4.15和8.3 μ g/mL粘菌素处理的组中，通过核形态学观察和核小体间DNA片段化揭示了神经元细胞的凋亡。我们的数据表明，粘菌素可以通过caspase-3激活诱导初级雏鸡皮质神经元凋亡，这可能与ROS依赖性和独立机制有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In this prospective cohort study, the effects of a time-lapse monitoring system on embryo quality and clinical pregnancy outcomes were assessed. A total of 608 patients undergoing in vitro fertilization between April 2013 and June 2014 at our institution were recruited for this study and group-matched into a time-lapse monitoring (TLM) (N = 304) or a standard incubator (SI) (N = 304). The patients' characteristics in the TLM and SI groups were not significantly different. The TLM group showed a significantly higher transferable embryo ratio at Day 3 (61.65% vs. 52.87%; p < 0.0010, RR =1.10 [1.02, 1.19]), a higher number of transferable embryos (4.71 ± 2.38 vs. 4.09 ± 2.35; p = 0.0053, SMD =0.26 [0.06, 0.46]) and number of good-quality embryos cryopreserved at Day 3 (2.72 ± 2.35 vs. 2.11 ± 2.33; p = 0.0056, SMD =0.26 [0.06, 0.46]). In addition, the implantation and clinical pregnancy rates were not statistically significant between the TLM and SI groups. However, the TLM group had a higher ongoing pregnancy rate (67.32% vs. 57.22%; p = 0.0410) and live birth rate (65.37% vs. 55%; p = 0.0380) compared with the SI group. The observed beneficial effects could be the result of a more stable environment provided by the TLM system.

背景与目标： : 在这项前瞻性队列研究中，评估了延时监测系统对胚胎质量和临床妊娠结局的影响。本研究共招募了608名在2013年4月和2014年6月之间进行体外受精的患者，并将其分组匹配为延时监测 (TLM) (n   =   304) 或标准培养箱 (SI) (n   =   304)。TLM组和SI组的患者特征无显着差异。TLM组在第3天显示出明显更高的可转移胚胎比率 (61.65% vs. 52.87%; P  <  0.0010，RR = 1.10 [1.02，1.19])，更高数量的可转移胚胎 (4.71   ±   2.38 vs. 4.09   ±   2.35; P   =   0.0053，SMD = 0.26 [0.06，0.46]) 和在第3天冷冻保存的优质胚胎数量 (2.72   ±   2.35对2.11   ±   2.33; P   =   0.0056，SMD = 0.26 [0.06，0.46])。此外，在TLM组和SI组之间，植入率和临床妊娠率无统计学意义。然而，与SI组相比，TLM组的持续妊娠率 (67.32% vs. 57.22%; P   =   0.0410) 和活产率 (65.37% vs. 55%; P   =   0.0380) 更高。观察到的有益效果可能是TLM系统提供的更稳定的环境的结果。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The chick embryo, developing in the egg, is an ideal system in which to investigate the effects of incubation environment on the development of the embryo. We show that raising the temperature of the eggs by just one degree, from 37.5 degrees C to 38.5 degrees C, during embryonic days (ED) 4-7 causes profound changes in development. We demonstrate that embryonic movement is significantly increased in the chicks raised at 38.5 degrees C both during the period in which they are at the higher temperature but also 4 days after their return to the control temperature. Concomitant with this increase in embryonic activity, the embryos raised at higher temperature grow to significantly heavier weights and exhibit significantly longer leg bones (tibia and tarsus) than the controls from ED12 onwards, although mineralization occurs normally. Additionally, the number of leg myonuclei is increased from ED12 in the embryos raised at the higher temperature. This is likely to promote greater leg muscle growth later in development, which may provide postural stability to the chicks posthatch. These changes are similar to those seen when drugs are injected to increase embryonic activity. We therefore believe that the increased embryonic activity provides a mechanism that can explain the increased growth of leg muscle and bone seen when the eggs are incubated for 3 days at higher temperature.

背景与目标： : 在卵中发育的雏鸡胚胎是研究孵化环境对胚胎发育影响的理想系统。我们表明，在胚胎日 (ED) 4-7期间，将卵的温度提高1度，从37.5摄氏度提高到38.5摄氏度，会导致发育发生深刻变化。我们证明，在38.5 ℃ 饲养的雏鸡中，胚胎运动在它们处于较高温度期间以及在它们返回到对照温度后4天显著增加。伴随着胚胎活动的增加，在较高温度下生长的胚胎的重量明显增加，并且腿骨 (胫骨和骨) 明显比从ED12开始的对照组更长，尽管矿化正常发生。此外，在较高温度下饲养的胚胎中，腿肌核的数量从ED12增加。这可能会在发育后期促进更大的腿部肌肉生长，这可能会为雏鸡提供姿势稳定性。这些变化与注射药物以增加胚胎活性时看到的变化相似。因此，我们认为，增加的胚胎活性提供了一种机制，可以解释当卵在较高温度下孵育3天时，腿部肌肉和骨骼的生长增加。